abstract: A new critical plane-energy model is proposed in this thesis for multiaxial fatigue life prediction of homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Brief review of existing methods, especially on the critical plane-based and energy-based methods, are given first. Special focus is on one critical plane approach which has been shown to work for both brittle and ductile metals. The key idea is to automatically change the critical plane orientation with respect to different materials and stress states. One potential drawback of the developed model is that it needs an empirical calibration parameter for non-proportional multiaxial loadings since only the strain terms are used and the out-of-phase hardening cannot be considered. The energy-based model using the critical plane concept is proposed with help of the Mroz-Garud hardening rule to explicitly include the effect of non-proportional hardening under fatigue cyclic loadings. Thus, the empirical calibration for non-proportional loading is not needed since the out-of-phase hardening is naturally included in the stress calculation. The model predictions are compared with experimental data from open literature and it is shown the proposed model can work for both proportional and non-proportional loadings without the empirical calibration. Next, the model is extended for the fatigue analysis of heterogeneous materials integrating with finite element method. Fatigue crack initiation of representative volume of heterogeneous materials is analyzed using the developed critical plane-energy model and special focus is on the microstructure effect on the multiaxial fatigue life predictions. Several conclusions and future work is drawn based on the proposed study. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

Submitted by GÉSSICA SILVA LIMA null (gessicaslima@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-24T20:13:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Géssica Silva Lima.pdf: 1381711 bytes, checksum: 9da4409253a7ea1d9b0f0f18bfdcb292 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-29T13:12:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_gs_dr_bot.pdf: 1381711 bytes, checksum: 9da4409253a7ea1d9b0f0f18bfdcb292 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-29T13:12:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_gs_dr_bot.pdf: 1381711 bytes, checksum: 9da4409253a7ea1d9b0f0f18bfdcb292 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A busca por meios que auxiliem a eficiência no uso dos recursos hídricos e conservação do solo é indispensável para a sustentabilidade da atividade agrícola na região semiárida brasileira. Assim sendo, estudos capazes de indicar e orientar medidas que viabilizem a produção de alimentos com maior eficiência no uso da água e auxiliem as políticas de gestão e planejamento dos recursos hídricos, são de grande relevância. Entre as ferramentas existentes que podem auxiliar no planejamento e no manejo do uso da água na agricultura, podemos citar o uso da geoestatística, análise de agrupamento e funções de pedotransferência. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização da área do Perímetro Irrigado Pontal Sul, em Petrolina – PE. As análises e resultados estão divididos em três capítulos. O primeiro apresenta as zonas homogêneas dos atributos físicos do solo e da velocidade de infiltração básica da água no solo, obtidas por meio de análise geoestatística e análise multivariada de agrupamento fuzzy c-means. No segundo capítulo, foram desenvolvidas funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para estimativa dos teores de água do solo na capacidade de campo (CC), ponto de murcha permanente (PMP) e água disponível no solo (AD), utilizando técnicas de regressão múltipla, a partir dos dados de granulometria e densidade do solo. No terceiro capítulo, realizou-se o estudo da variabilidade espacial da umidade do solo por meio da geoestatística, utilizando dados observados e estimados por FPT para as umidades na CC, PMP e AD. Concluiu-se que é possível um zoneamento com menor quantidade de variáveis para auxílio no planejamento do uso de água no perímetro irrigado. Houve diferença significativa para todos os atributos entre as 3 zonas homogêneas geradas. A maioria das FPT desenvolvidas não apresentaram boa acurácia para estimar o teor de água no solo. Entre elas, os melhores desempenhos foram observados para estimativa da CC e PMP no banco de dados geral na camada de 0,0-0,20 m. Na análise geoestatística os parâmetros dos semivariogramas ajustados para o banco de dados medidos e banco de dados estimados, quando comparados, apresentaram menor variação para a camada de solo de 0-0,2 m. / The search for tools to assist the efficient use and conservation of water and soilresources is essential for sustainability of agriculture in the Brazilian semiarid region. Thus, studies to indicate and guide procedures that enable the production of food with greater efficiency about water use and assist management policies and planning of water resources, have great importance. Among the existing tools that can assist in the planning and management of water use in agriculture, we have the geostatistics, multivariated analysis and pedotransfer functions. Hence, the objective of this study was to describe the area of the Pontal Sul Irrigation Scheme, in Petrolina, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The analysis and results are divided into three chapters. The first chapter presents homogeneous zones obtained by using geostatistical analysis and multivariate analysis of fuzzy c-means clustering of soil physical attributes and soil water infiltration rate. In the second chapter pedotransfer functions were developed (PTF) to estimate soil water content at field capacity (FC), wilting point (WP) and available soil water (AW), using multiple regression techniques, based on data of soil particle size and soil density. The third chapter presents the study of the spatial variability of soil moisture by using geostatistics with observed and estimated by PTF data for soil water content at FC, WP and AW. It was concluded that it is possible a zoning with fewer variables to aid in the planning of water use in the irrigation scheme area. All attributes presented significant differences among the three homogeneous zones delimited. Most of the PTF developed did not show good accuracy to estimate the soil water content. Among them, the best performances were observed to estimate the FC and WP in the overall database in the soil layer of 0-0.2 m. In the geostatistical analysis the parameters of the semivariograms adjusted for the database measured and for the estimated database, when compared, presented smaller variation for the soil layer of 00,2 m. / CNPq: 142174/2013-0

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master Technologiae: Chemical Engineering In the Faculty of Engineering at Cape Peninsula University of Technology / Most biodiesel plants operate batch-wise using homogeneous alkali catalysts. Recently, several heterogeneous catalysts have been suggested in literature, as they have shown potential for overcoming most of the challenges associated with the application of homogeneous catalysts. Previous published techno-economic comparisons of the two technologies on large-scale processes located in the developed world, have revealed the economic superiority of heterogeneously catalysed processes. Hence, prospect exists for current homogeneously catalysed process plants to be converted to heterogeneously catalysed ones. The objective of this research was to investigate the actual cost benefit of converting a small-scale batch biodiesel plant from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysed process. For this purpose, a small-scale batch biodiesel plant located in South Africa was taken as the base case homogeneous process. Aspen Batch Process Developer® software was used to perform the process simulations. The homogeneous process was converted to the heterogeneous one and results from process simulation were used to evaluate the economics of both processes, which were compared in terms of fixed capital cost, total manufacturing cost and profitability indicators. During economic evaluation, two types of cost factors were used: one prevailing in developed world and the other one relevant to South Africa. The sensitivity analysis of both processes was further performed in order to investigate the impact of some uncertain parameters on their profitability. Finally, a debottlenecking study was carried out. Results obtained from this study showed an increase in the annual throughput of biodiesel as well as significant savings in the total capital cost for the heterogeneous catalysed process relative to the homogeneous one. As regards the estimation of the total unit manufacturing cost of biodiesel, significant differences arose when using the two types of cost factors. Results of economic analyses estimated using cost factors relative to South Africa suggest an increase in the unit manufacturing cost of biodiesel while using the developed world’s cost factors suggests the opposite. This is due to the higher raw material and energy requirement for the CaO process, while knowing that the direct costs are a bigger proportion of the manufacturing costs estimated using the South African cost factors. Profitability and sensitivity analyses only provided positive results when estimated using the South African cost factors. In all cases, the heterogeneous catalysed process was found to be more promising than the homogeneous one over the prescribed project life. The study showed the importance of using cost factors relevant to a particular economic environment during techno-economic assessment of a process. It was also shown that there are economic benefits when replacing settling with centrifugation in biodiesel production processes. In summary, this thesis makes some important contributions. It presents the first process simulation for biodiesel production using Aspen Batch Process Developer® software and thereby proposes a methodology that is currently scarce in the literature. It also reports the first techno-economic analysis applied to the biodiesel field in South Africa and provides a preliminary insight to owners of biodiesel plants as regards the decision to convert or not their homogeneous catalysed plant to heterogeneous one.

This thesis covers non-homogeneous Poisson processes along with estimation of the intensity (rate) function and some selected simulation methods. In Chapter 1 the main properties of a non-homogeneous Poisson process are summarized. The main focus of Chapter 2 is the general maximum likelihood estimation procedure adjusted to a non-homogeneous Poisson process, together with some recommen- dations about calculation of the initial estimates of the intensity function param- eters. In Chapter 3 some general simulation methods as well as the methods designed specially for log linear and log quadratic rate functions are discussed. Chapter 4 contains the application of the described estimation and simulation methods on real data from non-life insurance. Furthermore, the considered sim- ulation methods are compared with respect to their time efficiency and accuracy of the simulations. 1

Os estudos que envolveram os três capítulos da minha tese englobam padrões de distribuição dos insetos aquáticos, agregando informações sobre características funcionais dessas comunidades. No primeiro capítulo avaliei a influência da heterogeneidade do substrato sobre as características funcionais dos insetos bentônicos. Concluí que em ambientes naturais o substrato heterogêneo apresentou combinações específicas de atributos, associados principalmente ao tamanho do corpo e hábitos alimentares. Esses atributos exercem forte influência sobre o funcionamento do ecossistema dos riachos. No segundo capítulo verifiquei a variação temporal dos atributos funcionais dos insetos aquáticos, com enfoque para organismos especialistas e generalistas. Nos primeiros estágios da colonização organismos coexistem independente dos atributos, isso porque a comunidade mostrou atributos similares. Nos estágios mais avançados de colonização os organismos generalistas resistiram a fatores bióticos e abióticos, mostrando uma variedade de atributos superior à que foi encontrada no início da colonização. Conclui que a ausência ou diminuição de organismos especialistas pode ser um indicador de degradação ambiental. No terceiro capítulo avaliei se existe efeito da presença/ausência de cobertura vegetal considerando a distância entre os riachos sobre as comunidades de insetos. Concluí que a cobertura vegetal no entorno dos riachos é um fator determinante para a distribuição espacial dos insetos aquáticos. Em locais com cobertura vegetal, insetos aquáticos com maior habilidade de dispersão apresentaram decaimento da similaridade com a distância, contrário do que foi verificado para locais sem vegetação. Já para dispersores menos hábeis, riachos mais distantes apresentaram comunidades menos similares para locais come sem cobertura vegetal. Com isso, conclui que a presença de vegetação no entorno dos riachos pode ser uma barreira física que limita a dispersão dos insetos com maior capacidade de voo. Finalizando, este trabalho ressalta a influência de fatores locais (substrato) e regionais (vegetação/limitação de dispersão) sobre as características funcionais da fauna aquática. Além disso, a manutenção da heterogeneidade do substrato e da vegetação ripária, contribuiu para a manutenção da diversidade funcional das comunidades de insetos aquáticos. / Studies of my thesis include aspects of distribution patterns of aquatic insects and aggregate information on functional characteristics. In the first chapter, I evaluated the influence of substrate heterogeneity on the functional characteristics of benthic insects. I concluded that in natural environments, heterogeneous substrate select specific traits combinations associated mainly to body size and feeding habits, attributes that exert a strong influence on the functioning of ecosystems. In the second chapter, I verified the temporal variation of the functional attributes of aquatic insects, focusing on specialist and generalist taxa. In early stages of colonization, organisms coexist independent of the attributes, because the community showed similar attributes. In the last stages, specialists were able to resist to biotic and abiotic factors showing a variety of attributes that was not founded at the beginning of colonization. In conclusion, the absence or decrease of specialists can be an indicator of environmental degradation. In the third chapter, I used a functional approach with emphasis on attributes related to dispersion. We conclude that the canopy cover of streams is a determining factor for the distribution of aquatic insects. Aquatic insects with greater ability to disperse showed a weak pattern of distance decay of similarity, only in streams with grassland. For weak dispersers patterns of was similar for the two streams (open and forest riparian vegetation). Thus, we conclude that the presence of vegetation streams can be a physical barrier that limits the insect dispersal, especially taxa with greater abilities to disperse. Finally, this study highlights the influence of local (substrate) and regional (limiting dispersion) factors on the functional characteristics of the aquatic fauna. In addition, maintaining the diversity of substrate and riparian vegetation, contributes to the functional and taxonomic diversity of aquatic insect communities.

Submitted by Johan Renzo Salazar Malpartida (johanrenzosm@gmail.com) on 2018-09-24T18:20:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 0-Thesis.pdf: 349725 bytes, checksum: a61b999c76db9b574769428cae02bc08 (MD5) / Rejected by Hellen Sayuri Sato null (hellen@ift.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize correções na submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Passar na biblioteca para elaborar a ficha catalográfica que deverá ser inserida na dissertação antes de inserir no repositório. A ficha deve consta no PDF - Corrigir o título, pois no pdf o título está em inglês. Portanto, o campo título deve ser preenchido em inglês e o campo titulo alternativo em português - entrada do seu nome deve ser pelo sobrenome do seu pai. - Se o sobrenome do seu pai for Malpartida --> deve ser preenchido Malpartida, Johan Renzo Salazar - Se o sobrenome do seu pai for Salazar --> deve ser preenchido Salazar Malpartida, Johan Renzo - Faltou inserir o abstract - Faltou preencher o campo área de concentração - Faltou preencher o campo Linha de pesquisa on 2018-09-25T17:29:41Z (GMT) / Submitted by Johan Renzo Salazar Malpartida (johanrenzosm@gmail.com) on 2018-09-26T13:20:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 ficha catalográfica -Johan Renzo Salazar malpartida (1).pdf: 84996 bytes, checksum: 67952920d1945336e50e78b9a7752d7d (MD5) 0-Thesis.pdf: 440560 bytes, checksum: b830fa43b5d20651d6f0b7a1cd7998c9 (MD5) / Rejected by Hellen Sayuri Sato null (hellen@ift.unesp.br), reason: Johan, Conforme orientação que foi dada ontem, a ficha catalográfica precisa ser inserida no pdf da dissertação, logo após a folha de rosto, onde consta o titulo, seu nome, orientador... on 2018-09-26T14:44:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by Johan Renzo Salazar Malpartida (johanrenzosm@gmail.com) on 2018-09-26T15:50:22Z No. of bitstreams: 3 ficha catalográfica -Johan Renzo Salazar malpartida (1).pdf: 84996 bytes, checksum: 67952920d1945336e50e78b9a7752d7d (MD5) 0-Thesis.pdf: 440560 bytes, checksum: b830fa43b5d20651d6f0b7a1cd7998c9 (MD5) 0-Thesis.pdf: 471654 bytes, checksum: 992ba3db7e6190e79618954b961abc5e (MD5) / Rejected by Hellen Sayuri Sato null (hellen@ift.unesp.br), reason: Johan, Por favor, a ficha precisa ser anexada do jeito que foi enviada. A mesma ficou desconfigurada no pdf. Ela tem que ficar centralizada na parte inferior da página, do jeito que foi enviada Favor deletar os arquivos antigo e manter um único arquivo on 2018-09-26T18:16:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Johan Renzo Salazar Malpartida (johanrenzosm@gmail.com) on 2018-09-26T18:37:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 0-Thesis-merged.pdf: 573271 bytes, checksum: 37b052e0c5e3b1c119f1f920c0d3eaaa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Hellen Sayuri Sato null (hellen@ift.unesp.br) on 2018-09-27T17:57:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 salazarmalpartida_jr_me_ift.pdf: 573271 bytes, checksum: 37b052e0c5e3b1c119f1f920c0d3eaaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T17:57:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 salazarmalpartida_jr_me_ift.pdf: 573271 bytes, checksum: 37b052e0c5e3b1c119f1f920c0d3eaaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Como é bem conhecido, a relatividade especial de Einstein, cuja cinemática é governada pelo grupo de Poincaré, deixa de valer na escala de Planck devido à existência de uma escala de comprimento invariante, dada pelo comprimento de Planck. Por essa razão, ela é incapaz de descrever a cinemática naquela escala. Uma solução possível para esse problema, a qual preserva a simetria de Lorentz — e consequentemente a causalidade — é substituir a relatividade especial de Einstein por uma relatividade especial na qual a cinemática é governada pelo grupo de de Sitter. Claro que uma mudança na relatividade especial irá pruduzir mudanças concomitantes na relatividade geral, a qual se torna o que chamamos de relatividade geral modificada por de Sitter. Trabalhando no contexto dessa teoria, o objetivo desse trabalho é deduzir a fórmula geral da aceleração relativa entre duas geodésicas próximas, a qual leva à equação do desvio geodésico modificada por de Sitter. Uma análise simples dos efeitos adicionais induzidos pela cinemática local de de Sitter é apresentada. / As is well-known, the Poincaré invariant Einstein special relativity breaks down at the Planck scale due to the presence of an invariant length, given by the Planck length. For this reason, it is unable to describe the spacetime kinematics at that scale. A possible solution to this problem that preserves Lorentz symmetry — and consequently causality — is arguably to replace the Poincaré invariant Einstein special relativity by a de Sitter invariant special relativity. Of course, a change in special relativity produces concomitant changes in general relativity, which becomes what we have called de Sitter modified general relativity. By working in the context of this theory, the purpose of this work is to deduce the general relative acceleration between nearby geodesics, which leads to the de Sitter modified geodesic deviation equation. A simple analysis of the additional effects induced by the local de Sitter kinematics is presented. / 33015015001P7

L'objectif industriel de cette thèse est de proposer un modèle de transfert radiatif dans un réacteur de reformage de méthane. Dans ce procédé, des gaz réactifs circulent dans le réacteur tubulaire rempli de pastilles catalytiques.L'empilement de pastilles constitue un milieu poreux où le rapport de la taille caractéristique des pores sur la dimension radiale du réacteur est grand (1=10 à 1=5). De plus, les très forts gradients de porosité dus à l'organisation des pastilles au voisinage des parois ont un impact important sur les transferts thermiques et en particulier les transferts radiatifs.L'objectif scientifique est de développer et valider un modèle de transfert radiatif applicable à des milieux poreux fortement hétérogènes et anisotropes ne suivant pas la loi de Beer. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés radiatives du milieu homogénéisé équivalent au milieu poreux réel sont complètement déterminées par la fonction de distribution cumulée d'extinction Gext, la fonction de phase p et la porosité Π. Ces fonctions, précédemment introduites pour des milieux homogènes éventuellement anisotropes, sont calculées avec une grande précision par une méthode de Monte Carlo. Elles ont été généralisées ici à des milieux hétérogènes. Il a été montré à partir d'un nouveau critère de validité adapté aux milieux hétérogènes que le milieu homogénéisé équivalent ne suit pas la loi de Beer, en particulier au voisinage des parois.De ce fait, l'équation de transfert radiatif généralisée (GRTE) doit prendre en compte l'émission par un milieu non Beerien fortement hétérogène même à la limite optiquement mince : un coefficient d'absorption n'y a pas de sens physique et des corrélations entre émission et transmission apparaissent dues au caractère non Beerien. Le principe de réciprocité et les propriétés des fonctions d'extinction Gext ont permis d'exprimer rigoureusement les termes sources d'émission dans ce type de milieux fortement hétérogènes non Beeriens. Un facteur de corrélation émission-transmission a été introduit. La GRTE, sous forme intégrale, a été résolue par une méthode de transfert de Monte Carlo. Le modèle complet a été appliqué après validation aux réacteurs de reformage de méthane de Air Liquide. / The industrial goal of this work is to propose a radiative transfer model in a tubular reactor of steam methane reforming. During the reforming process, reactive gases are injected in the tubular reactor filled with catalytic pellets. The packed bed of pellets forms a porous medium, and a particular feature of it is that the characteristic pore size is large compared to the reactor inner dimension. In addition, the organization of the pellets in the near-wall region results in important porosity gradients which have a significant effect on the heat transfer, and more specifically on the radiative transfer.The scientific goal is to develop and validate a radiative transfer model applicable to strongly nonhomogeneous, anisotropic and non Beerian porous media.First, the radiative properties of the homogenised phase equivalent to the real porous medium are completely determined by the cumulated distribution function of extinction Gext, the phase function p, and the local porosity Π. These functions, previously introduced for statistically homogeneous and anisotropic porous media, are calculated very accurately by a Monte Carlo method. They have been extended to statistically non-homogeneous porous media. Similarly, the expression of the validity criterion of the Beer law is extended to statistically anisotropic and non-homogeneous porous media : it is proven that for the considered porous media the Beer law is not valid in the homogenised phase, in particular in the vicinity of the walls. As a result, the Generalized Radiative Transfer Equation (GRTE) is needed and the emission source terms must be determined in a strongly nonhomogeneous non Beerian even at the optically thin limit : an absorption coefficient doesn't have any physical meaning and correlations between emission and transmission appear due to the non-Beerian behavior.The reciprocity principle and the properties of the extinction functions Gext allow the emission source terms in this kind of strongly non-homogeneous and non-Beerian media to be accurately determined. A correlation factor emission-transmission has been introduced. The GRTE has been solved by a Monte Carlo method.The complete model is applied, after validation, to the steam methane reformers in use by Air Liquide.

Fez-se a separação, enriquecimento e purificação de iantânio e ítrio partindo-se de um concentrado de terras raras empobrecido em cério, conhecido como LCC, \"low cerium carbonate\", um concentrado de ítrio designado como \"carbonato de ítrio\" e um terceiro concentrado designado como \"oxido de terras ítricas\". Os dois primeiros concentrados foram produzidos industrialmente pela NUCLEMON - Nuclebrás de Monazita e Associados Ltda, usando monazita brasileira. O \"oxido de terras ítricas\" é proveniente do processo de obtenção de Iantânio durante a execução do trabalho experimental desta tese. Fez-se uso das seguintes tecnologias: 1) precipitação fracionada com uréia; 2) lixiviação fracionada do LCC com carbonato de amônio e 3) precipitação dos peroxicarbonatos de terras raras usando-se seus carbonatos complexos. Obtidas frações enriquecidas em terras raras estas foram refinadas por meio de tecnologia de troca iônica em leito de resina catiônica sem uso de ion retentor e eluição com sais de amônio do ácido etilenodiaminotetraacético. Com a associação das técnicas acima mencionadas foram obtidos óxidos puros de ítrio (>97,7%), oxido de Iantânio (99,9%), óxido de gadolínio (96,6 %) e oxido de samário (99,9%). O processo aqui desenvolvido tem viabilidade técnica econômica para a instalação de uma unidade de maior porte visando a industrialização. / In this work, separation, enrichment and purification of lanthanum and yttrium were performed using as raw material a commercial low cerium rare earth concentrate named LCC (low cerium carbonate), an yttrium concentrate named \'yttrium carbonate\', and a third concentrated known as \'yttrium earths oxide. The first two were industrially produced by the late NUCLEMON - NUCLEBRAS de Monazita e Associados Ltda, using Brazilian monazite. The \'yttrium earths oxide\' come from a process for preparation of lanthanum during the course of the experimental work for the present thesis. The following techniques were used: fractional precipitation with urea; fractional leaching of the LCC using ammonium carbonate; precipitation of rare earth peroxycarbonates starting from the rare earth complex carbonates. Once prepared the enriched rare earth fractions the same were refined using the ion exchange chromatography with strong cationic resin without the use of retention ion and elution using the ammonium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. With the association of the above mentioned techniques were obtained pure oxides of yttrium (>97,7%), lanthanum (99,9%), gadolinium (96,6%) and samarium (99,9%). The process here developed has technical and economic viability for the installation of a large scale unity.

Modelos de simulação de culturas são ferramentas usuais na literatura científica para representar o desempenho de uma cultura agrícola. Por representar os processos biofísicos, contém equações matemáticas e por operar em escala local, demandam investimento em equipamento e tempo computacional relativamente grande para sua execução. Ademais, nem sempre é possível obter dados climáticos e de solos cobrindo todo território brasileiro. Uma forma de representar regiões em escalas maiores é através da extrapolação das zonas edafoclimáticas homogêneas (ZEH). Portanto, objetivou-se no presente trabalho definir ZEH para as principais regiões de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil com base em dados de clima e de solo através de técnicas de geoestatística em um sistema de informação geográfica, afim de limitar ao máximo o número de pontos de simulação, sem prejudicar a representação espacial. Foram utilizadas 2.018 estações tanto meteorológicas quanto pluviométricas, além de 1.984 pontos de análises de perfis de solos espalhadas pelas principais regiões de cana-de-açúcar do Brasil. Os mapas das zonas climáticas e edáficas foram realizados através de técnicas de geoestatística e análises de indicadores estatísticos das variáveis espacializadas (VE). As escolhas das VE foram baseadas na literatura sobre zoneamento em escala global, dos quais foram selecionados para o presente trabalho, referente ao aspecto climático: graus-dias de crescimento (representando as condições térmicas do ambiente) e índice de evapotranspiração relativa (representando as condições hídricas no ambiente); referente ao aspecto edáfico, capacidade de troca de cátions (representando as características químicas) e água disponível no solo (representando as características físico-hídricas dos solos). Os mapas foram trabalhados em uma resolução de 10 quilômetros x 10 quilômetros. Numa primeira abordagem, obteve-se nove classes de zonas climáticas homogêneas e resultaram em dez classes de zonas edáficas homogêneas, totalizando 50 ZEH nas principais regiões canavieiras do Brasil, oriundas da combinação entre as classes de solo e clima. Uma segunda abordagem foi utilizada no sentido de se reduzir o número de classes finais, obtendo-se cinco classes de clima, oito classes de solo, o que resultou em 21 classes de ZEH ao final. / Crop simulation models are useful tools in the scientific literature to represent the performance of a crop in a given field. Because they are process-based and contain a number of algorithms and operate on a local scale, these models require investments in hardware and are usually time consuming. Furthermore, sometimes it is not possible to obtain climate and soil data covering the whole country. One way to represent regions at larger scales is by upscaling on homogeneous edaphoclimatic zones (HEZ). Therefore, the goal of the present study is define HEZ to the main sugarcane regions in Brazil based on weather and soil data through geostatistical techniques in a geographic information system, in order to limit number simulation points without harming the spatial representation. 2,018 weather stations in addition to 1,984 points of soil profile analyzes spread in the main sugarcane regions in Brazil were used. The maps of climate and edaphic zones were made through geostatistical techniques and statistical indicators analysis of spatialized variables (SV). The SV selected were based on homogeneous zone methods performed in global scale, from which were selected for climatic zones, thermal conditions (degree-days growth) and water conditions (relative evapotranspiration index); and edaphic zones, conditions chemical (cation exchange capacity) and water conditions (available soil water). The maps were made at a resolution of 10 km x 10 km. In the first approach, homogeneous climate zones resulted in nine classes and homogeneous edaphic zones resulted in ten classes, totaling 50 HEZ in the main sugarcane regions of Brazil, derived from the combination of the soil and climate classes. In a second approach were used in order to reduce the number of final classes, obtaining in climatic zones five classes, and in edaphic zones eight classes, in which resulted in 21 HEZ classes.

Um resultado clássico enunciado por M.A. Lancret em 1802 e provado por B. de Saint Venant em 1845 é: uma condição necessária e suficiente para que uma curva forme um ângulo constante com respeito a um campo de Killing unitário de R3 é que a razão entre a curvatura e a torção seja constante. Curvas deste tipo são chamadas hélices generalizadas. O problema de Lancret-de Saint Venant foi generalizado para curvas em outras variedades de dimensão três como, por exemplo, as formas espaciais e os grupos de Lie. Outra maneira de generalizar o estudo anterior é passar de curvas para superfícies, ou seja estudar as superfícies orientadas de 3-variedades Riemannianas cuja normal unitária faz um ângulo constante com certos campos de vetores privilegiados do espaço ambiente. Nesta dissertação estudaremos os resultados obtidos em [16, 24, 26, 27] sobre a classificação de curvas e superfícies de ângulo constante nas seguintes 3-variedades homogêneas: R3, o grupo de Heisenberg tridimensional e as esferas de Berger. / A classical result stated by M.A. Lancret in 1802 and first proved by B. de Saint Venant in 1845 is: a necessary and sufficient condition in order to a curve makes a constant angle with respect a unit Killing vector field of R3 is that the ratio of curvature to torsion be constant. Such curves are called general helix. The problem of Lancret-de Saint Venant has been generalized to curves in other three-dimensional manifolds as, for example, the space forms and the Lie groups. Another way to generalize the previous study is to pass from curves to surfaces, i.e. to study the oriented surfaces of Riemannian 3-manifolds for which the unit normal makes a constant angle with favored vector fields of the ambient space. In this dissertation we will study the results obtained in [16, 24, 26, 27] about the classification of constant angle curves and surfaces in the following homogeneous 3-manifolds: R3, the three-dimensional Heisenberg group and the Berger sphere.