Este trabalho procura analisar as particularidades do processo urbano no contexto do desenvolvimento do modo de produção capitalista brasileiro, destacando, sobretudo, os aspectos do planejamento urbano na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. A relação do Estado junto aos mecanismos de acumulação capitalista é determinante e justifica o presente estágio de precariedade observado nas aglomerações urbanas brasileiras. Tratase de uma sociedade capitalista onde a acumulação entravada serve de base material para assegurar as formas de reprodução social, que impede o pleno desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, bem como das condições da vida urbana. O período desse estudo tem como enfoque as décadas de 1960 e 1970, quando são intensificadas as atividades de planejamento no país e novos elementos são inseridos para a organização das metrópoles, como a elaboração dos planos centralizados e integrados. Porém, mantidos somente no plano discursivo, logo fracassaram. Com o avanço da ideologia neoliberal, a partir da década de 1990, instituições metropolitanas sofreram um progressivo esvaziamento programático e privilegiou-se um modelo de planejamento urbano fragmentado e \"despolitizado\". É possível observar, portanto, que as aglomerações urbanas se organizam em função das necessidades intrínsecas do modo de produção capitalista no Brasil e suas particularidades, e que evidenciam as tensões sociais constitutivas da metrópole de uma sociedade de elite. O processo de transformação dessa perspectiva depende da própria transformação da sociedade, no sentido de criar as condições necessárias para instituição de mecanismos capazes de romper com os entraves que prejudicam seu pleno desenvolvimento. / This work intends to analyze the idiosyncrasies of urban process in the context of the Brazilian development of capitalist mode of production, emphasizing the aspects of urban planning of São Paulo Metropolitan Area. The subservient relation between the State and the mechanisms of capitalist accumulation determines the city development and is strictly related to the current terms of urban precariousness, verified in most of the Brazilian urban agglomerations. These terms could be understood by the hindered accumulation, that underlies the forms of ensuring the reproduction of hegemonic players, represented by the Brazilian elite, and at the other side, amongst the cities, it prevents the development of suitable conditions of urban life, improving levels of social reproduction and hence the levels of infrastructure and urban services. In the decades of 1960\'s and 1970\'s, at the high wave of the centralized planning, new elements had been brought into reorganization of urban agglomeration, through the development of the superplans, such as the PUB-1968 and PMDI-1971; and shortly thereafter, the first measures are adopted towards the institutionalization of the metropolitan areas. However, with the 1980\'s expansion of neoliberal ideology, those proposals, with their centralized and integrated features, are abandoned, favoring a fragmented and depoliticized model of urban planning, ratified by de 1988\'s Constitution. Thus, throughout the 1990\'s, metropolitan institutions such as EMPLASA suffer a progressive depletion programming, which is worsened by the economic crisis, as the investment in infrastructure and planning are abandoned. Currently, conurbation process induces local agreements according to the needs inherited in special Brazilian circumstances, which highlights social tensions that constitute a metropolis of an elite society. This perspective could be transformed only if society organizes itself so as to break these barriers that undermine its own development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Rubens Nei Briacon Busquet.pdf: 998513 bytes, checksum: 2e2a50b0c0141ff91d47dae53e3ba216 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-28 / This work had the objective of to analyze the development pattern and the nutrient accumulation of four genotypes of banana, with micropropagated plantlets, in the conditions of the State of Rio de Janeiro. An experiment was driven in the Department of Fitotecnia of UFRRJ, in Planossolo, in a randomized blocks design with four treatments and four repetitions of 45 plants for plot, in the spacing of 3x2 m. Four genotypes of the banana were evaluated: Thap Maeo (AAB), FHIA-18 (AAAB), SH3640 (AAAB) and Prata An? (AAB). Only the mother plant was driven per hole, being eliminated the whole sucker. In the first stage, leaves of the four genotypes were sampled eight weeks after transplant (WAT), to determine the correction factor to estimate the leaf area from the length and width of foliar limbo. The angular coefficients of the regression revealed that there are significant differences among genotypes, indicating that in the determination of the leaf area of banana tree by ruler, the factor of correction of 0.79 should be used for cultivar SH 3640, FHIA 18 and Thap Maeo, and 0.83 for Prata An?. The second stage, the temperature and the precipitation arise as the climate factors more related to the rate of leaf emission of the four genotypes.. The genotype Thap Maeo presented larger vegetative cycle (366 days) and total (468 days) and larger plant height (3.0 m) that the other genotypes. The genotypes didn't present differences in the reproductive cycle and in the diameter of plants. The genotype Fhia 18 presented the largest total mass of fruits for plant. The genotype Thap Maeo presented larger medium number of bunches for bunch, the largest of number of fruits for bunch, the largest relationship pulp-peel, however the smallest fruit size. The genotype SH 3640, although presented fruits of greatest weight and size, presented the smallest number of fruits for bunch and the pulp-peel ratio. In the third stage, to quantify the time variation of plant biomass and nutrient accumulation, one plant was sampled per plot on 8 harvests spaced 8 weeks, when the leaf area measured, and the mass and concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg measured in each plant portion. The growth rates and of nutrient accumulation were measured through the functional plant growth analysis. The mass of rhizomes and stems increased up to 48 WAT and stabilized at 56 WAT. The leaf area, and the mass of active leaves and petioles increased up to 40 WAT and stabilizing in the last three harvests. The net assimilation rate increased between 8 and 24 WAT, and declined mainly after 32 SAT. The rates of nutrient accumulation presented the same pattern regarding with the time of maximal accumulation, varying from 30 to 33 WAT. From the total of nutrients accumulated by the banana plant, the bunch exported after fruit harvest 50% of N, 38% of P, 60% of K, 11% of Ca and 14% of Mg. The total amount of nutrient accumulated, in kg per ha, was 54.5 of N, 14.4 of P, 131.5 of K, 62,5 of Ca and 53 of Mg. . / Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o padr?o de crescimento e acumula??o de nutrientes e o comportamento fenol?gico de quatro gen?tipos de bananeiras (Musa spp.), com mudas produzidas por micro-propaga??o, nas condi??es do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foi conduzido um experimento no Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFRRJ, em Planossolo, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e quatro repeti??es de 45 plantas por parcela, no espa?amento de 3x2 m. Foram avaliados quatro cultivares de banana: Thap Maeo (AAB), FHIA-18 (AAAB), SH3640 (AAAB) e Prata An? (AAB). Foi conduzida apenas a planta m?e por touceira, eliminando-se a brota??o lateral. Na primeira etapa foi feita a coleta de folhas, com o objetivo de determinar o fator de corre??o para estimar a ?rea foliar a partir do comprimento e largura de limbo foliar. Houve diferen?as significativas entre gen?tipos, indicando que deve-se usar o fator de corre??o de 0,79 para a as cultivares SH3640, FHIA 18 e Thap Maeo, e 0,83 para Prata An?. A segunda etapa teve como objetivo verificar a taxa de lan?amento de folhas de quatro gen?tipos de bananeiras e correlacion?-la com as condi??es clim?ticas e estudar o comportamento fenol?gico dos quatro gen?tipos. A temperatura e a precipita??o apresentaram-se como os fatores de clima mais relacionados ? taxa de emiss?o de folhas pelos quatro gen?tipos. Os gen?tipos apresentaram comportamento diferenciado quanto ? taxa de lan?amento de folhas nos per?odos 8, 32 e 64 SAT, quando o gen?tipo Prata An? apresentou o maior n?mero de folhas lan?adas. O gen?tipo Thap Maeo apresentou maior ciclo vegetativo (366 dias) e total (468 dias) e maior altura de planta que os demais gen?tipos. O gen?tipo Fhia 18 apresentou a maior massa total de frutos por planta. O gen?tipo Thap Maeo apresentou maior n?mero m?dio de pencas e frutos por cacho, a maior rela??o polpa-casca, por?m o menor tamanho de fruto. O gen?tipo Prata An? apresentou o valor mais elevado de s?lidos sol?veis totais. O gen?tipo SH 3640, apresentou o pior desempenho. Na terceira etapa, para quantificar a varia??o temporal de biomassa vegetal e de acumula??o de nutrientes, foram efetuadas 8 coletas espa?adas 8 semanas, quando foi coletada uma planta por parcela, separada em rizoma, limbo foliar, bainha das folhas, pec?olo, enga?o, flores, br?cteas e frutos, e determinando-se a ?rea foliar. No material vegetal obtido em cada coleta foram determinados os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg. As taxas de crescimento e de acumula??o de nutrientes foram mensuradas atrav?s do m?todo funcional de an?lise de crescimento vegetal. A massa seca do rizoma e do pseudocaule aumentou significativamente at? 48 SAT, se estabilizando aos 56 SAT. A ?rea foliar, e a massa das folhas ativas e dos pec?olos aumentaram at? 40 SAT, se estabilizando nas tr?s ?ltimas coletas.A ?rea foliar espec?fica reduziu-se ao longo das coletas em todos os gen?tipos, sendo que Fhia 18 apresentou os menores valores e Thap Maeo os maiores valores de ?rea foliar espec?fica. A taxa de assimila??o l?quida aumentou entre 8 SAT e 24 SAT, quando decaiu principalmente a partir de 32 SAT. As taxas de acumula??o absoluta de N, P, K, Ca e Mg apresentaram-se similares quanto a ?poca de m?xima acumula??o, variando de 30 a 33 SAT.. Ap?s a colheita, do total de nutrientes imobilizados pela bananeira, foram exportados para o cacho 50% do N, 38% do P, 60% do K, 11% do Ca e 14% do Mg. O total de nutrientes acumulado, em kg por ha, foi 54,5 de N, 14,4 de P, 131,5 de K, 62,5 de Ca e 53 de Mg.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:31:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinez Parte I.pdf: 5373100 bytes, checksum: b04e4763ea058d931916bf3ae4511ab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-08 / This study seeks to understand the relationship of the process of capital accumulation in the wood processing industry and its relationship with the production of geographical space. The analysis of such a process takes into account the contradictions inherent in their development process. We seek to understand these contradictions, by pointing the main factors that encouraged the development of modern forestry, based on scientific research, especially in relation to raw material, meeting the industrial needs. It was intended in this work demonstrate the relationship between the various geographical scales as the focal point of socio-spatial training for the consolidation of the timber industry in the state of Parana. / O presente trabalho busca compreender a relação do processo de acumulação de capital no setor de transformação de madeira e sua relação com a produção do espaço geográfico. A análise de tal processo leva em consideração as contradições inerentes ao seu prodesso de desenvolvimento. Buscamos compreender essas contradições apontando os principais fatores que propiciam o desenvolvimento de uma moderna silvicultura, baseada em pesquisas científicas, sobretudo em relação à matéria-prima, atendendo as necessidades industriais. Pretendeu-se no decorrer do trabalho demonstrar a relação entre as diversas escalas geográficas como ponto central da formação sócio-espacial para a consolidação da indústria madeireira no Estado do Paraná.

O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul durante a estação de outonoinverno, com o objetivo de avaliar os parâmetros produtivos de uma pastagem natural fertilizada com diferentes níveis de N e submetida a diferimento e a sua influência sobre a produção animal. A fertilidade do solo foi corrigida 7 anos antes deste experimento (1996) com calcário e adubação de P e K. A área experimental foi roçada e diferida em 15/01/2003, quando foram aplicados os três níveis de nitrogênio (zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha/ano). O período experimental ocorreu de 15 de abril (entrada dos animais) a 1º de setembro (final do inverno). Foram utilizados novilhos de sobre-ano (18 meses) em lotação contínua com carga variável de forma a manter uma oferta média de forragem de 10 kg de MS/100 kg PV/dia. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo sendo o tempo considerado na parcela principal e o N na subparcela. A pastagem nativa fertilizada quando diferida no verão por um período de 90 dias permite manter altas cargas animais durante o outono e inverno e em níveis crescentes conforme a adubação nitrogenada (958, 1072 e 1443 kg PV/ha, para zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha respectivamente). Este efeito é devido fundamentalmente às taxas de crescimento observadas durante o período de diferimento. A performance animal somente é adequada durante o primeiro mês de utilização do pasto, ocorrendo perdas de peso a partir de meados de maio. Os níveis de nitrogênio utilizados não contribuem para atenuar estas perdas. Ainda assim é possível chegar ao final do inverno com o mesmo peso individual inicial dos animais. O diferimento de áreas de pastagem natural adubada revela-se uma estratégia interessante dentro de sistemas de produção animal a pasto, desde que integrado num planejamento forrageiro global da propriedade. / The experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Experimental Station of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, at Eldorado do Sul district, during the autumn-winter seasons of 2003, aiming the evaluation of the parameters of natural pasture and animal production at different levels of nitrogen fertilization and submitted to deferment. Soil fertility was amended seven years before this trial (1996) with limestone and P and K fertilizers. Experimental area was mowed and deferred in 15/01/2003, when three levels of nitrogen fertilization (zero, 50, 100 kg N/ha) were applied. Evaluation period extended from April 15th (beginning of grazing period) to September 1st (final of winter), using eighteen months steers in continuous grazing an variable stocking in order to maintain average dry matter (DM) allowance of 10 kg DM/100 kg LW/day. A randomized complete block design with two replications was utilized, with time considered as main plot and N as sub-plot. Deferring fertilized native pasture at mid summer by 90 days make possible to maintain high stocking rates during the critical autumn-winter period dependent on nitrogen level (958, 1072 e 1443 kg LW/ha, for zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha respectively). This differential effect is due to the forage growth rate verified during rest period. Animal performance was adequate only during the first month of pasture utilization and losses occur after mid may. The utilized N levels do not contribute to avoid these losses. Instead the observed weight losses, it is possible to keep the animals with the same initial weight of the beginning of autumn by the final of the winter. Deferring areas of natural pasture is a useful strategy inside animal production systems, if integrated on a global feed budget.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marinez Parte I.pdf: 5373100 bytes, checksum: b04e4763ea058d931916bf3ae4511ab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-08 / This study seeks to understand the relationship of the process of capital accumulation in the wood processing industry and its relationship with the production of geographical space. The analysis of such a process takes into account the contradictions inherent in their development process. We seek to understand these contradictions, by pointing the main factors that encouraged the development of modern forestry, based on scientific research, especially in relation to raw material, meeting the industrial needs. It was intended in this work demonstrate the relationship between the various geographical scales as the focal point of socio-spatial training for the consolidation of the timber industry in the state of Parana. / O presente trabalho busca compreender a relação do processo de acumulação de capital no setor de transformação de madeira e sua relação com a produção do espaço geográfico. A análise de tal processo leva em consideração as contradições inerentes ao seu prodesso de desenvolvimento. Buscamos compreender essas contradições apontando os principais fatores que propiciam o desenvolvimento de uma moderna silvicultura, baseada em pesquisas científicas, sobretudo em relação à matéria-prima, atendendo as necessidades industriais. Pretendeu-se no decorrer do trabalho demonstrar a relação entre as diversas escalas geográficas como ponto central da formação sócio-espacial para a consolidação da indústria madeireira no Estado do Paraná.

Arid and semi-arid rangelands are important ecosystems that are consistently degraded through disturbances such as wildfires. After such disturbances, the invasion and dominance of annual grasses, like cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), can lead to an overall loss of ecosystem productivity and an increase in fire frequency. To reduce weed dominance, native and introduced perennials species are typically be seeded in the fall. High mortality is seen from these seeded plant communities due to germinated seed being exposed to freezing, drought, fungal pathogens, and other biotic and abiotic stressors during winter months. We utilized wet-thermal accumulation models to first further validate the theory that germination from seeded plant populations occurs during periods of high environmental stress, and then to establish the practicality of abscisic acid seed coatings as a technology that could circumvent winter germination and mortality. In Chapter 1, we developed an excel workbook called Auto-Germ using Visual Basic for Applications, which allows users to estimate field germination timing based on wet-thermal accumulation models and field data. We then used Auto-Germ to model seed germination timing for 10 different species, across 6 years, and 10 Artemisia-steppe sites in the Great Basin of North America. We estimated that for the majority of the species analyzed, a mid to late-winter planting was required on average for the majority of the population to germinate in the spring. This planting time would be logistically difficult for many land managers, due to freezing and/or saturated soil conditions. In Chapter 2, we utilized wet-thermal accumulation models to evaluate the use of abscisic acid (ABA) to delay germination of Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve (perennial native bunchgrass) across 4 years and 6 Artemisia-steppe sites. Germination models estimated that ABA seed treatments typically would delay germination of fall sown seed to late winter or early spring when conditions may be more favorable for plant establishment. Based on these results, we recommend both the use of wetthermal accumulation models as a tool in educating researchers and land managers in knowing when seeding practices should occur, and the further study of ABA seed coatings as a technology that may improve plant establishment of fall sown seeds.

Nitrogen is one of the major elements essential for plant growth. It is the element most prone to depletion by cultivation and is usually found deficient in soils. In successful farming the problem of nitrogen supply is of special importance because plants need it in large amounts, it is fairly expensive to supply, and it is easily lost from the soil.

A paleoecological study was carried out on a 4.7 m peat core from Anderson Fen on central Vancouver Island, using a multi-proxy approach. Pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, and physicochemical analyses were used to document past vegetation, peatland developmental history, and carbon and nitrogen accumulation rates over the last 14,000 years. Lake sediment and aquatic plant remains at the base of the core indicate a shallow pond was present at the site after deglaciation. By ~11,700 calendar years before present (cal yr BP), the shallow pond became a herb-dominated wetland (marsh) through terrestrialization. Bog formation started around 10,500 cal yr BP with decreasing water levels, as indicated by high C:N, Sphagnum and fungal remains, and testate amoebae such as Archerella flavum and Heleopera. A fen developed by ~9400 cal yr BP with fluctuating water levels through the rest of Holocene. Carbon accumulation rates were highest towards the surface and during the early Holocene warm period, with an overall mean rate of 12.9 g/m2/cal yr, which is low compared to continental and northern peatlands. Pollen analysis reveals that non-arboreal communities dominated by Salix prevailed soon after deglaciation before the expansion of Pinus forests 13,200 cal yr BP. Pseudotsuga menziesii dominated forests between ~10,700 and 8400 cal yr BP under warm and dry conditions. Tsuga heterophylla rainforest was established by ~7000 cal yr BP under increasingly cool and wet conditions. Overall, Anderson fen and the surrounding area experienced major and rapid changes in environmental conditions and vegetation in response to climate change during the late glacial and early Holocene, while mid- to late Holocene changes have been more subtle and relatively gradual. / Graduate / 2020-10-25

本文主要目的，在建立一個現金限制模型(cash-in-advance)的兩部門貨幣轉換模型。於模型中，不同財貨間的邊際技術的轉換率是由內生決定的。完全預期的通貨膨脹會改變財貨間的相對價格，因其受制於現金限制式不同，因此通貨膨脹經由此管道，在不同的兩部門生產要素移轉的投入，會致使資本累積改變。

Cette thèse propose d'étudier les mécanismes de la formation professionnelle continue en lien avec les modalités collectives de l'entreprise, pour mettre en évidence des externalités de la formation au sein de l'entreprise.<br />Notre étude suppose que les connaissances transmises lors d'un passage par une formation professionnelle continue peuvent se diffuser entre les salariés d'une même entreprise et constituer ainsi une partie de la formation informelle de la firme. Notre analyse implique un double effet de l'investissement en formation de la firme : un effet direct sur les formés et un effet indirect, par effet de diffusion de la formation, en augmentant les capacités productives des autres salariés de la firme.<br />Enfin, nous montrons que l'employeur va récompenser les salariés qui diffusent ce qu'ils ont appris. Ainsi, les rendements de la formation sont variables selon son degré de transférabilité au sein de la firme, et non au sein du marché, comme le supposait Becker (1964).<br />Les estimations de la diffusion de la formation à partir des bases de données Formation Continue 2000 et Formation Continue 2006 – CVTS IIII tendent à confirmer notre modèle.