To date, remote sensing estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous areas are very uncertain. To test passive microwave algorithm estimations of SWE, a validation data set must exist for a broad geographic area. This study aims to build a data set through field measurements and statistical techniques, as part of the Canadian IPY observations theme to help develop an improved algorithm. Field measurements are performed at, GIS based, pre-selected sites in the Central Yukon. At each location a transect was taken, with sites measuring snow depth (SD), density, and structure. A mixed effects multiple regression was chosen to analyze and then predict these field measurements over the study area. This modelling strategy is best capable of handling the hierarchical structure of the field campaign. A regression model was developed to predict SD from elevation derived variables, and transformed Landsat data. The final model is: SD = horizontal curvature + cos( aspect) + log10(elevation range, 270m) + tassel cap: greenness, brightness (from Landsat imagery) + interaction of elevation and landcover.This model is used to predict over the study area. A second, simpler regression links SD with density giving the desired SWE measurements. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of this SD estimation is 25 cm over a domain of 200 x 200 km. This instantaneous end of season, peak accumulation, snow map will enable the vali- dation of satellite remote sensing observations, such as passive microwave (AMSR-E), in a generally inaccessible area.

In the last thirty years, capitalist social relation on the one hand, created a world that is interconnected in the means of economic and political / on the other hand, produced differentiated and fragmented uneven spaces. In this context, social theory has interested in space and spatial differences, and inserted space into analysis of social relations for some time. In this thesis, the current issue of the construction of subnational regional space is explored through a conceptual approach in which space is included in social theory. Methodologically, a non-dualistic social analysis is considered and the notion of space is attempted to incorporate into this analysis. In this extent, David Harvey&rsquo / s historical-geographical approach, Dick Bryan&rsquo / s identification of capital fractions with different spatial forms of circuit of capital within the capital accumulation process and Jamie Gough&rsquo / s considerations of economic and political relations with scalar aspects are used. The thesis evaluated the law on the Regional Development Agencies and arguments on regional development and regional governance as the process of construction of subnational regional space, and examined the struggle for setting up of Regional Development Agencies within Turkish state. In this framework, thesis came to the conclusion that the changes in the scale of social relations is associated with changes in power relations among social agents, developed through class struggle, and articulated by political projects

This thesis aims to discuss the argument of exhaustion of economic globalization as an American foreign policy principle. This study argues that economic globalization is intended to restore declining American hegemony started in 1970s, but it has eventually given way to the argument of &ldquo / return of the geopolitics&rdquo / . The return of the geopolitics is an imperial, expansionist drive as a new foreign policy imperative for United States. The new developments in the international arena in the post-cold war era and especially after the September 11, 2001 brought the end of the globalization as an American project. Globalization is replaced with geopolitics in the transition period from hegemony to empire in United States foreign policy. Because there are new threats for United States in the twenty-first century such as the rise of new global actors in world politics or international competition for oil resources in the strategic regions of the world. In this framework, this study focuses on the rise of new, alternative &ldquo / great powers&rdquo / (European Union, China etc...).

Under capitalist mode of production urban processes gain specific features and meanings. Fundamental is the relationship between processes of capital accumulation and the production of built environment. In this context, the capital switching theory claims that as profit levels are lowered, the probability that higher levels of capital tending to enter the property sector increases. In the first stage of a two-staged research, a macro-analysis on construction activities in Turkey limited to post-1980 period indicates that there no counter-cyclical relationship prevails between productive sectors of the economy and construction activities. It is observed that the state intervention and its supportive policies regarding the production of built environment are the dominant determinants in the Turkish case. Based on these findings, a second focus was on the relationships between the state and capital engaged in the production of urban built environment. Various forms of state intervention, mostly as examples of deregulation and liberalization of planning controls and urban development legislation are identified at this stage. The major findings lead to the conclusion that urban processes are open to the profit-oriented and speculative efforts of political actors as well as the economic actors. Hence the necessity of development of counter-strategies and policies as parts of planning and urban development system verified.

Oil loss mechanisms in internal combustion engines have been subject to many researches. By the help of technological developments effects of several problems due to oil losses were examined and tried to be reduced. Environmental pollution and performance loss are important issues that oil consumption in internal combustion engines contribute. In this study the effects of individual parameters on the oil accumulation in 2nd land crevice of internal combustion engines, volume between top compression rings, were investigated. The study aimed to investigate the effects of oil film thickness and oil film temperature on the oil accumulation in the 2nd land which contributes to one of the mechanisms of oil consumption in internal combustion engines. Controlled experiments were performed on a modeled piston cylinder assembly. It was seen that oil accumulated in the 2nd land crevice by blow-by gases was affected by the film thickness of lubricating oil and the temperature of the lubricating oil. The amount of oil accumulated increased with increasing oil film thickness. The results also showed that below oil film thickness of 45 &amp / #956 / m / amount of oil accumulated increased with the increase of oil temperature.

ABSTRACT During Dutch Colonial domination, one of the most controversial themes was that why the Indonesian society had failed to generate an indigenous bourgeoisie. Since the post-colonial era, most developing countries are facing three dilemmas: the state building, the formation of social classes, the capital accumulation. For the methodology, the dissertation both takes a¡§state-center¡¨view and tries to apply an approach to explore the formation of Bureaucratic Capitalist during Suharto time with a view of historical-structure from the concept of state, class and capital. Furthermore, the studies will focus on three fields. First, why over 350 years, the mercantile policy of the colonial regime had failed to penetrate into the whole Indonesia shaping an indigenous bourgeoisie. Secondly, from 1950 to 1965, President Sukarno had taken the state-capitalism as a developmental strategy why Indonesian society still had not found indigenous bourgeoisie strong enough to take responsibility of leading capitalist revolution. Thirdly, after 1965, in the power of Suharto, the state has played a decisive role in the shaping the development of big entrepreneurs in the post-colonial Indonesia. In addition, the studies will review and provide a critical analysis of the works of Indonesia Studies in the West, and continues to dialogue with the contemporary academician in the field. Key Words: Agricultural Involution, Asian Mode of Production, Pre-capitalism, Dual Economy, Articulation Theory, State Apparatus, Capital Accumulation, Commercialization, Bureaucratic-Capitalist Class

Three semi-permanent cloud bands exist in the Southern Hemisphere extending southeastward from the equator, through the tropics, and into the subtropics. The most prominent of these features occurs in the South Pacific and is referred to as the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ). Similar convergence zones, with less intensity, exist in the South Atlantic (SACZ) and Indian (SICZ) oceans. We attempt to explain the physical mechanisms that promote the diagonal orientation of the SPCZ and the processes that determine the timescales of its variability. It is argued that the slowly varying sea surface temperature patterns produce upper tropospheric wind fields that vary substantially in longitude. Regions where 200 hPa zonal winds decrease with longitude (i.e., negative zonal stretching deformation, or dU/dx<0) reduce the group speed of the eastward propagating synoptic (3-6 day period) Rossby waves and locally increase the wave energy density. Such a region of wave accumulation occurs in the vicinity of the SPCZ, thus providing a physical basis for the diagonal orientation and earlier observations that the zone acts as a "graveyard" of propagating synoptic disturbances. In essence, dU/dx=0 demarks the boundary of the graveyard while regions where dU/dx<0 denote the graveyard itself. Composites of the life cycles of synoptic waves confirm this hypothesis. From the graveyard hypothesis comes a more general theory accounting for the SPCZ's spatial orientation and its longer term variability influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), or alternatively, the changing background SST associated with different phases of ENSO.

La thèse, inscrite dans le programme européen tempQsim, a pour objectif d'identifier des périodes critiques pour la qualité de l'eau - azote et phosphore, des rivières intermittentes. L'étude a été menée sur la Vène, tributaire de l'étang de Thau. Quatre composantes principales participent à l'écoulement: les zones urbaines, les zones agricoles, deux sources karstiques et les rejets de stations d'épurations (STEP).<br />Quatre modes hydrologiques ont été identifiés. (1) A l'étiage, la rivière s'assèche et les rejets des STEPs sont la seule contribution au débit de la rivière. (2) A la reprise de l'écoulement, des crues rapides se succèdent, liées soit au ruissellement sur les zones urbaines, voire agricoles, soit aux sources karstiques. (3) Les crues de hautes eaux sont provoquées par la mise en charge du karst. (4) Le tarissement commence quand la source karstique la plus en amont s'arrête. D'une année à l'autre, la durée et les caractéristiques des modes hydrologiques sont très variables.<br />La mise en œuvre d'une modélisation conceptuelle, axée sur les événements de crues rapides, a permis de reproduire convenablement les crues de reprise d'écoulement.<br />Le niveau de contamination de la rivière est faible et les variations de flux sont liées aux crues. Trois modes de dynamique des nutriments ont été distingués. (1) Lors des périodes d'accumulation, les nutriments issus des rejets des STEPs, sont stockés dans le lit de la rivière : le phosphore est précipité, l'azote est dénitrifié. (2) Lors des crues de reprise d'écoulement, les nutriments, surtout le phosphore, sont remobilisés dans le lit de la rivière. (3) Lors des crues de hautes eaux, les nutriments proviennent du bassin versant et des sources karstiques. <br />Cette étude montre comment la dynamique des nutriments est liée au fonctionnement hydrologique : l'étiage est une période critique du point de vue du niveau de contamination et de l'accumulation des nutriments, et les crues rapides provoquent leur remobilisation.

In this study, a Kaleckian-Post-Keynesian macroeconomic model, which is an extended version of the Bhaduri and Marglin (1990) model, serves as the starting point. The merit of a Kaleckian model for our purposes is that it highlights the dual function of wages as a component of aggregate demand as well as a cost item as opposed to the mainstream economics, which perceive wages merely as a cost item. Depending on the relative magnitude of these two effects, Kaleckian models distinguish between profit-led and wage-led regimes, where the latter is defined as a low rate of accumulation being caused by a high profit share. Are actual economies wage-led or profit-led? Current orthodoxy implicitly assumes that they are profit-led, and thus supports the neoliberal policy agenda. The purpose of the paper is to carry this discussion into the empirical terrain, and to test whether accumulation and employment are profit-led in two groups of countries. We do so by means of a structural vector autoregression (VAR) model. The model is estimated for USA, UK and France to represent the major developed countries, and for Turkey and Korea to represent developing countries. The latter are chosen since they represent two different export-oriented growth experiences. The results of the adjustment experiences of both countries are in striking contrast to orthodox theory, however they also present counter-examples to each other in terms of their ways of integrating into the world economy. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

Populations of black mangroves (Avicennia sp.) are hypothesized to expand their latitudinal range with global climate change in the 21st century, induced by a reduction in the frequency and severity of coastal freezes, which are known to limit mangrove colony extent and individual tree size, as well as an overall warmer climate. The Gulf of Mexico is located at the northward limit of black mangrove habitat and is therefore a prime candidate for population expansion with global warming. This expansion may come at the expense of existing Gulf coastal saline wetlands that are dominantly Spartina spp. marsh grasses. The present study was conducted to focus, not on the extent to date of this replacement, but to examine the potential implications of a marsh to mangrove transition in Gulf wetlands, specifically 1) resistance to accelerating eustatic sea level rise (ESLR) rates, 2) wetland resistance to wave attack in large storms (increased cyclonic storm frequency/intensity is predicted with future climate warming), and 3) organic carbon sequestration and wetland soil geochemistry. Field sites of adjacent and intergrown Avicennia mangrove and Spartina marsh populations in similar geomorphological setting were selected in back-barrier areas near Port Aransas and Galveston, TX (two sites each) as part of a larger-scale planned study of the full latitudinal transition of the western Gulf funded by the National Institute for Climate Change Research (U.S. Department of Energy). The reconnaissance conducted for site surveys show that black mangrove populations in this part of Texas are clustered near inlet areas, suggesting seed transport vectors are a major control on colony establishment, and likely, on the potential rapidity of wetland habitat replacement. Resistance to ESLR was tested by 1) creating high-accuracy (±1 cm) elevation maps over ~5,000 m² areas of adjacent mangrove and marsh areas, and 2) measuring mineral and organic matter accumulation rates (Pb/Cs radiotracer geochronology, loss on ignition) from auger cores. Elevation surveys in Port Aransas indicate mangrove vegetated areas are 4 cm higher in elevation than surrounding marsh on an average regional scale, and 1 to 2 cm higher at the individual mangrove scale: at the Galveston sites, any trend is complicated by the area's pre-existing geomorphology and the relative youth of the mangrove colonies. ¹³⁷Cs accumulation rates and loss on ignition data indicate that mineral trapping is 4.1 times higher and sediment organics are 1.7 times lower in mangroves at Port Aransas; no such definable trends exist at the Galveston sites or in calculated ²¹⁰Pb sediment accumulation rates. This additional mineral particle trapping in mangroves does not differ in grain size character from marsh mineral accumulation. Elevation change may also be effected by root volume displacement: live root weight measurements in the rooted horizon (~0 to 20 cm depth) are consistently higher in mangrove cores from Port Aransas and the site at the west end of Galveston Island. Port Aransas porosities are lower in mangrove rooted horizons, with a corresponding increase in sediment strength (measured by shear vane in the cores), suggesting mangrove intervals may be more resistant to wave-induced erosion during storm events. Port Aransas mangroves exhibit higher pore water redox potentials and salinities over entire core depths and depressed pH over rooted intervals, suggesting a distinct diagenetic environment exists relative to marsh sites. Increased salinities and higher redox potentials may be a function of the rooting network, which introduces oxygen into the sediment and focuses evapo-transpiration and salt exclusion within this zone: this may prove advantageous when competing with marsh grasses by elevating salinities to levels that are toxic for Spartina. Trends observed in the more mature systems of Port Aransas are generally absent at the Galveston sites, suggesting the youth and physically shorter stature of these systems means they have not yet established a unique sediment signature. / text