Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-26T18:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 monalisasilvadeoliveira.pdf: 473060 bytes, checksum: 1e394ef35b65c023c130f0dbca9a9d12 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-13T12:04:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monalisasilvadeoliveira.pdf: 473060 bytes, checksum: 1e394ef35b65c023c130f0dbca9a9d12 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-13T12:04:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monalisasilvadeoliveira.pdf: 473060 bytes, checksum: 1e394ef35b65c023c130f0dbca9a9d12 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho, fazemos uma pequena revisão sobre tensores e sua utilização na Relatividade Geral, apresentamos o método de transformação conforme e o teorema da fatorização e discutimos as soluções de Schwarzschild com e sem constante cosmológica. Então, a solução de Schwarzschild com constante cosmológica é derivada, a partir das equações de campo de Einstein, utilizando-se os conceitos abordados. / In this work, we make a brief review of tensors and their use in General Relativity, we present the local conformal transformation method and the factorization theorem and we discuss Schwarzschild's solutions with and without cosmological constant. Then, the Schwarzschild's solution with cosmological constant is derived, from the Einstein's field equations, using the concepts addressed.

Linear degeneracy of a PDE is a concept that is related to a number of interesting geometric constructions. We first take a quadratic line complex, which is a three parameter family of lines in projective space P3 specified by a single quadratic relation in the Plucker coordinates. This complex supplies us with a conformal structure in P3. With this conformal structure, we associate a three-dimensional second order quasilinear wave equation. We show that any PDE arising in this way is linearly degenerate, furthermore, any linearly degenerate PDE can be obtained by this construction. We classify Segre types of quadratic complexes for which the structure is conformally flat, as well as Segre types for which the corresponding PDE is integrable. These results were published in [1]. We then introduce the notion of characteristic integrals, discuss characteristic integrals in 3D and show that, for certain classes of second-order linearly degenerate dispersionless integrable PDEs, the corresponding characteristic integrals are parameterised by points on the Veronese variety. These results were published in [2].

A wide range of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods for the monitoring the health of concrete structure has been studied for several years. The recent rapid evolution of wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies has resulted in the development of sensing elements that can be embedded in concrete, to monitor the health of infrastructure, collect and report valuable related data. The monitoring system can potentially decrease the high installation time and reduce maintenance cost associated with wired monitoring systems. The monitoring sensors need to operate for a long period of time, but sensors batteries have a finite life span. Hence, novel wireless powering methods must be devised. The optimization of wireless power transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) to sensors embedded in concrete is studied here. First, we analytically derive the optimal geometric parameters for transmission of power in the air. This specifically leads to the identification of the local and global optimization parameters and conditions, it was validated through electromagnetic simulations. Second, the optimum conditions were employed in the model for propagation of energy through plain and reinforced concrete at different humidity conditions, and frequencies with extended Debye's model. This analysis leads to the conclusion that SCMR can be used to efficiently power sensors in plain and reinforced concrete at different humidity levels and depth, also validated through electromagnetic simulations. The optimization of wireless power transmission via SMCR to Wearable and Implantable Medical Device (WIMD) are also explored. The optimum conditions from the analytics were used in the model for propagation of energy through different human tissues. This analysis shows that SCMR can be used to efficiently transfer power to sensors in human tissue without overheating through electromagnetic simulations, as excessive power might result in overheating of the tissue. Standard SCMR is sensitive to misalignment; both 2-loops and 3-loops SCMR with misalignment-insensitive performances are presented. The power transfer efficiencies above 50% was achieved over the complete misalignment range of 0°-90° and dramatically better than typical SCMR with efficiencies less than 10% in extreme misalignment topologies.

Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur l’étude de deux objets probabilistes, les mesures de chaos multiplicatif gaussien (GMC) et la théorie conforme des champs de Liouville (LCFT). Le GMC fut introduit par Kahane en 1985 et il s’agit aujourd’hui d’un objet extrêmement important en théorie des probabilités et en physique mathématique. Très récemment le GMC a été utilisé pour définir les fonctions de corrélation de la LCFT, une théorie qui est apparue pour la première fois en 1981 dans le célèbre article de Polyakov, “Quantum geometry of bosonic strings”. Grâce à ce lien établi entre GMC et LCFT, nous pouvons traduire les techniques de la théorie conforme des champs dans un langage probabiliste pour effectuer des calculs exacts sur les mesures de GMC. Ceci est précisément ce que nous développerons pour le GMC sur le cercle unité. Nous écrirons les équations BPZ qui fournissent des relations non triviales sur le GMC. Le résultat final est la densité de probabilité pour la masse totale de la mesure de GMC sur cercle unité ce qui résout une conjecture établie par Fyodorov et Bouchaud en 2008. Par ailleurs, il s'avère que des techniques similaires permettent également de traiter un autre cas, celui du GMC sur le segment unité, et nous obtiendrons de même des formules qui avaient été conjecturées indépendamment par Ostrovsky et par Fyodorov, Le Doussal, et Rosso en 2009. La dernière partie de cette thèse consiste en la construction de la LCFT sur un domaine possédant la topologie d’une couronne. Nous suivrons les méthodes introduites par David- Kupiainen-Rhodes-Vargas même si de nouvelles techniques seront requises car la couronne possède deux bords et un espace des modules non trivial. Nous donnerons également des preuves plus concises de certains résultats connus. / Throughout this PhD thesis we will study two probabilistic objects, Gaussian multiplicative chaos (GMC) measures and Liouville conformal field theory (LCFT). GMC measures were first introduced by Kahane in 1985 and have grown into an extremely important field of probability theory and mathematical physics. Very recently GMC has been used to give a probabilistic definition of the correlation functions of LCFT, a theory that first appeared in Polyakov’s 1981 seminal work, “Quantum geometry of bosonic strings”. Once the connection between GMC and LCFT is established, one can hope to translate the techniques of conformal field theory in a probabilistic framework to perform exact computations on the GMC measures. This is precisely what we develop for GMC on the unit circle. We write down the BPZ equations which lead to non-trivial relations on the GMC. Our final result is an exact probability density for the total mass of the GMC measure on the unit circle. This proves a conjecture of Fyodorov and Bouchaud stated in 2008. Furthermore, it turns out that the same techniques also work on a more difficult model, the GMC on the unit interval, and thus we also prove conjectures put forward independently by Ostrovsky and by Fyodorov, Le Doussal, and Rosso in 2009. The last part of this thesis deals with the construction of LCFT on a domain with the topology of an annulus. We follow the techniques introduced by David-Kupiainen- Rhodes-Vargas although novel ingredients are required as the annulus possesses two boundaries and a non-trivial moduli space. We also provide more direct proofs of known results.

In this dissertation we focus on the application of thermodynamic formalism to non-autonomous and random dynamical systems. Specifically we use the thermodynamic formalism to investigate the dimension of various fractal constructions via the, now standard, technique of Bowen which he developed in his 1979 paper on quasi-Fuchsian groups. Bowen showed, roughly speaking, that the dimension of a fractal is equal to the zero of the relevant topological pressure function. We generalize the results of Rempe-Gillen and Urbanski on non-autonomous iterated function systems to the setting of non-autonomous graph directed Markov systems and then show that the Hausdorff dimension of the fractal limit set is equal to the zero of the associated pressure function provided the size of the alphabets at each time step do not grow too quickly. In trying to remove these growth restrictions, we present several other systems for which Bowen's formula holds, most notably ascending systems. We then use these various constructions to investigate the Hausdorff dimension of various subsets of the Julia set for different large classes of transcendental meromorphic functions of finite order which have been perturbed non-autonomously. In particular we find lower and upper bounds for the dimension of the subset of the Julia set whose points escape to infinity, and in many cases we find the exact dimension. While the upper bound was known previously in the autonomous case, the lower bound was not known in this setting, and all of these results are new in the non-autonomous setting. We also use transfer operator techniques to prove an almost sure invariance principle for random dynamical systems for which the thermodynamical formalism has been well established. In particular, we see that if a system exhibits a fiberwise spectral gap property and the base dynamical system is sufficiently well behaved, i.e. it exhibits an exponential decay of correlations, then the almost sure invariance principle holds. We then apply these results to uniformly expanding random systems like those studied by Mayer, Skorulski, and Urbanski and Denker and Gordin.

The thesis work is to show that the use of SLM (Additive Manufacturing) compared with the traditional process to make injection molds will have advantages in design, especially in waterways.  This thesis work gives seven different versions of design applied to the SLM method to analyze and compare them in Solidworks® and Moldflow® to figure out what design is suitable for the SLM method. Through analysis of different versions, the finding of this thesis work is that the conformal waterway of design and lighter but stead structure in the SLM method causes the SLM molds' cooling performance to be almost 15% better than the conventional way and shorten the production time by 18% per product. Based on the advantages of the SLM method in cooling system design and structure optimization, the company can use the SLM method in the production process to improve economic and environmental benefits.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe mechanisms involved in a lubricant film formation in textured conformal contacts. For exploring of the lubricant film formation, the method of optical interferometry is implemented on a pin-on-disc tribometer. That allows to study an influence of a texture on lubricant film thickness and coefficient of friction of textured samples. These samples have different parameters of a texture. On the basis of these effects and the visual image of the contact, the flow of lubricant in the contact area is described. Shallow dimples lead to larger film thickness in elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication regime. They act like a lubricant reservoir. Deep dimples positively affect film thickness in hydrodynamic lubrication regime, where the effect of shallow dimples descend. During experiments, the formation of a cavitation is observed. The cavitation causes a starvation of dimples in many cases. This leads to reducing of the lubricant film thickness. This effect can be eliminated by appropriate parameters of texture in operational conditions of elements.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to experimentally elucidate the connection between the friction of the specimen with the textured surface and the optical observation of the sliding contact surface. The thesis focuses on the configuration of the journal bearing. This configuration is achieved by replacing the block with a circular sapphire section on a block-on-ring tribometer. For exploring of the lubricant film formation, the method of optical interferometry and fluorescence is implemented on the block-on-ring tribometer. These adjustments allow examination of the effect of the textured surface on the friction coefficient and the thickness of the lubricant film. In a mixed mode, the textures cause a significant increase in friction values and reduce the thickness of the lubricant film. The negative influence of dimples increases with the increasing radial load size. In the hydrodynamic mode, the textures have a lower negative effect on the resulting values than in the mixed mode. The changes are dependent on the size of the radial load and the viscosity of the lubricant. In the hydrodynamic mode, cavitation was not observed, and the effect of the textured surface does not correspond to theoretical prerequisites, which is reflected by lower lubricant thickness and higher friction.

Surface texturing of rubbing surfaces represents the way how to increase tribological performances by improving the lubrication film formation and diminishing friction and wear. Its application in machine components requires detailed understanding of the mechanism taking place between rubbing surfaces in microscopic scale. This diploma thesis is focused on the processes taking place in tribology systems to consider the possibility of surface texturing applications in highly loaded machine parts operated under transient operational conditions.

Given a D-brane background in string theory (or equivalently boundary conditions in a two dimensional conformal field theory), classical solutions of open string field theory equations of motion are conjectured to describe new D-brane backgrounds (boundary conditions). In this thesis we study these solutions in the bosonic open string field theory using the level truncation approach, which is a numerical approach where the string field is truncated to a finite number of degrees of freedom. We start with a review of the theoretical background and numerical methods which are needed in the level truncation approach and then we discuss solutions in several different back- grounds. First we discuss universal solutions, which do not depend on the open string back- ground, then we analyze solutions of the free boson theory compactified on a circle or on a torus, then marginal solutions in three different approaches and finally solutions in theories which in- clude the A-series of Virasoro minimal models. In addition to known D-branes, we find so-called exotic solutions which potentially describe yet unknown boundary states. 1