The analysis of Oscar Wilde’s play “The Importance of Being Earnest” revealed that of all the non-finite clauses, the infinitival clauses were the most common. They accounted for 81.49% of all the non-congruent clauses used in the play. The author used the following types of infinitival clauses: 1. infinitival clauses in which the infinitive joins with modal auxiliaries or their substitutes; 2. infinitival clauses without explicit subjects; 3. infinitival clauses in which the subjective component is not used in the clause but found in the context; 4. infinitival clauses in which the infinitive its own subject; 5. infinitival clauses in which the infinitive is omitted. The results of the research demonstrated that modalized infinitives were the most common structures in the play examined. They accounted for 57.41% of the infinitival clauses used in the mentioned play. Speaking of the forms of the infinitive, the speakers gave preference to the simple forms of the infinitive: non-progressive, non-passive, and non-perfect. They accounted for more than 93%. The corpus showed that the infinitival clauses were accepted by mental, material, and saying processes. The infinitival clauses after mental verbs had the highest frequency of occurrence; they accounted for 11.51%. The infinitival clauses after verbs expressing material processes accounted for 2.63%. The infinitival clauses after verbs of saying were not very common; they accounted for only 1.89%. The most common verbs... [to full text] / Šis darbas nagrinėja kongruentinių ir nekongruentinių konstrukcijų vartojimą Oskaro Vaildo pjesėje „ Kaip svarbu būti rimtam“. Tyrimo tikslai buvo šie: 1. išanalizuoti semantinius kongruentinių sakinių bruožus; 2. išanalizuoti nekongruentinių sakinių sintaksinius bruožus; 3. ištirti skirtingų kongruentinių ir nekongruentinių sakinių dažnumą dialoguose; 4. ištirti kongruentinių sakinių galimybes priimti neasmenuojamąsias veiksmažodžio formas. Kongruentiniai ir nekongruentiniai sakiniai Oskaro Vaildo pjesėje buvo nagrinėjami, remiantis aprašomuoju-indukciniu bei statistinės analizės metodais. Tyrimas parodė, kad autorius dažniausiai vartojo paprastus kongruentinius esamojo laiko sakinius. Tyrimas taip pat parodė, kad iš visų pjesėje vartotų nekongruentinių sakinių dažniausiai buvo vartojami sakiniai su vadinamąja paprasta bendratimi. Autorius vartojo tokius beasmenių sakinių tipus su bendratimi: 1. sakinius su bendratimi, kai bendratis yra prijungiama prie modalinių veismažodžių ar jų pakaitalų; 2. sakinius su bendratimi be aiškaus veiksnio; 3. sakinius su bendratimi, kuriuose nėra veiksnio, papildinio, bet kuris yra numanomas iš konteksto; 4. sakinius su bendratimi, kuriuose veiksnio funkciją atlieka pati bendratis; 5. sakinius, kuriuose bendratis yra išleista. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad beasmenės konstrukcijos su bendratimi sudarė 81.49% visų beasmenių konstrukcijų vartotų pjesėje. Dažniausiai buvo vartojami sakiniai su bendratimi, kuriuose bendratis buvo prijungta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

In this paper we explain the congruent number problem and its connection to elliptic curves. We begin with a brief history of the problem and some early attempts to understand congruent numbers. We then introduce elliptic curves and many of their basic properties, as well as explain a few key theorems in the study of elliptic curves. Following this, we prove that determining whether or not a number n is congruent is equivalent to determining whether or not the algebraic rank of a corresponding elliptic curve En is 0. We then introduce L-functions and explain the Birch and Swinnerton- Dyer (BSD) Conjecture. We then explain the machinery needed to understand an algorithm by Tim Dokchitser for evaluating L-functions at 1. We end by computing whether or not a given number n is congruent by implementing Dokchitser’s algorithm with Sage and by using Tunnel’s Theorem.

The Stroop effect is commonly demonstrated by measuring the time required to identify the colour of the ink (e.g. blue) in which a colour word (e.g. RED) is printed and illustrates a strong interference effect when the prepotent response of processing the word must be inhibited to respond correctly to the colour of the ink. Longer response latencies in colour-identification tasks involving emotional words versus neutral words, an effect dubbed the Emotional Stroop (ES), is often likened to the type of interference found in the Stroop task. However, research has suggested that the effect of attentional modulation in Stroop tasks may be very different from the kind of emotional interference found when comparing reaction times to emotional versus neutral words (McKenna & Sharma, 2004). Proportional congruency experiments using the Stroop task manipulate the amount of incongruity present in a block of trials (Logan & Zbrodoff, 1979), and demonstrate attentional modulation as a change in the size of the Stroop effect such that a greater amount of Stroop interference in a block is associated with a smaller Stroop effect. Manipulating the proportion of interference trials may inform understanding of the differences between Stroop colour-word interference and emotional-word interference. In three experiments, we manipulated the proportion of emotional words in a mixed-list design to study the effect of proportion manipulation on the ES. An enlarged ES was found in blocks of trials that contained more emotional interference; a finding contrary to attentional modulation seen for proportion manipulations of congruency in the Stroop task. The differences between the ES effect and the Stroop effect are discussed, including the role of response incongruity as one possible reason for the discrepancy. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / In three experiments, we investigated the role of proportionally more or less emotional interference on a colour naming task. Emotional interference in the form of emotional words was compared to response interference where participants see mismatched and matched colour words (e.g. the word ‘NIGHTMARE’ in green versus the word ‘BLUE’ in green). We expected participants to be able to learn which blocks contained more emotional word content and to adapt in order to reduce this slow-down effect. Instead, participants were especially slow on emotional words when they were in blocks that contained more emotional word interference. The possible importance of emotional stimuli to participants over the task demands of naming the colour of a word, as compared to other kinds of interference, is discussed.

Participants are slower to identify the print colour of incongruent colour words (e.g., the word ORANGE printed in green) than of congruent colour words (e.g., ORANGE printed in orange). The difference in time between these two conditions is the Stroop effect. The item-specific proportion congruent (ISPC) effect is the observation that the Stroop effect is larger for words that are presented mostly in congruent colours (e.g., BLUE presented 75% of the time in blue), and smaller for words that are presented mostly in a given incongruent colour (e.g., YELLOW presented 75% of the time in orange). One account of the ISPC effect, the modulation hypothesis, is that participants use the distracting word to modulate attention to the word (i.e., participants allow the word to influence responding when it is presented mostly in its congruent colour). Another account, the contingency hypothesis, is that participants use the word to predict the response that they will need to make (e.g., if the word is YELLOW, then the response is probably orange). Reanalyses of data from Jacoby, Lindsay, and Hessels (2003) along with results from new experiments are inconsistent with the modulation hypothesis, but entirely consistent with the contingency hypothesis. A mechanistic account of how responses are predicted is generated from the contingency hypothesis.

Participants are slower to identify the print colour of incongruent colour words (e.g., the word ORANGE printed in green) than of congruent colour words (e.g., ORANGE printed in orange). The difference in time between these two conditions is the Stroop effect. The item-specific proportion congruent (ISPC) effect is the observation that the Stroop effect is larger for words that are presented mostly in congruent colours (e.g., BLUE presented 75% of the time in blue), and smaller for words that are presented mostly in a given incongruent colour (e.g., YELLOW presented 75% of the time in orange). One account of the ISPC effect, the modulation hypothesis, is that participants use the distracting word to modulate attention to the word (i.e., participants allow the word to influence responding when it is presented mostly in its congruent colour). Another account, the contingency hypothesis, is that participants use the word to predict the response that they will need to make (e.g., if the word is YELLOW, then the response is probably orange). Reanalyses of data from Jacoby, Lindsay, and Hessels (2003) along with results from new experiments are inconsistent with the modulation hypothesis, but entirely consistent with the contingency hypothesis. A mechanistic account of how responses are predicted is generated from the contingency hypothesis.

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This work deals with analytical representation of congruent transforma- tion in a plane at high schools. The work is a web page, it contains several interactive components which help student to understand the problem like hyperlinks, stepping of the construction, applets, etc. The work contains several solved problems. Main emphasis is placed on the connection of the synthetic and the analytic approach to congruent transformation. The work uses knowledge of analytic geometry students learn at high school. The web page is aimed at talented students of high school and for teaching at mathematical class. 1

Afin de répondre à une demande croissante dans le domaine des télécommunications, de nombreuses recherches sont axées sur le développement de systèmes « tout optique » ou électro–optiques pour la détection, le stockage et le transfert ultra-rapides de l’information. Or, les dispositifs actuels souffrent de temps de réponse « longs» (10-9 à 10-10 s) par rapport à ceux mettant en jeu des phénomènes d’optique non linéaire (10-12 s voire 10-15 s), notamment la Génération de Seconde Harmonique (SHG). Parmi un vaste choix de matériaux optiquement non linéaires, les verres à base de TeO2 sont des candidats intéressants en raison de leur réponse non linéaire élevée (50 fois supérieure à la silice vitreuse) ainsi que de leur large domaine de transparence dans le visible ainsi que le proche IR. Par ailleurs, les verres présentent des qualités essentielles pour le développement de ces dispositifs : facilité d’élaboration, faible coût et grande diversité de composition contrairement aux monocristaux. Or, l’absence de susceptibilité non linéaire d’ordre deux dans les matériaux vitreux, du fait de leur isotropie, rend les verres inaptes à générer un doublage de fréquence d’un faisceau lumineux. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons donc mis en œuvre la réalisation de vitrocéramiques transparentes, par cristallisation in situ ou dispersion de cristaux non centrosymétriques (permettant de générer de la SHG), et ce, par diverses techniques non conventionnelles, les verres tellurites étudiés présentant une cristallisation préférentielle de surface, liée à une nucléation hétérogène. Aussi l’élaboration de céramiques transparentes par cristallisation congruente d’un verre a été explorée. / In order to provide an answer to the growing need in means of communication, the research is pushed towards the development of all-optical or electro-optical systems for fast detection, storage or transfer of information. Meanwhile, the actual systems suffers from “long” time-response (10-9 to 10-10 s) compared to those based on nonlinear optical phenomena such as Second Harmonic Generation (SHG). Amongst a wide choice of nonlinear optical materials, TeO2-based glasses are interesting candidates because of their high nonlinear response (50 times that of silica) and their high optical transparency in the visible and near-IR range. Moreover, glasses exhibit essential qualities for the development of such systems : low cost, ease of fabrication and a wide range of chemical composition compared to single crystals. Yet, the lack of second order nonlinear susceptibility in glassy materials because of their isotropy makes them incapable to generate the frequency-doubling of a light beam. Thus, this PhD thesis consisted in the elaboration of transparent glass-ceramics by in situ crystallization or incorporation of non-centrosymmetric crystals (which generates SHG) using non-conventional technics, the tellurite glasses studied showing evidence of surface crystallization due to heterogeneous nucleation. Finally, we also investigated the elaboration of transparent TeO2-based ceramics by congruent crystallization of glass.

In an industry plagued by high failure rates and exorbitant amounts spent on marketing, restaurants must find ways to increase the efficiency of their advertising. Present research demonstrates linkages between human senses and emotions and affective responses to marketing stimuli (e.g. Peck and Wiggins, 2006). However, there is presently a dearth of research addressing how advertising can creatively draw upon consumers' senses to elicit the desired responses by stakeholders (e.g. increased purchase intent). In response to this apparent gap in our inquiry, the purpose of this study is to explore how verbal smell references (e.g. "You can almost smell the smoky and delicious aroma of your steak grilling to perfection" stated in the ad) and congruent cooking sounds (e.g. sizzling sounds for a steakhouse) in radio food advertisements impact consumer sensory perceptions (ability to almost taste and/or almost smell the advertised product), affective response, and purchase intentions. In addition, since current research indicates that olfactory perceptions can vary by gender (e.g. (Doty, Shaman, and Dann, 1983; Cane, 1982), this research tested for gender-based differences in these hypothesized relationships. Regarding procedures, a sequence of two pretests were used to establish the reliability and validity of the verbal smell reference used in this research. In addition to these manipulation checks on the verbal smell reference construct, the two pretests also verified that undergraduate students would have the ability to adequately relate to the experimental setting — steakhouses. Next, a 2x2x2 between-subjects experiment was conducted in which the verbal smell reference was manipulated, congruent cooking sounds were manipulated, and gender was measured. Results indicate that a verbal smell reference in a radio ad does significantly influence a potential consumer's ability to almost smell and to almost taste the advertised product. The smell reference also significantly impacts individuals' affective responses to the ad and purchase intent of the product. Interestingly, this research also found that the level of "excitement" associated with the advertised brand perfectly mediates the relationship between the verbal smell reference and affective responses. That is, the verbal smell reference leads consumers to assess the advertised brand as being exciting which, in turn, results in positive affective responses. This research did not detect any significant outcomes associated with the use of congruent cooking sounds in radio ads or any significant interactions between cooking sounds and verbal smell references with regard to the outcome variables. Further, gender was not found to significantly intervene in any of the hypothesized relationships. Nevertheless, the significant outcomes associated with the main effect of the verbal smell references on consumer sensory perceptions (ability to almost taste and/or almost smell the advertised product), affective response, and purchase intentions, along with the mediation of the excitement construct, are associated with formidable theoretical and managerial implications which are discussed in the concluding chapter of this thesis. / Master of Science

A long-held belief is that human attention can be deployed voluntarily according to observers’ goals (top-down) or shifted automatically to the most salience object in the environment (bottom-up). Recent studies suggest a third category of attentional control: selection history. By this view, an observer’s experience in performing a task that requires the control of attention could automatically affect subsequent attention deployment in the task. This thesis examined selection history mechanisms of attentional control in two visual search phenomena. The first phenomenon is known as the Contextual Cueing Effect (CCE), and refers to an increased search efficiency when a specific distractor configuration is repeatedly associated with a specific target location (Chun and Jiang, 1998). In one study, we found a CCE when one repeated configuration was associated with up to four different target locations, suggesting that the CCE may involve mechanisms other than attentional guidance by one-to-one context-target associations. In another study, we found that the CCE was not affected by concurrent working memory load, and that there was little correlation between the magnitude of the CCE and working memory task performance when measured separately in the same participants. These results suggest that working memory may not be involved in such contextual learning. The second phenomenon is known as the the Item-Specific Proportion Congruent (ISPC) Effect, and refers to item-specific learning that controls the extent to which salient distractors capture attention. Through manual response and eye movement measures, we demonstrate that the ISPC effect reflects the search process itself, rather than processes that precede or follow search. We propose does item-specific learning produces transient changes in the activation of goal-related processes that mediate attention capture. / Thesis / Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) / Where we attend in visual space can be affected involuntarily by memories of how we have attended to visual space in the past. In other words, automatically retrieved memories can control our visual attention independent of volition. This thesis examines two visual search phenomena that display this type of memory-based control over attention. The first phenomenon reveals that search performance improves with experience searching through the same set of visual distractors on multiple occasions. We demonstrate that this form of learning is remarkably flexible; it can occur for multiple targets associated with the same set of distractors. We also demonstrate that this form of learning probably involves long-term rather than short-term memory mechanisms. The second phenomenon reveals how memory-based processes can prevent attention from being captured by a salient distractor. Eye movement data reveal that this form of learning impacts search itself, rather the processes that precede or follow search.