The Nanopore Detector using á-hemolysin channel transcribes kinetics of a single molecule along the nanometer-scale pore. The transcribed data is represented by electrical measurements. We present accurate and computationally inexpensive tools to analyze single molecule kinetics. The HMM-EM level projection method de-noises data, retaining the transitions with very high precision. This approach doesn't require input number of levels. Another advantage is the minimal tuning required. The levels are then identified using Finite State Automata (FSAs). Spike Detector algorithm analyzes spikes characterizing behavior of molecule in pore. No commercial tools available are capable of analyzing spikes in presence of noise. The formulation of HMM-EM, FSAs and Spike Detector together provides a robust method for analysis of channel current data. Application of these methods is described for Vercoutere channel blockade dataset which contains signals of radiated and non-radiated molecules. The tools developed were used successfully to differentiate between these two molecules.

This thesis presents a comprehensive methodology for predicting and minimising the noise radiated from a constant speed gearbox assembly by means of attaching optimally placed stiffening ribs on the casing. The procedure involves building an FE model of the gearbox, which is updated using modal parameters extracted from a modal test. This is followed by synthesis of the required FRFs with respect to the forcing degrees-of-freedom. The forces, which are assumed to act only at the bearings are identified from these FRFs and the measured operational velocities of the casing. The identified forces are then used to excite the updated FE model to re-calculate the vibration velocities. A boundary element method is used to calculate the final radiated sound power to be compared with that measured. The same forces are used later to excite the modified gearbox casing to determine the improvement given by optimised modification. The optimisation study minimises the vibration energy of the casing in 10% bands around critical frequencies, in this case the first two harmonics of the gearmesh frequency. To allow for errors in the model, the excitation is by white noise, so as to produce wide stop bands, rather than minimising the response at particular frequencies. The vibration energy is weighted for radiation efficiency, A-weighting, and relative source strength in the bands. The final optimal stiffener layout is validated through a final vibration and acoustic calculation on the updated gearbox model using the forces identified in the earlier steps. The study of one particular gearbox concludes that i) the proposed hybrid optimisation scheme produces a theoretical effective noise reduction of 3 dBA for the total sound power. ii) Because the gearmesh harmonics were targeted, a further 5 dB improvement was effectively gained by eliminating the tonal penalty which otherwise applied. iii) From plate studies it was demonstrated that the stiffening ribs could be attached using epoxy cement (to avoid welding) and that the properties of the cemented joint could be determined by model updating after attaching one rib, so as to obtain a better prediction of the final optimised result.

This thesis presents a comprehensive methodology for predicting and minimising the noise radiated from a constant speed gearbox assembly by means of attaching optimally placed stiffening ribs on the casing. The procedure involves building an FE model of the gearbox, which is updated using modal parameters extracted from a modal test. This is followed by synthesis of the required FRFs with respect to the forcing degrees-of-freedom. The forces, which are assumed to act only at the bearings are identified from these FRFs and the measured operational velocities of the casing. The identified forces are then used to excite the updated FE model to re-calculate the vibration velocities. A boundary element method is used to calculate the final radiated sound power to be compared with that measured. The same forces are used later to excite the modified gearbox casing to determine the improvement given by optimised modification. The optimisation study minimises the vibration energy of the casing in 10% bands around critical frequencies, in this case the first two harmonics of the gearmesh frequency. To allow for errors in the model, the excitation is by white noise, so as to produce wide stop bands, rather than minimising the response at particular frequencies. The vibration energy is weighted for radiation efficiency, A-weighting, and relative source strength in the bands. The final optimal stiffener layout is validated through a final vibration and acoustic calculation on the updated gearbox model using the forces identified in the earlier steps. The study of one particular gearbox concludes that i) the proposed hybrid optimisation scheme produces a theoretical effective noise reduction of 3 dBA for the total sound power. ii) Because the gearmesh harmonics were targeted, a further 5 dB improvement was effectively gained by eliminating the tonal penalty which otherwise applied. iii) From plate studies it was demonstrated that the stiffening ribs could be attached using epoxy cement (to avoid welding) and that the properties of the cemented joint could be determined by model updating after attaching one rib, so as to obtain a better prediction of the final optimised result.

Terminating transmission lines at either the source or the load end with a damping resistor is frequently used to improve the signal integrity of clock or control lines on printed circuit boards. While a number of termination variants may produce similar results in regards to signal integrity, the electromagnetic compatibility performance can vary due to different current and voltage distributions along the line. This thesis investigates the impact of transmission line terminations on radiated emissions.

No description available.

No description available.

yes / The envelope correlation for a two-element antenna array may be calculated using the antenna radiation fields, or more simply from the scattering parameters of the system. The use of scattering parameters provides a major simplification over the direct use of field data. In this paper we propose a modification of the scattering parameter method which also includes the antenna losses. This approach has the advantage of simplifying the antenna design process, especially when low envelope correlations are needed. It also offers a better prediction of the spatial envelope correlation, and a good framework for understanding the effects of the mutual coupling. The accuracy of this proposed method is illustrated by two examples.

A força de radiação acústica tem sido utilizada como o método de examinar propriedades físicas de materiais em diversas áreas. A vibro-acustografia é uma das técnicas que emprega este tipo de força para realizar análises de propriedades mecânicas de materiais. Esta técnica consiste na aplicação de força acústica modulada e focalizada na região de interesse. O alvo excitado vibra na frequência de modulação e o som emitido é característico da impedância mecânica do meio. Este som é detectado usando um hidrofone dedicado. Neste trabalho, propomos uma modificação nesta técnica de vibro-acustografia (VAG) e aplicando a técnica denominada vibro-acustomagnetografia (VAMG) substituindo o hidrofone por um sensor magnético de alta sensibilidade. A radiação acústica modulada será aplicada sobre um alvo magnetizado imerso no fluido em estudo. Com este procedimento, poder-se-á medir o deslocamento estático e dinâmico do alvo magnético (esfera) quando acusticamente excitado. Neste trabalho, foi usado um sensor magnetorresistivo com resolução da ordem de 1 nT para a montagem do transdutor de detecção de deslocamento do alvo magnético. A vibração do alvo foi induzida por uma força sem contato, usando a força acústica produzida por dois feixes concêntricos gerado por elementos piezelétricos confocais de mesma área e com foco comum a 7 cm. O alvo usado foi uma esfera magnética com um raio de 2,36 mm. O aparato foi avaliado por meio de medidas em água e em óleo. Os parâmetros viscoelásticos foram estimados a partir de ajustes não lineares da resposta do transdutor magnético em função da freqüência de modulação. / The acoustic radiation force has been used as the method to examine some materials physical properties in various areas. The vibro-acoustography is a technique that is being used to perform analysis of mechanical properties of materials. This technique involves the application of a focused acoustic modulated force. The excited target will vibrate at the frequency of modulation and the emitted sound is characteristic of the medium mechanical impedance. This sound is detected using a dedicated hydrophone. In this paper, we propose a modification of this technique vibro-acoustography (VAG) and applying a technique called vibro-acustomagnetography (VAMG) replacing the hydrophone by a magnetic sensor with high sensitivity. In this case, the modulated acoustic radiation will be applied on a magnetized target immersed in the fluid under study. With this procedure, static and dynamic displacement of the magnetic target (ball) will be measured when acoustically excited. In this study, we used a magnetoresistive sensor with resolution of about 1 nT for mounting the transducer to detect displacement of the magnetic target. The vibration of the target was induced by a non-contact force, using an ultrasonic beam modulated by two concentric beams generated by two piezoelectric elements confocal of the same area and common focus to 7 cm. The target used was a magnetic sphere with a radius of 2.36 mm. The apparatus was evaluated through of measurements in water and oil. Viscoelastic parameters were estimated fitting the nonlinear response of the magnetic transducer function of frequency modulation.

Le réseau électrique s'utilise aujourd'hui comme support de transmission des signaux Ethernet. C’est le concept des courants porteurs en ligne. Cette technique de transmission permet d’obtenir des débits supérieurs au Wifi. Cependant, la complexité des réseaux électriques et l'environnement électromagnétique domestique peuvent dégrader les performances de cette technologie. L’environnement électrique de l'habitat avec ses appareils électroménagers divers en font un milieu difficilement maitrisable. L’objectif est d’appréhender et de modéliser cet environnement et le comportement des équipements qui y sont déployés. Pour cela, ce mémoire présente plusieurs méthodes pour modéliser les lignes électriques dans l'habitat. Les modélisations existantes sont difficilement généralisables à un réseau électrique quelconque. Nous proposons une modélisation de type circuit électrique.Son intérêt réside dans la simplicité de l'outil de simulation d'un réseau électrique, réalisé parla mise en cascade de plusieurs blocs intégrés à la librairie SPICE. Les blocs SPICE proposés prennent en compte la dépendance fréquentielle des paramètres des quadripôles. Une étape de caractérisation expérimentale est développée pour implémenter ces blocs. Un réseau expérimental de test, constitué de différentes technologies de câble, a été caractérisé en termes de bruit, d'impédance et de pertes d'insertion. Le rayonnement émis lors d'une transmission CPL a également été mesuré. / The power line grid is used for data transmission by means of the broad band powerline communication systems (BPLC) The main advantage of this technology consists in providing an existing infrastructure of wires and wall sockets that are easy to access throughout a building and offering physical data rates comparable with other existing communication technologies such as Wi-Fi. Nevertheless, the power line grid complexity, the various connected household appliances and the housing electromagnetic environment,impact the PLC transmission performances. As results the housing environment is not a controllable medium. The objective of the current thesis is to study the electromagnetic environment of the Indoor power line network, and to model the potential impacts of both the power line grid topology and the household devices on the PLC physical layer. The existing modeling approaches require a deduction of theirs parameters from the measurements and cannot be generally applied. We propose a new model based on circuitry approach. Its main interest consists in the simplicity of the simulation tool of power line grid which is based on series symmetric SPICE circuit integrated to SPICE library. To this aim, the characterization of the power cable, of the electrical accessories and household devices is necessary. The impedance of powered household devices is measured according to simple measurement protocol. The proposed model takes into account the variation of the whole primary parameters of the electrical cable as function of frequency. An experimental characterizationof the so called PLC READY test bench was carried out in terms of noise, impedance and insertion loss. The radiated electromagnetic field during a PLC communication is measured.

A força de radiação acústica tem sido utilizada como o método de examinar propriedades físicas de materiais em diversas áreas. A vibro-acustografia é uma das técnicas que emprega este tipo de força para realizar análises de propriedades mecânicas de materiais. Esta técnica consiste na aplicação de força acústica modulada e focalizada na região de interesse. O alvo excitado vibra na frequência de modulação e o som emitido é característico da impedância mecânica do meio. Este som é detectado usando um hidrofone dedicado. Neste trabalho, propomos uma modificação nesta técnica de vibro-acustografia (VAG) e aplicando a técnica denominada vibro-acustomagnetografia (VAMG) substituindo o hidrofone por um sensor magnético de alta sensibilidade. A radiação acústica modulada será aplicada sobre um alvo magnetizado imerso no fluido em estudo. Com este procedimento, poder-se-á medir o deslocamento estático e dinâmico do alvo magnético (esfera) quando acusticamente excitado. Neste trabalho, foi usado um sensor magnetorresistivo com resolução da ordem de 1 nT para a montagem do transdutor de detecção de deslocamento do alvo magnético. A vibração do alvo foi induzida por uma força sem contato, usando a força acústica produzida por dois feixes concêntricos gerado por elementos piezelétricos confocais de mesma área e com foco comum a 7 cm. O alvo usado foi uma esfera magnética com um raio de 2,36 mm. O aparato foi avaliado por meio de medidas em água e em óleo. Os parâmetros viscoelásticos foram estimados a partir de ajustes não lineares da resposta do transdutor magnético em função da freqüência de modulação. / The acoustic radiation force has been used as the method to examine some materials physical properties in various areas. The vibro-acoustography is a technique that is being used to perform analysis of mechanical properties of materials. This technique involves the application of a focused acoustic modulated force. The excited target will vibrate at the frequency of modulation and the emitted sound is characteristic of the medium mechanical impedance. This sound is detected using a dedicated hydrophone. In this paper, we propose a modification of this technique vibro-acoustography (VAG) and applying a technique called vibro-acustomagnetography (VAMG) replacing the hydrophone by a magnetic sensor with high sensitivity. In this case, the modulated acoustic radiation will be applied on a magnetized target immersed in the fluid under study. With this procedure, static and dynamic displacement of the magnetic target (ball) will be measured when acoustically excited. In this study, we used a magnetoresistive sensor with resolution of about 1 nT for mounting the transducer to detect displacement of the magnetic target. The vibration of the target was induced by a non-contact force, using an ultrasonic beam modulated by two concentric beams generated by two piezoelectric elements confocal of the same area and common focus to 7 cm. The target used was a magnetic sphere with a radius of 2.36 mm. The apparatus was evaluated through of measurements in water and oil. Viscoelastic parameters were estimated fitting the nonlinear response of the magnetic transducer function of frequency modulation.