Greenways (GW) can be sited to increase the potential for individuals to access the GW through active transit (AT) and provide opportunities for individuals to meet PA guidelines. PURPOSE: To determine if GWs, with varying AT access potential, relate to user characteristics and their GW-related PA. METHODS: A trail intercept survey measuring access mode, GW-specific PA, and demographics of GW users was administered to 611 adults on 2 GWs with high and low AT potential (GWhigh vs. GWlow). RESULTS: Users of GWhigh(N=216) compared to GWlow (N=400) were more likely to be younger, male, never married, employed, and affluent; accessing the GW via AT modes and accumulating greater volumes of GW-only and total GW-related PA (GW-only & AT PA). No difference in the proportion GW users meeting the 2008 PA Guidelines from GW-only PA was found however, 10.5% more users of GWhigh met the guidelines from total GW-related PA compared to GWlow (p=0.039). Users who accessed GWhigh by AT rather than cars were more likely to be not married (OR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.1 – 6.3), under 35 years old (OR=6.0, 95% CI: 1.9 – 19.26), live a mile from the GW (OR=5.39, 95% CI: 2.3 – 14.3). CONCLUSION: The profile of GW user and the way PA is acquired is related to the AT accessibility of GWs. Although PA levels of GWhigh users were significantly higher, GWlow usage was greater. Therefore, GW planners and designers should incorporate universal design concepts and conduct needs based assessments to properly site and design GWs to serve the greatest portion of the population.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 90-94).

Contact-active antibacterial surfaces with irreversibly attached antibacterial com-pounds are a sustainable alternative to traditional biocides. No chemicals are released into nature and the antibacterial mechanism reduces the risk of the evolution of re-sistant bacteria. However, the preparation of such surfaces is far from sustainable, as organic solvents and harsh reaction conditions commonly are required. An alter-native option is to use polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM), based on physical ad-sorption, which can be performed in water-based solutions at room temperature. Although contact-active antibacterial PEMs have been reported previously, this is the first study of renewable cellulosic wood fibres. The build-up of cationic polymer polyvinylamine (PVAm) and anionic polyacrylic acid (PAA) multilayers on model surfaces was studied to optimise adsorption. The amount of adsorbed polyelectrolytes was continuously growing with increasing number of layers, but remained dense and flat as the number of layers increased. The largest adsorption was obtained at a high salt concentration, which shielded the repulsion between the polymers. Model surfaces were also used to evaluate the influence of the polymer and number of layers on the antibacterial properties. Multilayers on model surfaces showed a low bacteriostatic effect, with up to approximately 40 % inhibition for 3 layers of un-modified PVAm/PAA. In contrast, when the same multilayers were applied on cel-lulosic fibres, bacterial-growth inhibition of > 99.9% was obtained. Hydrophobically modified PVAm did not yield better results, despite being superior in solution. An increase in fibre charge by fibre oxidation led to the largest amount of adsorbed pol-ymer and the best antibacterial properties, an effect that lasted for weeks. Electron microscopy study of bacteria on the fibres showed that the bacteria interacted more on a highly charged surface and that the morphology of the bacterial cell could be affected. The effect was suggested to be due to electrostatic interaction with the pos-itively charged modified fibres. The promising results offer the possibilities of a new generation of antibacterial surfaces based on a renewable resource. / Antibakteriella kontaktaktiva ytor som har ett antibakteriellt ämne permanent fäst på ytan är ett miljövänligt och säkrare alternativ till traditionell biocidanvändning. Inget utsläpp av giftiga ämnen sker från ytorna och detta tillsammans med den anti-bakteriella mekanismen minskar risken för att bakterierna utvecklar resistens. Till-verkningsprocessen i sig har dock hittills varit allt annat än miljövänlig, då den ke-miska modifieringen kräver organiska lösningsmedel och har reaktioner som kräver speciella villkor, t ex höga temperaturer. En alternativ ytmodifiering är att använda sig av fysikalisk adsorption av polyelektrolyter i multiskikt, eftersom detta kan göras i vat-tenlösningar och i rumstemperatur. Det här arbetet är det första som beskriver kon-takt-aktiva multilager på förnyelsebara svedbaserade cellulosafiber. Som ett första steg gjordes en adsorptionsstudie på modellytor för att optimera ad-sorptionen av katjonisk polyvinylamin (PVAm) och anjonisk polyakrylsyra (PAA). Med ökande antal lager ökade totala mängden adsorberad polymer samtidigt som multilagerna förblev platta och täta. Den högsta adsorptionen skedde vid en hög salt-halt som minimerade den elektrostatiska repulsionen mellan polymerkedjorna. Modellytor användes även för att studera hur de antibakteriella egenskaperna påver-kades av polymermodifiering och av antal lager. På dessa ytor uppmättes en låg bakte-riostatisk effekt med upp till 40 % inhibering av bakterietillväxten för tre lager av PVAm./PAA När däremot samma multilager fanns på cellulosafiber ökade in-hiberingen till uppemot 99.9 %. Hydrofobmodifiering av PVAm påverkade inte det antibakteriella resultatet när de var i multilager, trots bevisad ökad verkan i lösning. Genom att via oxidering öka fiberladdningen kunde mängden adsorberad polymer yt-terligare öka och resulterade i en förbättrad antibakteriell verkan som höll i sig i flera veckor. Elektronmikroskopi av bakterier på fiber visade en ökad interaktion med hög-laddade ytor och att bakteriernas cellmorfologi kan påverkas av ytorna.Den observerade antibakteriella effekten föreslås vara en följd av elektrostatisk inter-aktion mellan de negativt laddade bakterierna och positivt laddade modifierade fibrena. Resultaten är lovande och banar väg för nya kontakt-aktiva antibakteriella material. / Biointeractive fibres with antibacterial properties

No description available.

Huvudsyftet med den här studien var att undersöka vilka egenupplevda faktorer som vana motionärer håller som viktiga för sin egen träning. Undersökningen ägde rum på en av Friskis & Svettis anläggningar. Studiedesignen var en undersökande studie. I en sådan studie är målet att förklara människors egna upplevelser och deras åsikter. Det genomfördes 15 individuella halvstruktuerade intervjuer med regelbundet tränande medlemmar på Friskis & Svettis. Alla motionärer ansåg att det var viktigt att kunna välja vilken intensitet de skulle träna på. Majoriteten ansåg också att det var viktigt att få välja vilken typ av träning de skulle utföra. De flesta som tränar regelbundet upplevde känslor som glädje, att det var kul och att det var roligt under tiden eller efter de tränade. Ledaren ansågs vara en viktig person och att han eller hon kunde påverka träningen genom att ”vara medryckande” och ”ha utstrålning”. Musiken var också viktigt för inspirationen, att orka med lite extra. Friskis & Svettis idé om att erbjuda motionärerna lustfylld träning uppfyller det som motionärerna ansåg vara viktigt i den här undersökningen. / Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate what self-perceived factors that influence people’s regular training habits. Methods: The study is based on a qualitative study design. Fifteen interviews were conducted at regularly physical active people and took place at a Friskis & Svettis training facility in a middle-east city in Sweden. Results: All of the regular training exercisers felt it was important to be able to choose intensity and type of workout. The majority also reported feelings of happiness, joy and fun during and after their training sessions. When inactive people tend to report lack of money and no time to exercise, regular active people seem to plan for their training and also seem to think that the price paid is worth the money spent. The leader was seen as a person of inspiration along with music and was also important for the experience of the training session. Conclusions: Friskis & Svettis motto, to offer people joyful exercise and easy accessible training facilities meet the results of this study.

Inter-chip input-output (I/O) communication bandwidth demand, which rapidly scaled with integrated circuit scaling, requires high performance I/O links to achieve a per pin data rate as high as multi-Gb/s. The design of high-speed links employing forwarded-clock architecture enables jitter tracking between data and clock from low to high frequencies. Considering the impact of clock to data skew, high frequency sampling clock jitter and data jitter become out of phase at receiver, which reduces the timing margin and limits the data rate. The jitter tracking bandwidth (JTB) between data and clock should be optimized to compensate the clock to data skew. System level analysis shows that the wide tunable range of JTB is needed to compensate different amounts of skews. The implementation of bandpass filtering on forwarded-clock path is able to control the JTB through the controlling of Q. This work introduces a method using bandpass filtering to optimize the JTB in high-speed forwarded-clock transceivers, followed by the implementation of active-inductor-based bandpass filter as clock receiver, which has advantages of low-voltage operation, low power as well as low area consumption. Simulation results shows that the designed filter provides controllable JTB over 40 - 600MHz. The bandpass filter is implemented in IBM 90nm CMOS process.

No description available.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the teacher change process and extend our understanding of how variability in the ways that primary school teachers in Bangladesh implement innovative pedagogical practices, such as active learning, reflects variations in their understanding, attitude, experience, and skill in the use of those pedagogical approaches. Multiple forms of data gathering were employed based on the concerns-based adoption model (CBAM) including an open-ended statement of concern, interviews, and class observations from a purposive sample of ten teachers working in ten different schools. Additional interviews were also conducted with staff responsible for the teachers' professional development. Five main findings emerged from the research. First, there was a split between novice teachers who were committed to following the prescriptive lesson plans and more experienced teachers who adapted their lessons to accommodate differences in student readiness and performance. Second, the majority of teachers appeared to be satisfied with their use active learning methods and the mandated lessons with little projected variation in how they will implement the innovation in the future. Third, the class observation findings indicate that the majority of teachers were rated as ideal users of active learning methods in the classroom. Fourth, findings indicate that professional development and a commitment to building networks among teachers and support staff helped facilitate teachers' confidence and competency. Fifth, among the most influential factors shaping teachers' use of active learning methods were the availability of supplementary learning and teaching resources. Implications for professional development and support for teachers, the applicability of CBAM-based research in low-income country contexts like Bangladesh, as well as future areas of comparative, international, and development education research are discussed in light of those findings.

Three weather sensitive multinomial logit models are estimated using the 2001 Transportation Tomorrow Survey in order explore the relationship between weather and home-based work trips within the City of Toronto, focusing on active modes of transportation. The data is restricted to non-captive commuters who have the option of alternating between all five basic modes of auto driver, auto passenger, transit, bike and walk with change in weather. Daily trip rates in various weather conditions are assessed. The combined effect of the daily trip rate and mode choice analysis is applied to several climate change scenarios. A 6oC increase in temperature can increase cycling trips by 17%, and reduce auto-passenger trips by 7%. A 20% increase or decrease in precipitation, however, is found to have much smaller impacts on all modes. Overall, the results confirm that impact of weather on active modes of transportation is significant enough to deserve attention at the research, data collection and planning levels.

Three weather sensitive multinomial logit models are estimated using the 2001 Transportation Tomorrow Survey in order explore the relationship between weather and home-based work trips within the City of Toronto, focusing on active modes of transportation. The data is restricted to non-captive commuters who have the option of alternating between all five basic modes of auto driver, auto passenger, transit, bike and walk with change in weather. Daily trip rates in various weather conditions are assessed. The combined effect of the daily trip rate and mode choice analysis is applied to several climate change scenarios. A 6oC increase in temperature can increase cycling trips by 17%, and reduce auto-passenger trips by 7%. A 20% increase or decrease in precipitation, however, is found to have much smaller impacts on all modes. Overall, the results confirm that impact of weather on active modes of transportation is significant enough to deserve attention at the research, data collection and planning levels.