We evaluate the prompt atmospheric neutrino flux at high energies using three different frameworks for calculating the heavy quark production cross section in QCD: NLO perturbative QCD, k(T) factorization including low-x resummation, and the dipole model including parton saturation. We use QCD parameters, the value for the charm quark mass and the range for the factorization and renormalization scales that provide the best description of the total charm cross section measured at fixed target experiments, at RHIC and at LHC. Using these parameters we calculate differential cross sections for charm and bottom production and compare with the latest data on forward charm meson production from LHCb at 7TeV and at 13TeV, finding good agreement with the data. In addition, we investigate the role of nuclear shadowing by including nuclear parton distribution functions (PDF) for the target air nucleus using two different nuclear PDF schemes. Depending on the scheme used, we find the reduction of the flux due to nuclear effects varies from 10% to 50% at the highest energies. Finally, we compare our results with the IceCube limit on the prompt neutrino flux, which is already providing valuable information about some of the QCD models.

In this thesis, we study the soft gluon corrections to hard wide-angle scattering processes due to a virtual gluon exchange (one-loop order) and the emission of up to two gluons. Our primary aim is to determine the ordering condition that should be used to dress a hard scattering process with corrections due to gluon emissions and a Coulomb (Glauber) gluon exchange. We find that, due to an elegant cancellation of many Feynman diagrams, a specific ordering variable should be used to order the transverse momentum of the exchanged Coulomb gluon with respect to the real emissions. Furthermore, in the case of the scattering process accompanied with a single emission, we find that the radiative part of the loop correction satisfies the same ordering condition as the Coulomb gluon contribution. Based upon the assumption that the ordering condition continues at higher orders, we conjecture an expression for the soft corrections to a general hard scattering process due to one-loop and any number of gluon emissions.

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Orientadora: Arlene Cristina Aguilar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T04:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueiredo_ClaraTeixeira_M.pdf: 3320128 bytes, checksum: 24dc162fc60ec8d9e4cdb7690324c5fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, descrevemos os mecanismos de geração de uma massa dinâmica para o gluon no regime não perturbativo da QCD. Além disso, analisamos o impacto que essa geração de massa do gluon aliada ao comportamento do ghost, que permanece não massivo no região não perturbativa, causa em outras funções de Green fundamentais da QCD. A partir das equações de Schwinger-Dyson, apresentamos um formalismo teórico generalizado para lidar com a geração de massa para o gluon em teorias de Yang-Mills. A construção central se baseia na ação combinada das identidades de Ward satisfeitas pelos vértices não perturbativos (dentro do esquema PT-BFM) e uma identidade especial, chamada identidade de seagull, nos diagramas que compõem a equação de Schwinger-Dyson do propagador de gluon. O resultado dessas considerações é que o gluon permanece rigorosamente não massivo, desde que os vértices não contenham polos. Quando tais polos são incorporados aos vértices da teoria, os termos se combinam de tal forma que a aniquilação total de divergências quadráticas permanece e, ao mesmo tempo, aparecem contribuições residuais que provocam a saturação do propagador de gluon no infravermelho profundo. Esses polos se comportam como excitações de estado ligado não massivas e podem ser estudados a partir das equações de Bethe-Salpeter. As análises realizadas previamente dentro desse contexto consideravam apenas a possibilidade de polo no vértice de três gluons, desprezando efeitos advindo de possíveis polos nos demais vértices. Aqui, nós obtemos a contribuição da presença de um polo no vértice gluon-ghost para a equação dinâmica que descreve a criação de tais polos. Por fim, nota-se que o fato do gluon ganhar um massa dinâmica e o ghost permanecer não massivo impacta algumas das funções de Green da teoria, em particular o propagador de gluon e o vértice de três gluons. Assim, verificamos que o comportamento divergente dos loops de ghost induz simultaneamente um máximo no propagador de gluon e um mínimo em seu termo cinético. Além disso, esses loops provocam uma mudança de sinal e uma divergência negativa no infravermelho em um dos fatores de forma do vértice de três gluons, calculado em uma configuração cinemática especial / Abstract: In this work, we describe the mechanisms at work in the gluon dynamical mass generation in the nonperturbative regime of QCD. In addition, we obtain some effects of this mass generation allied to the behavior of the ghost, which remain massless in the nonperturbative region, in other fundamental Green's functions of QCD. From the Schwinger-Dyson equations, we present a general theoretical formalism to deal with mass generation in Yang-Mills theories. The central construction relies on the combined action of the Ward identities satisfied by the nonperturbative vertices (within the PT-BFM scheme) and a special identity, called seagull identity, in the diagrams that comprise the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the gluon propagator. The result of these considerations is that the gluon remains rigorously massless, given that the vertices do not contain poles. When such poles are incorporated to the vertices of the theory, the terms are combined in a way that the total annihilation of the quadratic divergences remains and, at the same time, residual contributions appear, which provoke the gluon propagator saturation in the deep infrared. These poles behave as massless bound-state excitations and can be studied using the Bethe-Salpeter equations. The analyses carried out previously within this context considered only the possibility of a pole in the three-gluon vertex, neglecting effects from possible poles in the remaining vertices. Here, we obtain the contribution of the presence of a pole in the gluon-ghost vertex for the dynamical equation that describes the creation of such poles. Finally, we note that the fact that the gluon gains a dynamical mass and the ghost remains massless impacts some of the Green's functions of the theory, in particular, the gluon propagator and the three-gluon vertex. Thus, we verify that the divergent behavior of the ghost loops induces simultaneously a maximum in the gluon propagator and a minimum in the kinetic term of this propagator. Besides, these loops generate a change in sign and a negative divergence in the infrared in one of the form factor of the three gluon vertex, calculated in a specific kinematic configuration / Mestrado / Física / Mestra em Física / 2014/16247-8 / 147440/2014-9 / FAPESP / CNPQ

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Über einen Mellinraumzugang werden Methoden zur Auswertung von Wirkunsquerschnitten für verschiedene Prozesse mit Hadronen im Anfangszustand entwickelt. Die Arbeit geschieht im Hinblick auf drei Prozesse, für die die analyischen Ergebnisse für perturbative QCD Korrekturen zu “next-to-next-to-leading order” bekannt sind; diese sind: die Produktion der Vektorbosonen Z0 und W± über einen Drell-Yan-Prozess in der “narrow width”-Näherung, die Produktion eines Standardmodell-Higgs-Bosons über die Fusion zweier Gluonen im Grenzfall schwerer Top-Quark-Massen und die tiefinelastische Lepton-Hadron-Streuung über neutrale und geladene Ströme. Die Implementierung der Mellinraumtechniken erfolgt in dem c++ Paket sbp. Das Programm ermöglicht auf elegante Weise eine schnelle und präzise Auswertung von inklusiven Wirkungsquerschnitten. Wir vergleichen sbp mit den herkömmlichen Impulsraumtechniken, und präsentieren Studien der asymptotischen Konvergenz den perturbativen Reihen und von Skalenabhängigkeiten. Als Anwendung untersuchen wir welchen Einfluss die Behandlung der Faktorisierungs- und Renormierungsskala auf den Wirkungsquerschnitt hat. / In this thesis we will explore a Mellin space approach to the evaluation of precision cross-sections at hadron colliders. We consider three processes with known analytic results for perturbative QCD corrections up to the next-to-next-to-leading order, namely: the production of vector bosons Z0, W± via the Drell-Yan mechanism in the narrow width approximation; the production of the standard model Higgs boson via gluon-gluon fusion using the large top quark mass limit and the neutral and charged current deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering. We develop a c++ package sbp that implements the Mellin space technique. The resulting program provides an elegant, fast and accurate solution for the evaluation of inclusive cross sections. We compare our program with available results that use standard momentum space techniques. We present studies of asymptotic convergence and scale dependence of the perturbative series. We use the package to study different treatments of factorisation and renormalisation scales in cross sections.

Cette thèse a pour objet les corrections perturbatives de CDQ pour la production de quatre jets dans l'annihilation des électrons et positrons. Les corrections à une boucle pour le sous-processus $e^+ e^- \rightarrow q \bar{q} Q \bar{Q}$ sont calculées avec de nouvelles méthodes qui comprennent la décomposition de couleur, la méthode des spineur d'hélicité, et une décomposition inspirée par la supersymmétrie. Nous avons également profité des contraintes découlants de l'unitarité et des limites colinéaires pour restreindre la forme analytique des amplitudes. Dans une deuxième phase, j'ai écrit un programme numérique qui combine des contributions dues aux corrections radiatives des sous-processus $e^+ e^- \rightarrow q \bar{q} Q \bar{Q}$ et $e^+ e^- \rightarrow q g g \bar{q}$ et dues aux corrections d'émission réelle. Le programme utilise le formalisme des dipoles pour annuler les divergences infra-rouge. L'analyse numérique contient des résultats sur la section efficace totale, le paramètre $D$ et la variable d'élargissement d'un jet.

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