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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
991

Soil engineering by macroinvertebrates: controls on soil organic matter storage across land use change / Macroinvertebrados e os processos de engenharia do solo: controles sobre a estocagem de matéria orgânica do solo em áreas com mudanças no uso da terra

André Luiz Custódio Franco 20 May 2015 (has links)
Globally land use change (LUC) with increasing in land use intensity has led to a decrease in soil organic matter (SOM). The reduction of soil C stock across LUC has been accompanied by a destabilization of soil structure and increases the soil erosion susceptibility. The destabilized soil structure is also concomitant with a loss of soil biodiversity and in particular, soil macroinvertebrate community. The focus of this dissertation is the effect of LUC with increasing in land use intensity on soil macrofauna, aggregation and SOM allocation. We hypothesized that LUC reduces soil macrofaunal biodiversity and consequently decreases soil engineering processes, resulting in destabilization of soil structure and impairing the ability of soil to physically protect SOM from decomposition inside stable aggregates, finally leading to depleted SOC stocks across LUC. In order to test these hypotheses, we conducted a field survey in 3 chronosequences of land use comprising native vegetation (NV), pasture (PA), and sugarcane crop (SC) in Central-Southern Brazil. This land use sequence provides a gradient of land use intensity and is projected to add 6.4 Mha of new sugarcane areas in Brazil by 2021. At each sampling point soil blocks of 25 X 25 cm and 5 x 5 cm to 10 cm depth were simultaneously collected from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm soil layers, for macrofauna isolation and aggregate fractionation, respectively. Within a radius of 6 meters around each sampling point, 12 subsamples were also collected from the same soil layers, and combined for total soil C and N concentration. An average reduction of 89% in the density of the soil macrofaunal community was observed when SC replaces PA, and a loss of 39% in the diversity of macrofauna groups. Our findings showed that, over a range of soil textures (16 - 66% clay), such biodiversity loss was strongly correlated with the destabilization of soil structure across LUC, whereas soil texture was not so. These observations consistently indicate that the abundance of detritivore soil animals, especially earthworms and termites, may be a significant predictor of soil structure transformations across LUC in tropical environments. Moreover, the sharp reduction in the abundance of earthworms was strongly positively correlated with the decrease in intra macroaggregate-associated C. As a result, after more than 20 years of sugarcane crop there were losses of 40 and 35% of C and N stocks, respectively, resulting in a rate of C emission of 1.3 Mg ha-1 yr-1. This C loss primarily occurred in the macroaggregate-associated C, as a result of the faster macroaggregate turnover under SC. In summary, the results presented here provide a mechanistic explanation as to why there is soil C depletion when increasing land use intensity in tropical soils: the huge reduction in the abundance of soil engineering invertebrates after LUC impair the ability of soil to physically protect SOM from decomposition inside stable aggregates, and therefore it is a primary mechanism controlling the soil C stocks\' depletion across LUC. / Globalmente mudanças no uso da terra (MUT) com o aumento da intensidade de uso do solo têm levado a uma diminuição da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). A redução do estoque de C do solo após MUT tem sido acompanhada por uma desestabilização da estrutura do solo e aumento da susceptibilidade a erosão. A desestabilização da estrutura também é concomitante com a perda da biodiversidade do solo e, em particular, da comunidade de macroinvertebrados do solo. O foco deste trabalho é o efeito de MUT com aumento na intensidade de uso do solo sobre a macrofauna do solo, agregação e alocação da MOS. Nossa hipótese é que MUT reduz a diversidade da macrofauna do solo e, conseqüentemente, diminui os processos de engenharia de solo, resultando na desestabilização da estrutura do solo e prejudicando a capacidade do solo para proteger fisicamente a MOS da decomposição dentro de agregados estáveis, finalmente levando a redução dos estoques de C após MUT. Foi realizada uma pesquisa em 3 cronosseqüências de uso da terra que compreendem vegetação nativa (NV), pastagem (PA), e cana-de-açúcar (CA) na região Centro-Sul do Brasil. Esta MUT fornece um gradiente de intensidade de uso do solo e é projetada para adicionar 6,4 Mha de novas áreas de CA no Brasil até 2021. Em cada ponto de amostragem de solo blocos de 25 x 25 cm e 5 x 5 cm a 10 cm de profundidade foram coletados simultaneamente das camadas 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm e 20-30 cm de solo, para isolamento da macrofauna e fracionamento de agregados, respectivamente. Foi observada uma redução média de 89% na densidade da comunidade da macrofauna quando CA substitui PA, e uma perda de 39% da diversidade de grupos. Nossos resultados mostraram que, em um intervalo de texturas do solo (16-66% de argila), tal perda de biodiversidade foi fortemente correlacionada com a desestabilização da estrutura do solo após MUT. Estas observações indicam consistentemente que a abundância de animais detritívoros, especialmente minhocas e cupins, pode ser um preditor significativo de transformações da estrutura do solo em MUT. Além disso, a forte redução na abundância de minhocas foi fortemente e positivamente correlacionada com a diminuição do C alocado intra macroagregados. Como resultado, após mais de 20 anos de cultura de CA houve perdas de 40 e 35% dos estoques de C e N, respectivamente, resultando em uma taxa de emissão de C de 1,3 Mg ha-1 ano-1. Esta perda de C ocorreu principalmente no C associado aos macroagregados, como um resultado da reciclagem mais rápida dos macroagregados sob CA. Em resumo, os resultados aqui apresentados fornecem uma explicação mecanicista a respeito de porque há esgotamento do C do solo quando aumenta-se a intensidade de uso do solo em ambientes tropicais: a enorme redução na abundância de invertebrados \"engenheiros do solo\" após MUT prejudica a capacidade do solo para proteger fisicamente a MOS da decomposição dentro de agregados estáveis, e, portanto, é um mecanismo primário controlando a redução dos estoques de C no solo relacionada a MUT.
992

Caracterização físico-hídrica e fracionamento físico da matéria orgânica em solo com horizonte antrópico / Hydro-physical characterization and physical fractionation of organic matter in soil horizon with anthropic horizon

Sâmala Glícia Carneiro Silva 15 July 2016 (has links)
Nos últimos anos o interesse pelo estudo da Terra Preta de Índio (TPI) tem aumentado em razão das suas características únicas em relação aos solos normalmente encontrados na região, como sua maior fertilidade natural. Diversos estudos relatam que a presença do chamado carbono pirogênico na composição das TPIs é a responsável por esta superioridade, entretanto ainda não se sabe se este afeta as propriedades físicas dos solos de TPI. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar o comportamento de propriedades físico-hídricas de solos antrópicos (Terra Preta de Índio) com um solo adjacente por meio da determinação de suas propriedades físicas, e verificar a distribuição do carbono pirogênico entre os diferentes compartimentos da matéria orgânica em solos de TPI e adjacentes. Para este estudo foram coletadas amostras indeformadas em anéis volumétricos e blocos em uma área de TPI e adjacente. As áreas estão localizadas na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, estado do Pará. As propriedades físicas analisadas foram textura, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, curva de retenção da água no solo, condutividade hidráulica saturada, permeabilidade do solo ao ar e estabilidade de agregados. Para verificar o comportamento da matéria orgânica foi realizado o fracionamento físico, onde foram analisados a distribuição do carbono total e pirogênico nas diferentes frações da matéria orgânica. Verificou-se diferença nas duas áreas quanto às propriedades físicas porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, condutividade hidráulica do solo (Ksat), permeabilidade do solo ao ar (Ka), e retenção de água no solo, entretanto não foi possível verificar diferenças na estabilidade de agregados entre as duas áreas. A distribuição da matéria orgânica nas diferentes frações do solo foi distinta nas duas áreas, onde verificou-se que na área de TPI o C no solo foi predominante na fração macroagregados, enquanto que na área adjacente o carbono se localizou em maior quantidade na fração microagregados. Os valores de carbono pirogênico foram maiores na área de TPI do que na área adjacente, demostrando que a matéria orgânica das TPIs apresenta uma composição diferenciada, modificando o comportamento das propriedades físicas dos solos. / In recent years the interest in the study of Terra Preta de Indio or Amazonian Dark Earths (TPI) has increased, especially because of its unique characteristics when related to typical soils of the region, as its higher natural fertility. Several studies have reported that the presence of so-called pyrogenic carbon in its composition is responsible for this superiority, however it is not known if it affects the physical properties of TPI soils. This research aims to compare the behavior of physical and hydraulic properties of anthropic soils (Terra Preta de Indio) to an adjacent soil by determining its physical properties, and evaluating the distribution of the pyrogenic carbon between the different compartments of organic matter for both soils. For this study, undisturbed soil samples were collected in volumetric cylinders and blocks from a TPI and adjacent area. The areas are located in Caxiuanã National Forest, state of Pará, Brazil. The analyzed physical properties were texture, porosity, macro and microporosity, soil water retention curve, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil permeability to air and aggregate stability. A physical fractionation was performed to verify the behavior of organic matter, which analyzed the distribution of the total and pyrogenic carbon in the different fractions of organic matter. There were difference in the two areas regarding the physical properties as total porosity, macro and microporosity, soil hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), air permeability to soil (Ka), and soil water retention, however it was not possible to see differences in stability aggregates between the two areas. The distribution of organic matter in different soil fractions was different in the two areas, where it was found that in the TPI area, soil carbon was prevalent in the macroaggregates fraction, while the adjacent area had larger amounts in the microaggregates fraction. The values for pyrogenic carbon were higher in the TPI area, showing that the organic matter of TPIs has a different composition which modifies the behavior of physical properties in the soil.
993

Indicadores da qualidade do solo em uma cronossequ?ncia sob sistema plantio direto em Gua?ra - PR / Soil quality indicators along a chronosequence of no-tillage system in Gua?ra - PR

FERREIRA, Cl?udia dos Reis 25 April 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-19T19:18:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Cl?udia dos Reis Ferreira.pdf: 1425765 bytes, checksum: d847a95493845c76aaaf6f7635662069 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-19T19:18:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Cl?udia dos Reis Ferreira.pdf: 1425765 bytes, checksum: d847a95493845c76aaaf6f7635662069 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / CAPES / To manage properly the natural resources and also to produce with sustainability is a big challenge. Conservation management practices, such as no-tillage system (NTS), intend to increase the sustainability of agricultural systems through improvement of chemical, physical and biological soil attributes. This work was developed in private rural systems, explored commercially in Guaira municipality ? Paran? State. Three different areas were evaluated, with NTS adoption time of 7, 14 and 23 years, with succession of soybean (summer) and corn/wheat crops (winter) (NTS7, NTS14 and NTS23, respectively), and an area of Atlantic Forest as reference. The sampling was taken in the dry season (September/2013), after harvesting corn, and in the rainy season (February/2014), after harvesting soybean; to evaluate effect of duration of soil usage and management under the different crops in NTS on edaphic attributes. The hypothesis tested were: a) long duration management systems can change physical, chemical and biological soil properties; b) the crop succession with grass/legumes species (corn/soybean) promotes modifications in the groups of soil macrofauna and, consequently, in the compartments of soil organic matter (SOM); and c) the season of sampling (winter and summer) influences the composition of soil macrofauna and in the SOM compartments. They were analyzed chemical attributes and total organic carbon (TOC) and nutrient stocks (Ca, Mg, K and P), particle size, aggregates stability, bulk and particle densities, actual soil moisture, calculated the total volume of pores, and evaluated the edaphic macrofauna, at the depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m. The morphological types of aggregates were identified, establishing three groups: physiogenic, intermediates and biogenic. For the different groups it was measured the relative composition, TOC, and physical and chemical fractionation of organic matter. In general, the variation in chemical properties were related to NTS time and the sampling season, which also reflects the soil coverage. Soybean and corn/wheat succession contributed to increase contents and stocks of carbon, Ca and P in the different NTS chronosequences. Although there was no significant difference between the areas, the increasing bulk density values observed with depth in the NTS23 area, with longer system adoption, indicate compacted layers that should be monitored. The highest density and total richness of macrofauna individuals were found in the NTS14 and NTS23 areas under corn residues, but there were not observed higher indexes of equability, due to dominance of Formicidae and Isoptera groups. The areas with the highest equability values were the reference, in the dry season, and NTS23 in the rainy season, with values to 0.87 and 0.61, respectively. The biogenic aggregates were found in larger proportion in the reference area, while the physiogenics and intermediate predominated in the managed areas. The TOC contents were higher in biogenic aggregates, as well as organic carbon associated with minerals (OCam). The humin fraction showed no significant differences in the dry season, while in the rainy season the humin content was higher in physiogenic aggregates. This result indicates that biogenic aggregates of the dry season change into the physiogenic aggregates found in the rainy season. / Gerenciar adequadamente os recursos ambientais e simultaneamente produzir de forma sustent?vel ? um grande desafio. Pr?ticas de manejo conservacionistas, como o sistema plantio direto (SPD), visam aumentar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agr?colas atrav?s da melhoria dos atributos qu?micos, f?sicos e biol?gicos do solo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em sistemas agr?colas particulares, explorados comercialmente no munic?pio de Gua?ra ? PR. Foram avaliadas tr?s ?reas com diferentes tempos de ado??o do SPD, por 7, 14 e 23 anos sob sucess?o das culturas soja (ver?o) e milho/trigo (inverno) (SPD7, SPD14 e SPD23 respectivamente), e uma ?rea de Floresta Atl?ntica como refer?ncia. As amostragens foram feitas no inverno ap?s a colheita das culturas de milho (setembro/2013), e no ver?o, ap?s a colheita de soja (fevereiro/2014). O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de uso e manejo do solo sob diferentes coberturas em SPD sobre os atributos ed?ficos. As hip?teses testadas foram: a) sistemas de manejo de longa dura??o podem alterar caracter?sticas f?sicas, qu?micas e biol?gicas dos solos; b) a sucess?o de culturas com esp?cies de gram?neas/leguminosas (milho/soja) promove modifica??es nos grupos da macrofauna do solo e, desta forma, nos compartimentos da MOS; e c) a ?poca de avalia??o (inverno e ver?o) influencia na composi??o da macrofauna do solo e nos compartimentos da MOS. Foram analisados: atributos qu?micos e estoques de carbono org?nico total (COT) e de nutrientes (Ca, Mg, K e P), an?lise granulom?trica, estabilidade de agregados, densidade do solo (Ds) e da part?cula (Dp), umidade atual do solo, calculado o volume total de poros, e avaliada a macrofauna ed?fica, nas profundidades de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,3 m. Foram identificados os tipos morfol?gicos de agregados, nos tr?s grupos: fisiog?nicos, intermedi?rios e biog?nicos. Para os diferentes grupos, foi medida a composi??o relativa, COT, e fracionamento qu?mico e f?sico ou granulom?trico da mat?ria org?nica. De modo geral, a varia??o nos atributos qu?micos se relacionou com o tempo de implanta??o do SPD e a ?poca de amostragem, que tamb?m refletiu a cobertura do solo. A sucess?o soja, milho/trigo contribuiu no aumento dos teores e estoques de carbono, Ca e P nos diferentes tempos de implanta??o do SPD. Embora sem diferen?a significativa entre as ?reas, os valores de Ds em profundidade na ?rea SPD23, com maior tempo de ado??o, indicam camadas compactadas, que devem ser monitoradas. A maior densidade e riqueza total de indiv?duos da macrofauna foram encontradas nas ?reas SPD14 e SPD23 sob a palhada do milho; por?m n?o foram observados maiores ?ndices de equabilidade, pelo dom?nio dos grupos Formicidae e Isoptera. As ?reas com maiores valores de equabilidade foram a de refer?ncia, no inverno, e a de SPD23 no ver?o, com 0,87 e 0,61, respectivamente. A maior propor??o de agregados biog?nicos foi na ?rea de refer?ncia; j? os fisiog?nicos e intermedi?rios predominaram nas ?reas manejadas. Os teores de COT foram maiores nos agregados biog?nicos, assim como o carbono org?nico associado aos minerais (COam). A fra??o humina n?o apresentou diferen?a significativa na coleta de inverno; no ver?o, a humina foi maior nos agregados fisiog?nicos. Esse resultado indica que os agregados biog?nicos do inverno originaram os agregados fisiog?nicos encontrados no ver?o.
994

Oligomerização da glicose oxidase utilizando ácidos de Brønsted para a aplicação em bioeletroquímica / Oligomerization of glucose oxidase by using Brønsted acids for the application in bioelectrochemistry

Pereira, Andressa Ribeiro 09 August 2017 (has links)
A eletroquímica direta de enzimas redox depende da distância entre os sítios redox da proteína e a superfície do eletrodo e também da eficiência na imobilização dessas enzimas na superfície eletródica. Dessa forma, a obtenção de enzimas mais hidrofóbicas possibilita a melhora na interação entre elas e a superfície de eletrodos sólidos, como os de carbono. Neste estudo, foi desenvolvida uma rota para a obtenção da glicose oxidase oligomerizada (Ol-GOx) com o objetivo de melhorar a interação entre a enzima e a superfície de fibras de carbono, uma vez que enzimas oligomerizadas contêm suas porções hidrofóbicas expostas.Para tanto, diferentes ácidos de Brønsted foram utilizados, sendo que a enzima obtida a partir da reação com o ácido trifluorometanosulfônico (TFMS) foi a que se manteve ativa cataliticamente. A Ol-GOx se mostrou um biocatalisador promissor devido a sua hidrofobicidade e seu tamanho, os quais permitiram uma imobilização mais eficiente em superfícies de carbono. Após a caracterização estrutural, concluiu-se que a Ol-GOx é formada por um oligômero composto por 10 unidades de GOx nativa com raio hidrodinâmico de aproximadamente 96 nm. Por voltametria cíclica estudou-se a transferência direta de elétrons (TDE) entre o cofator dinucleotídeo de flavina e adenina (FAD) e a superfície das fibras de carbono, sendo observado um aumento de 7 vezes nas correntes faradaicas em relação ao obtido para a GOx nativa. Além disso, as propriedades bioeletrocatalíticas foram melhoradas em 30% quando analisada a oxidação da glicose. Concluiu-se ainda que quanto maior a quantidade de folhas-β presente na estrutura proteica, maior a TDE observada entre a enzima e a superfície das fibras de carbono. / The direct electrochemistry of redox enzymes is dependent on the distance between the active centers of the protein and the electrode surface, and also on the efficiency in the immobilization of these enzymes on the electrodic surface. Thus, the synthesis of more hydrophobic enzymes could lead to better interaction between the redox enzymes and the solid electrode surfaces, such as carbon electrodes. In this study, it was proposed a chemical route to obtain oligomerized glucose oxidase (Ol-GOx), aiming to improve the interaction between the enzyme and the surface of carbon fibers, since oligomerized proteins have their hydrophobic chains exposed. After structural characterization, it was concluded that Ol-GOx is formed by 10 dimeric units of native GOx with a hydrodynamic radius corresponding to approximately 96 nm. By cyclic voltammetry, it was studied the direct electron transfer (DET) between the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and the surface of carbon fibers, where it was observed an increase of 7-fold in the faradaic currents in comparison to that observed for native GOx. Besides, bioelectrocatalytic properties are 30% improved, when analyzed the glucose oxidation by cyclic voltammetry. It was also concluded that the greater the β-sheet content in protein structure, the higher the DET observed between the enzyme and the carbon fibers surface.
995

Caracterização funcional e estrutural de fosfolipases A2 isoladas da peçonha da serpente Bothrops asper do Panamá / Functional and structural characterization of phospholipases A2 isolated of Bothrops asper snake venom from Panamá.

Rueda, Aristides Quintero 04 November 2009 (has links)
Os envenenamentos causados pelas serpentes do gênero Bothrops são os mais importantes do ponto de vista médico e econômico na América Central. Dentre estas, a serpente Bothrops asper é responsável por 90% dos envenenamentos ofídicos registrados no Panamá anualmente. Apesar da relevância médica e econômica, só a peçonha de populações de B. asper da Costa Rica e Guatemala tem sido estudadas em detalhes. Neste trabalho apresentamos a caracterização da peçonha da B. asper do Panamá e o isolamento, a caracterização funcional e estrutural de quatro fosfolipases A2 básicas denominadas MTX-I, MXT-II, MTX-III e MXT-IV e de uma fosfolipase A2acídica denominada Basp-I-PLA2. As fosfolipases A2 foram isoladas da peçonha em duas etapas usando cromatografia de troca iônica em CM-Sepharose (0,05 M NH4HCO3 pH 8,1), e cromatografia hidrofóbica em Fenil-Sepharose (0,05 M Tris-HCl pH 7,4) seguida de gradiente de concentração de 4 a 0 M NaCl no mesmo tampão a temperatura ambiente (25°C). A isoforma acídica demonstrou maior atividade catalítica que as isoformas básicas, quando atuou sobre fosfatidilcolina e fosfatidilglicerol. A focalização isoelétrica evidencia pIs de 8,1 a 8,3 para as MTXs e 4,6 para isoforma Basp-I-PLA2. A determinação da massa molecular por espectrometria de massa mostrou que MTX-1 14,156.5; MTX-2 14,249.5 e MTX-3 14,253.0 e Basp-I-PLA2 14,246.0 Da. As PLA2s (MTX-I, II, III e IV) induziram atividade miotóxica, reação inflamatória com migração de leucócitos ao músculo e ativação de macrófagos para exercer fagocitose e produção de superóxido. MTX-II exerceu um forte efeito citotóxico contra células tumorais JURKAT, C. albicans e E. coli. A fosfolipase A2 acídica, testada no plasma enriquecido com plaquetas, mostrou potente efeito inibitório na agregação plaquetária induzida pela ADP e colágeno. A análise de seqüência N- terminal demonstrou que as proteínas MTX-I, MTX-III e Basp-I-PLA2 pertencem à subclasse de fosfolipases A2 Asp49 cataliticamente ativas, enquanto que, MTX-II e MTX-IV pertencem à subclasse de fosfolipases A2 Lys49-homólogas cataliticamente inativas. Além disso, a sequência N-terminal das fosfolipases A2 básicas isoladas, demonstrou claramente que as miotoxinas isoladas neste trabalho são similares às miotoxinas previamente isoladas da peçonha da B. asper da Costa Rica. A Basp-I-PLA2 é uma nova fosfolipase A2 acídica isolada da peçonha de B. asper do Panamá e sua seqüência N-terminal revelou uma alta homologia com outras PLA2s acídicas Asp49 isoladas de peçonhas de serpentes. / Envenoming by Bothrops snakes is the most serious kind of envenoming from the medical and economical point of view in Central America. Bothrops asper snake is responsible for 90% of the snakebites registered in Panama every year. Despite its medical and economical relevance, only the venom of Costa Rica and Guatemala populations of this species has been studied to some detail, and there is very little information on intraspecies variability in venom composition and toxicity. In this study the crude venom of B. asper from Panama was characterized and its pharmacological and biochemistry activities were investigated with standard laboratory assays. Furthermore, we describe the isolation, functional and structural characterization of four basic phospholipases A2, named MTX-I, MTX-II, MTX-III, MTX-IV and a new acid phospholipase A2 named Basp-I-PLA2. The proteins were isolated from the crude venom by a combination of two chromatographic steps, using ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sepharose (0.05 M NH4HCO3 pH 8.1 buffer), and hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose (0.05 M Tris-HCl pH 7.4), followed by concentration gradient from 4 to 0 M NaCl at 25°C in the same buffer. Analyses of phospholipids hydrolyzed by these enzymes have shown that all phospholipases belong to type A2. The acidic isoform demostraded more catalytic activity than the basic PLA2s. This enzyme was more active on substrates as phosphotidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. The isoelectric focusing evidenced pIs beetwen 8.1 to 8.3 for the MTXs and 4.6 for the isoform Basp-I-PLA2. Its mol. Wt was estimated by Mass spectrometry to be MTX-1 14,156.5; MTX-2 14,249.5 and MTX-3 14,253.0 and Basp-I-PLA2 14,246.0 Da. The PLA2s (MTX-I, II, III and IV) induced myotoxic activity, inflammatory reaction mainly leukocyte migration to the muscle and activation of macrophages to exert phagocytic activity and production of superoxide. MTX-II, the most abundant one showed to be cytotoxic against JURKAT tumor cell line, C. albicans and E. coli. The acidic phospholipases A2 when tested in platelet rich plasma, showed a potent inhibitory effect on aggregation induced by ADP and collagen. The analysis of the sequence N-terminal demonstrated that the MTX-I, MTX-III and BASP-I-PLA2 belong to the subclass of Asp49 phospholipases A2 catalytically active, whereas, MTX-II and MTX-IV belong to proteins of the subclass of the enzymatically inactive Lys49 PLA2 s-like. In addition, a sequence of the region N-terminal of the PLA2s basic isolated, demonstrated clearly, that the isolated myotoxins in this work are similar of the previously isolated myotoxins of the snake venom Bothrops asper from Costa Rica. The Basp-I-PLA2 is a new acidic PLA2 and his sequence N-terminal revealed a high homology with other Asp49 acidic PLA2 s from snake venoms.
996

Agrégation et extraction des connaissances dans les réseaux inter-véhicules / Aggregation and extraction of knowledge in inter-vehicle networks

Zekri, Dorsaf 17 January 2013 (has links)
Les travaux réalisés dans cette thèse traitent de la gestion des données dans les réseaux inter-véhiculaires (VANETs). Ces derniers sont constitués d’un ensemble d’objets mobiles qui communiquent entre eux à l’aide de réseaux sans fil de type IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, ou Ultra Wide Band (UWB). Avec de tels mécanismes de communication, un véhicule peut recevoir des informations de ses voisins proches ou d’autres plus distants, grâce aux techniques de multi-sauts qui exploitent dans ce cas des objets intermédiaires comme relais. De nombreuses informations peuvent être échangées dans le contexte des «VANETs», notamment pour alerter les conducteurs lorsqu’un événement survient (accident, freinage d’urgence, véhicule quittant une place de stationnement et souhaitant en informer les autres, etc.). Au fur et à mesure de leurs déplacements, les véhicules sont ensuite « contaminés » par les informations transmises par d’autres. Dans ce travail, nous voulons exploiter les données de manière sensiblement différente par rapport aux travaux existants. Ces derniers visent en effet à utiliser les données échangées pour produire des alertes aux conducteurs. Une fois ces données utilisées, elles deviennent obsolètes et sont détruites. Dans ce travail, nous cherchons à générer dynamiquement à partir des données collectées par les véhicules au cours de leur trajet, un résumé (ou agrégat) qui fourni des informations aux conducteurs, y compris lorsqu’aucun véhicule communicant ne se trouve pas à proximité. Pour ce faire, nous proposons tout d’abord une structure d’agrégation spatio-temporelle permettant à un véhicule de résumer l’ensemble des événements observés. Ensuite, nous définissons un protocole d’échange des résumés entre véhicules sans l’intermédiaire d’une infrastructure, permettant à un véhicule d’améliorer sa base de connaissances locale par échange avec ses voisins. Enfin, nous définissons nos stratégies d’exploitation de résumé afin d’aider le conducteur dans la prise de décision. Nous avons validé l’ensemble de nos propositions en utilisant le simulateur « VESPA » en l’étendant pour prendre en compte la notion de résumés. Les résultats de simulation montrent que notre approche permet effectivement d’aider les conducteurs à prendre de bonnes décisions, sans avoir besoin de recourir à une infrastructure centralisatrice / The works in this thesis focus on data management in inter-vehicular networks (VANETs). These networks consist of a set of moving objects that communicate with wireless networks IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth, or Ultra Wide Band (UWB). With such communication mechanisms, a vehicle may receive information from its close neighbors or other more remote, thanks to multi-jump techniques that operate in this case intermediate objects as relays. A lot of information can be exchanged in the context of « VANETs », especially to alert drivers when an event occurs (accident, emergency braking, vehicle leaving a parking place and want to inform others, etc.). In their move vehicles are then « contaminated » by the information provided by others. In this work, we use the data substantially different from the existing work. These are, in fact, use the data exchanged to produce alerts drivers. Once these data are used, they become obsolete and are destroyed. In this work, we seek to generate dynamically from data collected by vehicles in their path, a summary (or aggregate) which provides information to drivers, including when no communicating vehicle is nearby. To do this, we first propose a spatio-temporal aggregation structure enabling a vehicle to summarize all the observed events. Next, we define a protocol for exchanging summaries between vehicles without the mediation of an infrastructure, allowing a vehicle to improve its local knowledge base by exchange with its neighbors. Finally, we define our operating strategies of the summary to assist the driver in making decision. We validated all of our proposals using the «VESPA» simulator by extending it to take into account the concept of summaries. Simulation results show that our approach can effectively help drivers make good decisions without the need to use a centralized infrastructure
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Agrégation des résultats dans les systèmes de recherche d’information pair-à-pair non structurés / Results aggregation in unstructured peer-to-peer information retrieval systems

Mghirbi, Rim 18 January 2013 (has links)
Une grande partie de l’impulsion de diverses technologies d’Internet par les systèmes Pair-à-Pair (Peer-to-Peer ou P2P) peut être vue comme une réaction au détriment du centrage de contenu sur les serveurs devant des clients passifs. Une des caractéristiques distinctives de tout système P2P est ce que nous appelons souvent connectivité directe de bout en bout entre pairs égaux. Le Pair-à-Pair a augmenté les débits des échanges entre des communautés dynamiques des utilisateurs qui tendent à augmenter rapidement. Nous parlons donc de systèmes distribués à large échelle dans lesquels l’information échangée, partagée et recherchée atteint des volumes de plus en plus impressionnants. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons essentiellement à la Recherche d'Information dans les systèmes de Recherche d’Information P2P (RIP2P) et plus précisément au problème d'agrégation des résultats dans de tels systèmes. Résoudre le problème d'agrégation en RIP2P de la même manière que sa résolution dans un cadre de Recherche d’Information Distribuée (RID) va manquer beaucoup d’intelligibilité. En effet, ça fait perdre de vue tout un contexte qui a changé en RIP2P, vu le facteur d'échelle et l’absence d’une vision globale sur le système, dans ces réseaux qui s'étendent naturellement à des milliers voire des millions de pairs. Ceci va impliquer notamment la suppression d'un serveur courtier inadéquat dans ce contexte et va soulever le problème de retrouver de nouvelles politiques pour agréger des résultats provenant de pairs hétérogènes dans une liste unique tout en reflétant les attentes de l'utilisateur. Toutes ces raisons nous ont incités à explorer un mécanisme d’agrégation basé sur les profils des utilisateurs déduits de leurs comportements passés suite à leurs interactions avec les résultats d’une requête. Dans cette thèse nos contributions portent sur deux axes complémentaires. D’abord, nous proposons une nouvelle vision d'agrégation de résultats dans un contexte large échelle. Dans ce cadre un modèle de profils et une approche de score hybride à base de profils sont proposés. Ensuite nous avons mis l’accent sur la mise en place d’un cadre d'évaluation de notre approche dans les systèmes à large échelle / A huge part of the impetus of various internet technologies through the Peer-to-Peer (Peer-to-Peer or P2P) system can be seen as a reaction to the content centering detriment on the servers in front of passive clients. One of the distinctive features of any P2P system is what we often call direct connectivity between equal peers. The Peer-to-Peer increased the exchange flows between dynamic communities of users which tend to grow rapidly. We talk, therefore, about large-scale distributed systems in which the exchanged, shared and sought information reaches a more and more impressive volumes. Solving the aggregation problem in P2PIR systems the same way as its resolution in Distributed Information Retrieval (DIR) will miss a lot of intelligibility. In fact, the context has changed in RIP2P, given the scale factor and the lack of a global vision of the system in these networks that extend naturally to thousands or even millions peers. This will involve the removal of a broker server that is inadequate in this context and will raise the problem of finding new policies to aggregate results coming from heterogeneous peers in a single list while reflecting the user’s expectations. All these reasons prompted us to explore an aggregation mechanism based on user profiles deduced from their past behavior due to their interaction with query results. Our contributions, in this thesis, focus on two complementary axes. First, we propose a new vision of results aggregation in a large scale system. In this context, a profiles model and a hybrid score profiles-based approach are proposed. Second, we focused on the development of an evaluation framework of our approach in large-scale systems. In this thesis, we are mainly interested in the Information Retrieval problem in P2P systems (P2PIR) and focusing more specifically on the problem of results’ aggregation in such systems
998

Simulações microcanônicas de proteínas / Microcanonical Simulations of Proteins

Frigori, Rafael Bertolini 21 December 2010 (has links)
Transições de fase termodinâmicas são usualmente estudadas por meio do ensemble canônico e estão associadas a sistemas macroscópicos. Entretanto, tem-se tornado cada vez mais frequente e importante o estudo de sistemas físicos pequenos, cujos alcances característicos das interações equivalem aos tamanhos dos sistemas. Nestes casos pode haver inequivalência entre grandezas físicas obtidas nos ensembles canônico e microcanônico. Encontramos inúmeros exemplos destes sistemas em diversas áreas da Física. Na área de matéria condensada temos, por exemplo, o modelo Blume-Capel com interações de alcance infinito. Neste modelo as soluções exatas canônica e microcanônica são inequivalentes. Este modelo é investigado nesta tese por meio de um ensemble interpolante, conhecido como gaussiano estendido, como uma aplicação teórica preliminar. Adicionalmente, empregamos o arcabouço mecânico-estatístico no estudo de certas biomoléculas com ampla importância biológica: proteínas. Atualmente o estudo do comportamento termodinâmico destas moléculas tem ficado restrito quase que exclusivamente a abordagem via ensemble canônico. Neste trabalho analisamos os resultados da etapa microcanônica de simulações multicanônicas procurando obter aspectos físicos de biomoléculas como os domínios Src SH3 (pdb: 1NLO) e as Príons humanas (pdb: 1HJM). Caracterizamos com esta abordagem as transições de fase de enovelamento e de agregação destes sistemas. Os resultados obtidos são interpretados à luz da termoestatística microcanônica, oferecendo um ponto de vista fenomenológico alternativo à abordagem usual. / Thermodynamic phase transitions are usualy studied by the canonical ensemble and they are associated to macroscopic systems. However, it is becoming more frequent and important the study of small physical systems: whose characteristic interaction-lengths are equivalent to system sizes. In these cases there can happen inequivalences among quantities computed im the canonical and microcanonical ensembles. There are inumerous examples of that systems in various areas of physics. In the field of condensed matter there is for instance the Blume-Capel model with infinite-range interactions. The canonical and microcanonical exact solutions of this model are inequivalents. That model is investigated on this thesis through an interpolating ensemble, known as the extended gaussian, as a preliminar theoretical application. Additionally, we have employed the statistic-mechanical framework to study some biomolecules of large biological interest: proteins. Nowadays the study of the thermodynamic behavior of that molecules has been restricted almost only to the canonical approach. However, in this work we have analysed by the microcanonical step of multicanonical simulations the physical aspects of biomolecules as the domain Src SH3 (pdb: 1NLO) and the human Prions (pdb: 1HJM). Thus, we characterize with this approach the phase transitions of folding and aggregation of that systems. The results obtained are interpretated under the light of the microcanonical thermostatistics, offering an alternative phenomenological viewpoint.
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Diversidade genética em agregações de Nannotrigona testaceicornis Cockerell, 1922 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) através de marcadores microssatélites / Genetic diversity in aggregations of Nannotrigona testaceicornis Cockerell, 1922 (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) by using microsatellites markers

Fonseca, Aline Simoneti 12 May 2010 (has links)
As abelhas são insetos da ordem Hymenoptera e taxonomicamente estão reunidas na superfamília Apoidea. Os Meliponini, da subfamília Apinae, são popularmente chamados abelhas indígenas sem ferrão e algumas espécies são essenciais para a polinização de plantas selvagens e lavouras. As abelhas Nannotrigona testaceicornis, utilizadas neste trabalho, são pequenas, possuem o tórax marrom escuro e opaco e não são agressivas. No Brasil, elas são encontradas na Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. Assim como muitas espécies de Hymenoptera, elas também podem nidificar em agregações e analisar a variabilidade genética dentro e entre os agregados foi um dos objetivos deste trabalho, além de avaliar os prováveis múltiplos acasalamentos que parecem ocorrer dentro dessa espécie de meliponíneos. Para tanto, foram coletados indivíduos de ninhos de N. testaceicornis no Campus da USP de Ribeirão Preto (SP), Campinas (SP), Bonfim Paulista (SP), Uberlândia (MG) e Caratinga (MG). 302 indivíduos (operárias) de um total de 32 ninhos foram macerados e tiveram seu DNA extraído. Foram utilizados oito loci microssatélites específicos para o estudo da variabilidade genética e múltiplos acasalamentos. Um total de 38 alelos foi observado. A diversidade genética média entre as agregações foi de 35,4%, a heterozigose média esperada foi de 41,4% e a observada foi de 28,3%. O coeficiente de endogamia (Fis) foi estatisticamente significativo para todas as agregações. Também foram observados desvios no equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg para todos os loci analisados. A análise do Fst mostrou diferenciação entre as agregações, porém, apesar da indicação pelo AMOVA de uma discreta estruturação entre as agregações, não foi possível agrupá-las. A partir dos dados obtidos foi possível observar que a diversidade genética nestas agregações está baixa, além disso, os desvios do equilíbrio, o valor significativo do Fis, e a heterozigose observada menor do que a esperada em todos os loci demonstrou a ocorrência de cruzamentos endogâmicos resultando em alto nível de homozigose nesta população. Com relação aos múltiplos acasalamentos, dos 32 ninhos estudados, somente 11 (34,4%) apresentaram uma patrilínea. A presença de alelos nulos, a inclusão acidental de machos na amostra, mudanças recentes de rainhas, operárias de outros ninhos e a contínua conexão entre ninho mãe-filho podem ser possibilidades para estes resultados, entretanto, a frequência de mais de uma patrilínea é muito alta para que a poliandria não seja considerada. / Bees are insects belonging to the Hymenoptera order and to the Apoidea superfamily. The Meliponini, from the subfamily Apinae, are popularly known as stingless bees and some species are essential to the pollination of wild and farming plants. Nannotrigona testaceicornis, studied in this work, are small bees presenting a dark brown and opaque thorax, and non-aggressive behavior. In Brazil, they are found at Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states. As well as many other Hymenoptera species, they can nest on aggregations. To analyze the genetic variability within and among the aggregates was one of the objectives of this work, besides to evaluate the possibility of multiple matings which seem to occur in this species. For this purpose, samples of N. testaceicornis were collected from nests found at University of São Paulo Campus at Ribeirão Preto (SP), Campinas (SP), Bonfim Paulista (SP), Uberlândia (MG) and Caratinga (MG). Three hundred and two individuals (workers) from thirty-two sampled nests had their DNA extracted. Eight specific microsatellite loci were used to study the genetic variability and multiple matings. A total of thirty-eight alleles were observed. The mean genetic diversity among the aggregations was 35.4%, the mean expected heterozygosity was 41.4% and the observed was 28.3%. The inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was statistically significant for all the aggregations. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium were observed in all studied loci. The Fst analysis showed differentiation among the aggregations but, despite the AMOVA indication of structuring among them, it was not possible to group them. From the obtained data we observed that the genetic diversity of the aggregations is low. The significant Fis value and the observed heterozygosity lower than the expected one in all the studied loci, demonstrated inbreeding events resulting in a high level of homozygosis in this population. In relation to the possibility of multiple mating, from the 32 studied nests, only 11 (34.4%) presented one patriline. The presence of null alleles, the accidental inclusion of males in the sample, recent queen changes, workers drifting among nests, continuing connections between mother and daughter nests or multiple matings might be possibilities for these results. However, the frequency of more than one patriline is very high to not consider the polyandry.
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Traffic data sampling for air pollution estimation at different urban scales / Échantillonnage des données de trafic pour l’estimation de la pollution atmosphérique aux différentes échelles urbaines

Schiper, Nicole 09 October 2017 (has links)
La circulation routière est une source majeure de pollution atmosphérique dans les zones urbaines. Les décideurs insistent pour qu’on leur propose de nouvelles solutions, y compris de nouvelles stratégies de management qui pourraient directement faire baisser les émissions de polluants. Pour évaluer les performances de ces stratégies, le calcul des émissions de pollution devrait tenir compte de la dynamique spatiale et temporelle du trafic. L’utilisation de capteurs traditionnels sur route (par exemple, capteurs inductifs ou boucles de comptage) pour collecter des données en temps réel est nécessaire mais pas suffisante en raison de leur coût de mise en oeuvre très élevé. Le fait que de telles technologies, pour des raisons pratiques, ne fournissent que des informations locales est un inconvénient. Certaines méthodes devraient ensuite être appliquées pour étendre cette information locale à une grande échelle. Ces méthodes souffrent actuellement des limites suivantes : (i) la relation entre les données manquantes et la précision de l’estimation ne peut être facilement déterminée et (ii) les calculs à grande échelle sont énormément coûteux, principalement lorsque les phénomènes de congestion sont considérés. Compte tenu d’une simulation microscopique du trafic couplée à un modèle d’émission, une approche innovante de ce problème est mise en oeuvre. Elle consiste à appliquer des techniques de sélection statistique qui permettent d’identifier les emplacements les plus pertinents pour estimer les émissions des véhicules du réseau à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Ce travail explore l’utilisation de méthodes statistiques intelligentes et naïves, comme outil pour sélectionner l’information la plus pertinente sur le trafic et les émissions sur un réseau afin de déterminer les valeurs totales à plusieurs échelles. Ce travail met également en évidence quelques précautions à prendre en compte quand on calcul les émissions à large échelle à partir des données trafic et d’un modèle d’émission. L’utilisation des facteurs d’émission COPERT IV à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles induit un biais en fonction des conditions de circulation par rapport à l’échelle d’origine (cycles de conduite). Ce biais observé sur nos simulations a été quantifié en fonction des indicateurs de trafic (vitesse moyenne). Il a également été démontré qu’il avait une double origine : la convexité des fonctions d’émission et la covariance des variables de trafic. / Road traffic is a major source of air pollution in urban areas. Policy makers are pushing for different solutions including new traffic management strategies that can directly lower pollutants emissions. To assess the performances of such strategies, the calculation of pollution emission should consider spatial and temporal dynamic of the traffic. The use of traditional on-road sensors (e.g. inductive sensors) for collecting real-time data is necessary but not sufficient because of their expensive cost of implementation. It is also a disadvantage that such technologies, for practical reasons, only provide local information. Some methods should then be applied to expand this local information to large spatial extent. These methods currently suffer from the following limitations: (i) the relationship between missing data and the estimation accuracy, both cannot be easily determined and (ii) the calculations on large area is computationally expensive in particular when time evolution is considered. Given a dynamic traffic simulation coupled with an emission model, a novel approach to this problem is taken by applying selection techniques that can identify the most relevant locations to estimate the network vehicle emissions in various spatial and temporal scales. This work explores the use of different statistical methods both naïve and smart, as tools for selecting the most relevant traffic and emission information on a network to determine the total values at any scale. This work also highlights some cautions when such traffic-emission coupled method is used to quantify emissions due the traffic. Using the COPERT IV emission functions at various spatial-temporal scales induces a bias depending on traffic conditions, in comparison to the original scale (driving cycles). This bias observed in our simulations, has been quantified in function of traffic indicators (mean speed). It also has been demonstrated to have a double origin: the emission functions’ convexity and the traffic variables covariance.

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