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Hot spots policing is a popular and effective evidence-based police intervention with several benefits. However, since the primary resource of the intervention is intensified police presence leading to an increase in citizen-police interactions, critics have argued that the intervention negatively affects police-citizen relationships and public perceptions and attitudes toward the police. To advance research on the effects of hot spots policing, this study examines the impacts of the hot spots policing intervention on residents’ trust in, and fear of, the police. The study utilized a secondary dataset from a U.S. DOJ/NIJ-funded project in New York City, NY (2012-2018) examining the effects of hot spots policing and police-resident familiarity on offender decision making and crime prevention. The results of chi-square test of association and ordinal logistic regression analyses show that the hot spots policing intervention has no significant impact on residents’ reported level of trust in, and fear of, the police. In addition, the impacts of residents’ age, race, gender, as well as familiarity are also analyzed. Further, the interaction between the intervention and police-resident familiarity does not significantly moderate the relationship between hot spots policing and residents’ reported level of trust in, and fear towards, the police. The implications of these findings are also discussed.

This study was designed to assess a PWIs residential life department's initiative to provide their Resident Assistants (RAs) an opportunity to discuss race through an inter-group dialogue session. I argue that any activity that focuses on race needs to be grounded in a social justice framework. This is because this framework educates individuals about systematic social, political, and economic issues that plague our society. A social justice grounding also fosters a disposition that desires to eliminate institutionalized discrimination. As such, this study sought to answer the following research questions: how did this inter-group dialogue impact the RAs ability to recognize race-related issues in the United States and did this inter-group dialogue foster a social justice perspective among the RAs that participated? Through a content analysis of ten in-depth, semi-structured interviews with RAs who participated in the dialogue the findings suggest that RAs did gain an understanding of how different lived experiences effect how someone views societal race issues, but the inter-group dialogue did not foster a transformative perspective among RAs that were not already grounded in social justice. Recommendations to improve future sessions are provided. / African American Studies

With the increase in space traffic, proliferation of inexpensive launch opportunities, and interest from many countries in utilizing the space domain, threats to existing space assets are likely to increase dramatically in the coming years. The development of a system that can identify potential threats and alert space operators is vital to maintaining asset resiliency and security. The focus of this thesis is the design and evaluation of such a system. The design is comprised of the development of a classification hierarchy and the selection of machine learning models that will enable the identification of anomalous object behavior. The hierarchy is based on previous examples applied to object classification while reconsidering the assumption that a satellite may perform only one mission. The selected machine learning models perform both supervised classification of actively maneuvering objects and unsupervised identification of anomalous behavior within large satellite constellations. The evaluation process considers the independent adjustment of model hyperparameters to achieve optimal model settings. The optimal models perform both classification functions and return moderate accuracy. The system is applied to several case studies examining edge cases and what factors constitute a threatening object and what factors do not. Suggestions for improvement of the system in the future are presented. / Master of Science / The increase in space traffic, proliferation of inexpensive launch opportunities, and interest from many countries in utilizing the space domain represent existential threats to existing spacecraft and operations in low-Earth orbit. Threats to the safe operation of spacecraft are likely to increase dramatically in the coming years. The development of a system that can identify potential threats and alert space operators is vital to maintaining asset resiliency and security. The focus of this thesis is the design and evaluation of such a system. This is accomplished by identifying a system architecture through evaluating current assumptions of what missions satellites are capable of performing. Following the system-level design, modules are proposed that utilize machine learning to identify satellite behavior that is abnormal. These modules are tested and tuned with optimal parameters to deliver improved identification performance. The system is applied to several case studies examining edge cases and what factors constitute a threatening object and what factors do not. Suggestions for improvement of the system in the future are presented.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant differences exist between movers and non-movers to a retirement community in the areas of demographic characteristics, residential characteristics of the most recent age-integrated community dwelling, and residential satisfaction. A personal interview schedule was developed and administered to a random sample of 32 elderly (age 62+) residents of the Montgomery County/City of Radford, Virginia community-at-large (non-movers) and 32 residents of a Montgomery County, Virginia retirement community (movers). T-test and chi square analyses were used to examine the data. The findings revealed significant differences (P<.05) between the two groups in marital status, income, residential characteristics of the most recent age-integrated community dwelling including tenure, dwelling type, dwelling age, number of rooms, length of residence, presence of major structural problems, neighborhood, and overall satisfaction levels. Non-movers were more likely to be married homeowners who were more satisfied with their present housing and neighborhoods than movers were with their previous housing. Non-movers' dwellings were more likely to be single-family detached, older, and larger, and contained fewer structural problems than the previous dwellings of movers. / M.S.

College administrators have been in the business of employing students as RAs or an equivalent position for many years. Over those many years, the students and the type of students hired for this position changed. Once again, it is time for a generational change. Gen Y students are currently entering at least their second year of college and are now eligible to apply for RA positions. The present study operated on the assumption that student motivations to seek the RA position may have changed over time as new generations of students have entered higher education. The perceived benefits of student employments in positions such as the RA position may shift with the change in the characteristics, needs, motivations, and desires of the students to seek employment. Researching employment motivations periodically to gauge shifts in reasons for seeking employment in the RA position may be helpful. The present study has significance for both future practice and future research in student affairs. In terms of future practice, three constituencies might be interested in the results of the study: Residence Life practitioners (RLPs), RAs, and student affairs practitioners. In the current study, there were several significant findings. First, Gen Y students sought the RA position for the following reasons (by order of importance), Helping Behaviors, Career Development, Financial Obligations, RA Cohesiveness, Personal Growth, and Desire for Power. Second, Gen Y females reported Helping Behaviors as an important reason for seeking the RA position significantly more often than did their male counterparts. Third, the research found no statistically significant differences in the reasons majority and minority Gen Y students sought the RA position. Finally, statistically significant differences were found when the reasons Gen X and Gen Y students sought the RA position were examined. Although the study examined only a limited number of Gen Y students, the results indicate that Residence Life professionals and RA staff selections teams may want to reconsider the way in which RA applicants are recruited. / Master of Arts

Housing, a basic necessity, is frequently described as costly and increasingly designated as unaffordable; yet, there is a continuing conventionality in American tastes, desires, and ideals of housing. In order to expand housing knowledge, and, perhaps to facilitate the use of housing alternatives, attitudes/perceptions of housing held by pre- and early-adolescent children were investigated. The awareness, satisfaction, and importance attributed to housing by this consumer age group, who are often perceived as unconcerned or unopinionated, may be indicative of future housing demand and permanence of housing norms. Sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students in an Appalachian Kentucky county were surveyed regarding housing knowledge, opinions, preferences, satisfactions, and importance. Rather than a lack of opinion, the 172 participants revealed definite perceptions of housing in general, their individual housing situations, and concern for the future/cost of housing. Overall, housing attitudes were traditional and conservative; there was a general unwillingness to accept energy-conservative or manufactured dwellings. While the children were relatively satisfied with their housing, they did not attribute great importance to housing. Older children were more aware of housing, attributed greater importance to it, and reported more normative preferences. Housing satisfaction was greater if the child was male, lived in a residence that aligned with housing norms, or was from a household with a greater number of amenities. Older children, or those with greater housing experience, were more likely to prefer neighborhood homogeneity. General preferences for housing replicated the child's current housing situation. With today's cost of housing, as well as changing family needs for housing, the child gains importance as a housing consumer not only for the home's impact upon his/her development, but also for the future demand he/she will contribute to the housing market. Housing education regarding current and potential alternatives not only can help young housing users to develop more realistic perceptions and expectations of housing but also may facilitate the choice of and improve satisfaction with housing alternatives. / Ph. D.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第25473号 / 地環博第259号 / 新制||地環||53(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 竹内 憲司, 教授 西前 出, 准教授 TRENCHER Gregory, 教授 浅利 美鈴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

No / Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the extent to which staff–resident interactions address or undermine residents’ psychological needs and how such interactions are associated with residents’ well-being. Method: Data on staff–resident interactions and residents’ well-being were collected for 51 residents from nine long-term care settings using dementia care mapping (DCM). DCM yields a count and detailed description of staff–resident interactions that either address (personal enhancers – PEs) or undermine (personal detractions – PDs) residents’ psychological needs, and every 5-minute scores for each resident's mood and engagement (ME-value). The relationship between PEs and PDs and well-being was analysed by studying residents’ ME-values before and three time frames after a PE or PD occurred. Results: A total of 76 PEs and 33 PDs were observed. The most common PEs were those addressing psychological needs for comfort and occupation. However residents’ well-being increased most often after PEs that addressed residents’ need for identity, attachment and inclusion. The most common PDs were those which undermined the need for comfort, inclusion and occupation. Residents’ well-being decreased most often after PDs that undermined the need for comfort. Conclusion: Increasing interactions which address residents’ need for attachment, identity and inclusion and eliminating interactions which undermine residents’ need for comfort may be particularly important in achieving residents’ well-being. In the long run, residents’ well-being could be achieved by staff availing of the opportunities to empower and facilitate residents, thus meeting their needs for occupation. These findings provide directions for training in person-centred care.