Cette thèse vise à interroger les enjeux et les modalités de la construction d’une majorité politique en Russie à partir des années 2000, après une décennie marquée par la faiblesse de l’exécutif central et l’éclatement de l’offre politique. Créé en 2001 pour soutenir Vladimir Poutine, la situation du parti politique Russie unie dans le paysage politique peut sembler paradoxale. Dominant à tous les échelons du pouvoir depuis 2003, il demeure néanmoins un instrument entre les mains des dirigeants de l’exécutif, sans réelle autonomie ou influence. Fort officiellement de 2 millions d’adhérents, Russie unie est peu ancré dans la société russe et compte très peu de militants. L’analyse de la tension créée entre la dynamique d’institutionnalisation du parti et, en même temps, son maintien sous le contrôle de l’Etat se présente comme un point d’entrée privilégié pour envisager, dans une perspective comparative, la production des mécanismes d’assujettissement d’une partie du personnel politique russe. Cela implique de s’intéresser à la mise en place et aux modalités concrètes de fonctionnement de Russie unie, d’observer les pratiques des acteurs engagés dans ces activités et de s’interroger sur les significations qu’ils leur donnent. Cette démarche suggère alors de montrer comment l’étude de ce processus spécifique de fabrication partisane est susceptible de nourrir une réflexion plus générale et comparative sur la façon dont les dynamiques de différenciation ou de rapprochement entre les partis et l’Etat contribuent à produire différentes formes d’investissements politiques. Pour cela l’étude des partis en tant qu’institution ainsi que de la sociologie historique comparative permet de montrer les tensions créées par le processus de différenciation sous contrôle de Russie unie et la façon dont celui-ci accompagne la mise en place de nouveaux mécanismes de domination. / This thesis aims to examine the issues and modalities of building a political majority in Russia from the 2000s, after a decade marked by the weakness of the Central Executive and party system fragmentation. Created in 2001 to support Vladimir Putin, the situation of the political party United Russia in the political landscape may seem paradoxical. Dominant at all levels of power since 2003, it still remains a tool in the hands of leaders of the Executive, without any real autonomy or influence. United Russia, including officially 2 million members, is not rooted in Russian society and has very few militants. The analysis of the tension between the dynamics of the party’s institutionalization and, at the same time, its maintaining under control of the State appears as a privileged entry point for analyzing, in a comparative perspective, the production of mechanisms of subjections of Russian elected officials. This implies to study the establishment of United Russia and its concrete functioning, the practices of the actors involved in these activities and the meaning they give to these practices. Thus this approach suggests to show how the study of this specific process of party construction is likely to feed a more general and comparative reflection on how the dynamics of differentiation or reconciliation between parties and the State contribute to produce various forms of political investments. For this purpose, studying the party as an institution as well as the comparative historical sociology can show the tensions created by the process of differentiation under the control of United Russia and also how it supports the establishment of new domination mechanisms.

[pt] A nova ordem econômica estabeleceu às empresas um novo patamar de competitividade, pelo qual elas estão obrigadas a acompanharem, sistematicamente, o sistema competitivo em que atuam, a fim de refinar seus processos de tomada de decisão e planejamento, reduzir riscos, incertezas, ameaças e aproveitar oportunidades. Um conceito cada vez mais utilizado com essa finalidade tem sido o de Inteligência Competitiva, um conjunto de ações e recursos que permite às empresas acumularem, em curto espaço de tempo, o máximo entendimento sobre a rapidez das mudanças do ambiente, gerando maior segurança ao executivo na hora de tomar uma decisão ou definir a estratégia mais adequada. Trata-se de um conceito ainda em evolução, pouco explorado pela Academia, mas que vem despertando cada vez mais interesse por parte das empresas. No sentido de entender como e por que uma empresa implanta unidades de Inteligência, conduziu-se um estudo de caso em uma empresa petrolífera, onde executivos envolvidos na implantação de tais unidades foram entrevistados para apontar aspectos e desafios, tais como: motivação para a Inteligência; posição hierárquica; foco; interface com outros processos; produtos de Inteligência; mobilização dos recursos humanos e outros. Na empresa, há várias unidades de Inteligência implantadas, a maioria localizada ao nível estratégico, com foco para questões estratégicas de longo prazo. Na prática, estão mais voltadas para o curto prazo, e não estão totalmente integradas aos outros processos, em parte, pela cultura, em parte, por reestruturações e mudanças na liderança, questões que têm influenciado de maneira distinta a continuidade dessas unidades na empresa. / [en] The new economic order established to enterprises a new level of competitiveness that obliges them to monitor systematically their competitive system in order to improve their decision making and planning processes, to minimize risks, uncertainties, threats and to get opportunities. A new such a way to do this is using the Competitive Intelligence process. Competitive Intelligence is said to be a tool of actions and resources that enables executives to understand, in a short period of time, how fast competitive environment changes. By using this tool, executives are safe to make better decisions and establish the most adequate strategy. It is a new and increasing subject, both for enterprises and Academy. In many aspects, its theorical base line is not well developed yet. In order to improve the understanding about how and why an enterprise establishes Competitive Intelligence Units, a case study was conducted in an oil and gas company. Executives in charge of these units were interviewed to explain some of the Competitive Intelligence challenges such as: reasons for Competitive Intelligence; structural position, focus and interface with other processes; Intelligence products; human resources support. There are Intelligence Units established in all of the company business units. Almost all are positioned at the higher level of decision structure with focus on long term questions. However, practice shows these units are more focused on short term and are not totally integrated to other processes because of culture and changes in structure and leadership, which influences intelligence unit survival differently.