A espécie Dekkera bruxellensis tem sido detectada como a principal levedura contaminante em diversos processos fermentativos, dentre eles o de produção de etanol combustível, apresentando uma surpreendente capacidade de crescimento e adaptação naqueles substratos. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre suas características de crescimento em condições de estresse e comportamento fermentativo. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a tolerância ao estresse e as características fermentativas exibidas por três linhagens de D. bruxellensis isoladas da fermentação alcoólica, além do efeito da contaminação em mosto de caldo de cana sobre os parâmetros fermentativos, buscando informações que possam contribuir para o manejo da fermentação alcoólica quando contaminada com esta levedura. Foram realizados testes de caracterização em meio YEPD sólido e líquido em condições estressantes para as três linhagens de D. bruxellensis e uma linhagem de S. cerevisiae (PE-02). O efeito do tratamento ácido associado ao etanol sobre a viabilidade das quatro linhagens em situação de agitação e sem agitação foi também avaliado. Em seguida, testes fermentativos em meio sintético (sem reciclo celular) e em meio de caldo de cana (com reciclo celular e utilizando-se ou não tratamento ácido) foram conduzidos para verificar as características fermentativas das linhagens de D. bruxellensis em comparação com S. cerevisiae, simulando-se uma contaminação por 103 células/mL da linhagem CCA155 em meio de caldo de cana. As três linhagens de D. bruxellensis apresentaram crescimento invasivo em meio YEPD sólido, possivelmente um mecanismo de sobrevivência da levedura em condições estressantes. Observou-se uma variação na resposta das linhagens às situações de estresse (baixo pH e alta concentração de etanol). Em condições não estressantes, a linhagem PE-02 apresentou melhor desenvolvimento, no entanto, em situações de estresse de pH, concentrações de açúcar e etanol, as linhagens de D. bruxellensis desenvolveram-se melhor. O controle eficiente do crescimento destas leveduras poderia ser obtido com um tratamento combinado de baixo pH (1,5) e etanol (9%), porém houve também prejuízo significativo à levedura S. cerevisiae, embora em menor extensão. Em sistema de batelada sem reciclo celular em meio sintético, verificou-se que a agitação influenciou significativamente a produção de etanol e ácidos por D. bruxellensis. O teor alcoólico foi maior quando se utilizou glicose como fonte de carbono ao invés de sacarose. Em sistema de batelada com reciclo celular em meio de caldo de cana, foram obtidos melhores resultados quanto à produção de etanol, menor teor de açúcar redutor total residual e maior eficiência fermentativa quando se utilizou o tratamento ácido do fermento (pH 1,5), assim como melhor controle do crescimento da linhagem CCA155 quando em cultura mista com S. cerevisiae (PE-02). O tratamento ácido utilizado teve efeito não só sobre o crescimento da levedura contaminante, mas também beneficiou a levedura do processo, resultando assim na minimização do efeito da contaminante sobre a fermentação conduzida em meio de caldo de cana sob dez ciclos fermentativos de 12 horas. / The species Dekkera bruxellensis has been considered as the main contaminant yeast in several fermentative processes, including the fuel alcohol production, showing a surprising growth capacity and adaptation in those substrates. However, a little is known about their growth characteristics in stressing conditions and fermentative profile. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the stress tolerance and fermentative characteristics exhibited by three strains of D. bruxellensis isolated from the alcoholic fermentation, besides the effect of the contamination in sugar cane juice over the fermentative parameters, searching for information that could contribute to the management of the alcoholic fermentation when the medium is contaminated with this yeast. Characterization tests in YEPD medium (solid and liquid) under stressing conditions for the D. bruxellensis and S. cerevisiae (PE-02) strains were carried out. The effect of the acid treatment associated with ethanol over the cell viability of the four strains in shaken and non-shaken flasks was also evaluated. Following, fermentative tests in synthetic medium (without cell recycle) and in sugar cane juice (with cell recycle and with/without acid treatment) were carried out to verify the fermentative characteristics of the strains of D. bruxellensis comparing to S. cerevisiae, simulating a contamination by 103 cells/mL of the strain CCA155 in sugar cane juice. All the strains of D. bruxellensis showed invasiveness in YEPD agar medium, probably a survival mechanism in stressful conditions. A variation in the response of the strains to the stressing conditions (low pH and high ethanol concentration) was observed. In nonstressing situations, the strain PE-02 showed better growth; however, in stressing conditions of pH, ethanol and sugar concentrations, the strains of D. bruxellensis had better growth performance. The effective control of their growth could be obtained with a combined treatment of low pH (1.5) and ethanol (9%), however, a significant harmful effect to the S. cerevisiae strain was also verified, but in a lower extension. In batch system without cell recycle in synthetic medium, it was verified the influence of agitation over the ethanol and acid production by D. bruxellensis. The alcohol content was significantly higher when glucose was utilized instead of sucrose. In batch system with cell recycle in sugar cane juice, the best results for ethanol production, lower residual total reducing sugar and higher fermentative efficiency were obtained with the acid treatment of the ferment at pH 1.5, as well as a better growth control of the strain CCA155, in mixed culture with S. cerevisiae (PE-02). The acid treatment utilized in this work had effect not only over the growth of the contaminant yeast, but also benefited the yeast S. cerevisiae, resulting in the minimization of the effect of the contaminant over the fermentation developed in sugar cane juice medium in 12-hour ten fermentative cycles.

Actualmente, el consumidor peruano promedio se le dificulta preparar cócteles variados en casa, debido a la falta de insumos y conocimiento para elaborarlos. Por ello, la mayoría necesita visitar bares o discotecas para consumir estas bebidas, las cuales tienen un costo elevado. Asimismo, no existe ninguna iniciativa en el mercado peruano de bebidas alcohólicas que ofrezca la venta de estas con los insumos exactos para elaborarlos. Por este motivo, hemos creado Bartender Box, la primera alternativa en el Perú que ofrece la venta de licores y complementos a delivery para la preparación de cócteles sin la necesidad de tener conocimientos de barman para elaborarlos. Nuestra idea de negocio funcionará a través del canal digital mediante nuestras redes sociales y página web, donde ofrecemos a nuestros consumidores diferentes combinaciones con las medidas exactas para preparar cócteles. Ellos podrán acceder a las recetas a través de un código QR que los dirige a nuestra web. Nuestro público objetivo son personas de 18 a 50 años de los sectores A y B que consumen alcohol. Los ingresos procederán de la venta de los paquetes. Nuestros insumos serán obtenidos de la compra a mayoristas. Dentro de los planes evaluados se obtuvo que El VAN anual proyectado es de S/ 114,968.0 soles y se tiene una TIR de 60%. En base a estos resultados, confiamos en que el proyecto podrá satisfacer la necesidad de nuestro público objetivo, así como incrementar el comercio en el Perú. / Currently, the average Peruvian consumer finds it difficult to prepare varied cocktails at home, due to the lack of inputs and knowledge to prepare them. Therefore, most need to visit bars or clubs to consume these drinks, which have a high cost. Similarly, there is no initiative in the Peruvian market for alcoholic beverages that offers the sale of these with the exact inputs to prepare them. For this reason, we have created Bartender Box, the first alternative in Peru that offers the sale of spirits and complements to the delivery for the preparation of cocktails without the need to have knowledge of bartender to prepare them. Our business idea will work through the digital channel through our social networks and website, where we offer our devices different combinations with the exact measures to prepare cocktails. They can access the recipes through a QR code that directs our website. Our target audience is people aged 18 to 50 in sectors A and B who consume alcohol. The income comes from the sale of the packages. Our supplies will be necessary to buy from wholesalers. Among the plans evaluated, the projected annual NPV is S / 114,968.00 soles and has an IRR of 44%. Based on these results, we are confident that the project will be able to meet the needs of our target audience, as well as increase trade in Peru. / Trabajo de investigación

The former finance minister stated in his budget speech in 2016 that sugar tax would come into force in South Africa from 1 April 2017. The treasury's reason for implementing sugar taxation is to reduce the health problems caused by sugar. It is nothing new to use fiscal measures to recover both taxes and to prevent health problems but it was not yet possible to reach a definite conclusion about the impact of sugar tax on the consumption of sugary drinks and the prevalence of obesity. The reason for this is that there is evidence that the implementation of food tax in different countries has shown different results in terms of public health issues and tax benefits. In South Africa, the implementation of sugar tax can either reduce the prevalence of obesity and thereby have a positive effect on the economy or its implementation may adversely affect the economy. If treasury does not implement sugar tax the economy can also be adversely affected by the prevalence of obesity. This dissertation deals with the effects of non-communicable diseases and sugar tax on the South African economy. The focus is on how sugar tax is being implemented internationally and how South Africa intends to implement sugar tax. / Die voormalige minister van finansies het in sy begrotingstoespraak in 2016 vermeld dat suikerbelasting vanaf 1 April 2017 in Suid-Afrika in werking gaan tree. Die tesourie se rede vir die implementering van suikerbelasting is om, in samewerking met die Departement van Gesondheid, die gesondheidsprobleme wat deur suiker veroorsaak word te verminder. Dit is niks nuuts om fiskale maatstawwe te gebruik om beide belasting in te vorder en gesondheidsprobleme te voorkom nie, maar dit was nog nie moontlik om tot ’n definitiewe gevolgtrekking te kom oor die impak van suikerbelasting op die verbruik van suikerversoete drankies en die voorkoms van vetsug nie. Die rede hiervoor is dat daar bewyse is dat die implementering van voedselbelasting in verskillende lande verskillende resultate getoon het in terme van openbare gesondheidskwessies en belastingvoordele. In Suid-Afrika kan die implementering van suikerbelasting óf die voorkoms van vetsug verminder en sodoende die ekonomie bevoordeel óf die implementering daarvan kan die ekonomie negatief beïnvloed. Indien die tesourie nie suikerbelasting implementeer nie kan die ekonomie as gevolg van die voorkoms van vetsug negatief beïnvloed word. Die kern van hierdie skripsie handel oor die gevolge van nieoordraagbare siektes en suikerbelasting op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Daar word spesifiek gefokus op hoe suikerbelasting internasionaal geïmplementeer word en hoe Suid-Afrika beoog om suikerbelasting te implementeer. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Mercantile Law / LLM / Unrestricted

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) --University of Limpopo, 2019. / The study was aimed at exploring the family member‟s experiences of living with people who consume home brewed alcohol (spayoni) in Oakley. Oakley is a village based in Ehlanzeni district, Mpumalanga province. The researcher looked into the financial management, balancing of the work-family nexus and the manner in which people that consume spayoni deal with and conduct themselves in violent situations. A qualitative research approach was used by the researcher through an exploratory design. A total number of nine (9) respondents took part in the study. They were identified by the use of a purposive and snowball sampling method. Furthermore, the researcher used a semi-structured interview to collect data which was analysed by a thematic analysis structure. Data obtained from the study reveals that people that consume spayoni spend less time with family members as they are either out at work or drinking spayoni throughout the day. They leave home very early in the morning and come back late at night. Family roles and relationships are negatively affected by their routines. The people that consume spayoni mostly rely in piece jobs hence they don‟t have stable income. Nonetheless, the little money that they get is spent solely on the purchase of spayoni. They do not prioritise financial contribution towards household needs. The study also identified that people that consume spayoni are generally disrespectful when drunk but refrain from violent situations. In order to combat the challenges faced by the family members, internal and external measures should be put in place. The use of community awareness campaigns is one method which can help in reducing the demand of spayoni in Oakley village. Involvement of monitoring bodies such as the Liquor control boards and the local traditional authorities will assist the community to have regulations governing the supply of home brewed alcohol. Family members should also develop platforms of open communication between each other to avoid misunderstandings and build a more positive family environment.

The primary function of the testis is twofold: 1, it is responsible for production of testosterone and 2, it is responsible for spermatogenesis. Previous studies in alcohol fed mice have shown that chronic alcohol consumption causes reduced sperm counts and testicular lesions. CTRP3 is a novel adipokine which has been shown to promote follicular proliferation and reduce apoptosis in granulosa cells in the ovaries. Both folliculogenesis and spermatogenesis occur via the process of meiosis and therefore have some similarities. Since CTRP3 has been shown to be involved in folliculogenesis it would be reasonable to assume that it will play a role in spermatogenesis. CTRP3 has been shown to have protective properties in some organs in alcohol fed mice. This study was designed to determine if CTRP3 conveyed protective properties to the testicular tissue in chronic alcohol fed mice by comparing testicular morphology across 4 treatment groups: wild-type control mice, wild-type mice on a high alcohol diet, CTRP3 over expressing mice, and CTRP3 over expressing alcohol fed mice. To date this study indicates that alcohol did decrease germ cells due to apoptosis in the wild-type mice. Our study indicates that apoptosis of germ cells increased the intercellular space in seminiferous tubules and separated spermatogenic cells in the wild type mice. The CTRP3 mice do not show as aggressive results, indicating that CTRP3 may be playing a protective role. At this time, only a small number of tissues from the study have been analyzed so these results should be considered to be preliminary.

This study tested the ability of a novel adipose tissue derived cytokine, C1q TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3), to prevent alcohol-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, or alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD). Previous work has demonstrated that CTRP3 is effective at preventing high-fat diet-induced fatty liver; however, the potential of CTRP3 to inhibit ALD has not been explored. To test the potential protective effects of CTRP3, transgenic mice overexpressing CTRP3 (Tg) or wild-type littermates (WT) were subjected to one of two different models of ALD. In the first model, known as the NIAAA model, mice were fed control or alcohol-containing liquid diets (5% vol/vol) for 10 days followed by a single gavage of ethanol (5 g/kg). In the second model, the chronic model, mice were fed control or alcohol-containing diets for 6 wk with no gavage. This study found that CTRP3 reduced triglyceride accumulation in the chronic model of alcohol consumption by ~50%, whereas no reduction was observed in the NIAAA model. Further analysis of isolated primary hepatocytes from WT and Tg mice demonstrated that CTRP3 increased oxygen consumption in the presence of fatty acids, indicating that CTRP3 increases hepatic fatty acid utilization. In conclusion, this study indicates that CTRP3 attenuates hepatic triglyceride accumulation in response to long-term chronic, but not short-term, alcohol consumption.

No description available.

Background & aims Cytochrome P450 2A5 (CYP2A5) is induced by ethanol, and the ethanol induction of CYP2A5 is regulated by nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Cyp2a5 knockout (Cyp2a5−/−) mice develop more severe alcoholic fatty liver than Cyp2a5+/+ mice. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a PPARα-regulated liver hormone, is involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver are enhanced in Pparα knockout (Pparα−/−) mice. This study investigates the relationship between the PPARα-FGF21 axis and the enhanced alcoholic fatty liver in Cyp2a5−/− mice. Methods Mice were fed the Lieber-Decarli ethanol diet to induce alcoholic fatty liver. Results More severe alcoholic fatty liver disease was developed in Cyp2a5−/− mice than in Cyp2a5+/+ mice. Basal FGF21 levels were higher in Cyp2a5−/− mice than in Cyp2a5+/+ mice, but ethanol did not further increase the elevated FGF21 levels in Cyp2a5−/− mice while FGF21 was induced by ethanol in Cyp2a5+/+ mice. Basal levels of serum FGF21 were lower in Pparα−/− mice than in Pparα+/+ mice; ethanol induced FGF21 in Pparα+/+ mice but not in Pparα−/− mice, whereas ethanol induced hypertriglyceridemia in Pparα−/− mice but not in Pparα+/+ mice. Administration of recombinant FGF21 normalized serum FGF21 and triglyceride in Pparα−/− mice. Alcoholic fatty liver was enhanced in liver-specific Fgf21 knockout mice. Pparα and Cyp2a5 double knockout (Pparα−/−/Cyp2a5−/−) mice developed more severe alcoholic fatty liver than Pparα+/+/Cyp2a5−/− mice. Conclusions These results suggest that CYP2A5 protects against the development of alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the PPARα-FGF21 axis contributes to the protective effects of CYP2A5 on alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Chronic alcohol use results in accelerated liver injury, leading to alcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, due to the complex nature of this disease process, a central, druggable mechanism has remained elusive. microRNAs are potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. A single miRNA has the ability to regulate hundreds of pathways simultaneously, defining cellular fate and function. microRNA-122 (miR-122), the most abundant miRNA in hepatocytes, has a demonstrated role as an tumor suppressor, regulator of hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatic differentiation. In this dissertation I demonstrate the role of miR-122 on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) pathogenesis over four parts. In chapter II, I will demonstrate chronic alcoholic patients, free of neoplastic changes, have a reduction of miR-122 and that this miRNA regulates HIF-1α, a determinant of ALD pathogenesis. In chapter III, using hepatocytetropic adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) vector, I demonstrate that miR-122 inhibition mimics ALD pathogenesis, and furthermore, using hepatocyte-specific HIF-1α-null (HIF1hepKO) mice that this phenomenon is HIF-1α dependent. Given this finding, in chapter IV, I demonstrate that ectopic expression of miR-122 in vivo can reverse alcoholinduced liver damage, steatosis, and inflammation by directly targeting HIF-1α. Finally, in chapter V, I present evidence that alcohol-induced dysregulation of grainyhead-like proteins 1 and 2 (GRHL2), mediate the inhibition of miR-122 at the transcriptional level. These findings dissect a novel mechanistic regulatory axis of miR-122 and indicate a potential opportunity for restoration of miR-122 as a therapy in early ALD.

Many individuals presumed to have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) consume moderate amounts of alcohol; however, little is known regarding patterns of alcohol use and how drinking behaviors may influence liver fat. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,475 participants of the Framingham Heart Study who underwent computed tomography (CT) to define liver fat. We performed multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models for the association between different alcohol drinking patterns, including the average alcoholic drinks/week, frequency of alcohol use, usual quantity of alcohol consumed, maximum drinks consumed in 24 hours, and binge drinking behavior, and CT-defined hepatic steatosis. We excluded heavy alcohol users defined as women who drink > 14 drinks/week and men who drink > 21 drinks/week. We also performed an analysis specific to beverage type (beer, wine, or liquor/spirit drinks).The prevalence of hepatic steatosis in our study sample (mean age ± standard deviation (SD) 49.8±10.2, 50.3% women) was 17.5%. Among individuals with presumed NAFLD, binge drinking occurred in 25.4% of individuals. In adjusted models, the odds of hepatic steatosis increased by 20% for each SD increase in the number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week (OR 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08, 1.36). Frequency of alcohol use (drinking days/week) was also associated with hepatic steatosis (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.03, 1.15). The odds of hepatic steatosis increased by 15% for each SD increase in the maximum drinks per week (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.02, 1.30). In the beverage specific analysis, alcohol use patterns were associated with hepatic steatosis among beer drinkers, but no significant associations were observed among wine drinkers. Conclusions: Even after excluding heavy alcohol users from our sample, alcohol use contributed to liver fat, which suggests alcohol-related liver fat may be present among individuals presumed to have NAFLD. Additional prospective studies are needed to validate our findings and to determine if more comprehensive alcohol use screening tools should be used in practice or clinical trial settings. / 2020-06-03T00:00:00Z