Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007. / Title from PDF title page screen. Advisor: Paul P. Mou; submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-53).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-163).

Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως αντικείμενο την παρουσίαση των επεμβάσεων στα δύο μνημεία τον Παρθενώνα και τον ναό του Επικουρίου Απόλλωνα. Δύο μνημεία με πολύ μεγάλη ιστορική και αρχιτεκτονική αξία όχι μόνο για την Ελλάδα αλλά και για ολόκληρο τον κόσμο. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται ο στόχος της διατριβής και γίνεται μία εκτενής αναφορά στα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά του αρχαίου ελληνικού ναού. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται το θεσμικό πλαίσιο που διέπει τα έργα αναστήλωσης καθώς και οι βασικές αρχές προστασίας των μνημείων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται αναφορά στα υλικά και τους τρόπους δόμησης των παλαιών κτιρίων από φέρουσα τοιχοποιία, στα αίτια των βλαβών και στις τυπικές μορφές τους, καθώς και στους τρόπους εκτίμησης της παθολογίας των κατασκευών. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται τα αίτια των επεμβάσεων συντήρησης με γενική περιγραφή των κυριότερων μορφών φθορών και των τεχνικών συντήρησης που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα. Στα δύο επόμενα κεφάλαια παρουσιάζονται η ιστορία, τα χαρακτηριστικά και οι επεμβάσεις που έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί κατά το παρελθόν στα δύο μεγάλα μνημεία τον Παρθενώνα και τον ναό του Επικουρίου Απόλλωνα καθώς και οι σύγχρονες. Τέλος στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο μέσα από τη μελέτη και παρουσίαση των δύο μνημείων γίνεται προσπάθεια εξαγωγής συμπερασμάτων για τις αρχές που διέπουν τις επεμβάσεις σήμερα και το πώς αυτό επηρρεάζει τη πολιτιστική μας κληρονομιά. / This thesis is to present the interventions in both monuments, the Parthenon and the Temple of Epicurean Apollo. Two monuments of great historical and architectural value not only for Greece but also for all the world. The first chapter deals with the goal of the thesis and elaborates in reference to the basic features of the ancient Greek temple. The second chapter describes the institutional framework projects restoration and the basic principles of protection of monuments. The third chapter refers to the materials and methods of construction old masonry buildings, causes lesions and typical forms, as well as ways to assess the pathology of construction. The fourth chapter presents the causes of maintenance with general description of the main damage forms and technical maintenance that is currently used. In the next two chapters,the history, characteristics and interventions that have taken place in the past in two major monuments the Parthenon and the Temple of Epicurean Apollo and modern are presented. Finally, the last chapter,through the study and presentation of the two monuments, attempts inference to the principles of interventions today and how this affects our cultural heritage.

Engineered log jams (ELJs) were constructed on the Middle Fork of the John Day River in eastern Oregon as part of a large restoration project. These log structures were designed to address many of the restoration goals including creating scour pools, inhibiting bank erosion, creating and maintaining a sinuous river planform, and increasing complexity of fish habitat. This study uses geomorphic change detection techniques to monitor topographic change under and around the 26 log structures in two different river reaches over a six to seven year period. This study finds that the ELJs are remaining stable within the river and maintaining deep pool habitat. The study provides insight into which log structure variables are most related to the patterns and amounts of aggradation and degradation. Understanding the geomorphic changes to the riverbed in response to the placement of the ELJs can influence the design and future effectiveness of ELJs.

No description available.

Disturbance due to habitat restoration and urbanization can threaten populations of sensitive wildlife species. I examined 2 aspects of the ecology of Texas horned lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum), a Species of Special Concern in Oklahoma. I studied the effects of native prairie restoration and urban development on a population of P. cornutum on an urban wildlife reserve at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma. I also studied population vital rate variation in 2 populations of P. cornutum using deterministic elasticity and life-stage simulation analyses. My research on the effects of habitat disturbance on urban P. cornutum focused on Wildlife Reserve 3 (WR3) at Tinker Air Force Base, which has a population of P. cornutum that has persisted for many years. I quantified daily movement rates, home-range size, changes in spatial distribution, survival rates, and population size and density over 9 years (2003-2011). Movement rates of P. cornutum were affected by a 3-way interaction of sex, period (reproductive vs. non-reproductive), and study stage (2004-2005, 2007-2008, and 2009-2011). Stages represented variation in the type and level of anthropogenic disturbance on the site. Home-range size did not vary by sex, but was smaller during the non-reproductive period than the reproductive period. Spatial analyses indicated that disturbances due to restoration activities had little effect on the spatial distribution of P. cornutum on WR3. Survival was affected by season (inactive-season survival was higher), stage (declining survival in later stages with more disturbance), an interaction of season and stage, and disturbance (covariate of proportion of an individual's home range in disturbed areas for a given year; small negative effect), with little evidence for variation in survival by sex. Major causes of mortality included depredation and anthropogenic causes. I estimated a population size of 32.9 ± 4.7 (95% CI of 28.1-49.0) individuals (excluding hatchlings) with a corresponding density of 2.68 lizards/ha. Spatial analyses did not support the hypothesis that disturbance associated with restoration activities affected the spatial ecology of P. cornutum on WR3. However, these results were not entirely conclusive, due to the logistical constraints of working on a single site with an uncommon species. Size and density of the P. cornutum population has apparently declined since 2005. This decline is likely a consequence of 2 factors: the 2008 translocation of 17 adult lizards from an area adjacent to WR3 impacted by housing development coupled with a decrease in the annual survival rate of adults over time. I compared the vital rates of the population of P. cornutum on WR3 to a site in south Texas, the Chaparral Wildlife Management Area (CWMA). The Chaparral WMA population had lower adult survival and higher fecundity than WR3. I predicted a trade-off between the effect of adult survival and fecundity on population growth rate (&lambda). I found that recruitment in P. cornutum most affected &lambda at both sites. Stochastic life-stage simulation analysis indicated that hatchling survival most affected &lambda in both populations. There was a trade-off in effect on &lambda between juvenile survival and fecundity between the two sites; fecundity affected &lambda more at the CWMA. Adult survival had minimal effects on &lambda in both populations. My study suggests that managers can address P. cornutum declines in similar ways across the species' range.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MICHAEL D. GASKINS, for the Masters of Science degree in FORESTRY, presented on FEBRUARY 26, 2010, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: A GIS APPROACH TO PRIORITIZE PRIVATE LANDHOLDINGS IN THE LOWER KASKASKIA RIVER CORRIDOR INCORPORATING MIGRATORY BIRD HABITAT CRITERIA MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Eric Holzmueller Loss of forested area and corresponding increase in forest fragmentation has decreased Neotropical migrant bird habitat quality across the Midwestern United States. Typically, efforts to increase habitat quality by reforesting agricultural areas are done on a first come, first serve basis. In order to increase the efficiency of these restoration efforts, a prioritized ranking system is needed to obtain the greatest increase in habitat quality possible for the fewest amount of hectares restored to forest. This project examines the use of a GIS based multi-criteria approach to prioritize lands for reforestation in the Kaskaskia River Corridor (KRC), Illinois. We prioritized areas for reforestation based on nine landscape metrics: available agricultural land, forest cover gaps, edge density metric, proximity to river, 200 m corridor area, total forest core area metric, fringe core area, distance to primary core value, and primary core area. The multi-criteria analysis revealed that high priority areas for reforestation were most likely to be close to the riparian corridor and existing large blocks of forest. Analysis of simulated reforestation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0% of highest priority parcels reforested) revealed different responses for multiple landscape metrics used to quantify forest fragmentation following reforestation, but indicated that the KRC would get the greatest rate of return on reforestation efforts by reforesting 10.0% of the highest priority areas. This project demonstrates how GIS and a multi-criteria analysis approach can be used to increase the efficiency of restoration projects. This approach should be considered by land managers when attempting to identify the location and quantity of area for restoration within a landscape.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF LEWIS KENNEDY REED, for the Master of Science degree in PLANT BIOLOGY presented on October 30, 2009, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale TITLE: COMPETATIVE EVQUIVALENCY OF CULTIVAR AND NON-CULTIVAR DOMINANT GRASSES IN AN EXPERIMENTAL RETORATION MAJOR PROFESSORS: Dr. Sara G. Baer and Dr. David J. Gibson Multiple population sources of species for use in prairie restoration exist, including cultivars and non-cultivars of dominant native grasses. However, little is known about the competitive equivalency of different population sources of dominant C4 grasses and whether intraspecific variation in their competitive effect on the community scales to affect ecosystem assembly. In 2006, an experimental restoration was established in a former agricultural field using cultivars and non-cultivars of the dominant grasses (Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, and Schizachyrium scoparium) and two different species pools of non-dominant species containing equal richness and distribution of species among functional groups. I evaluated inter - and intra-specific variation in the competitive equivalency of A. gerardii, S. nutans, and S. scoparium in terms of community response to their individual and complete (all three species) removal. Removals were maintained for two growing seasons, though little maintenance was needed after the initial treatment. The competitive effect of each grass species and population source was determined by calculating a response ratio for percent cover and above ground primary productivity between removal and control plots for each dominant grass individually, forbs, non-dominant grasses, and legumes which were each analyzed using a mixed model procedure for a split-split-plot randomized block design. Effects of removals on overall community composition were assessed using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) and analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). In addition I monitored changes in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at the soil surface and inorganic soil nitrogen. Based on the 2008 data (after two years of maintaining removals), several important differences were detected between the focal species and in some cases the two sources of the same species in terms of their effects on neighbors, inorganic soil nitrogen, and PAR. Many of these differences depended on which species pool the comparison took place in. A 3-way interaction was detected between species pool, source, and removal treatment in the volunteer forb group (F3, 60 =3.28, p = 0.0268). Volunteer forbs showed a positive response to removal of cultivars of the dominant grass functional group in one species pool but not the other. A three-way interaction was detected between species pool, source, and removal treatment in terms of Bray-Curtis similarity (F3, 60 = 2.91, p = 0.0417). Within one of the species pools, similarity values of communities were higher between removals and controls in cultivar plots than in non-cultivar plots where A. gerardii was removed. While NMDS ordination showed separation of some plots by dominant grass source, within group variation was higher than among group variation and ANOSIM deemed this separation insignificant. Planted forb ANPP exhibited a significantly negative response to removal of S. nutans that was not observed in the other removal treatments (F3,41.1 = 3.09, p = 0.038) suggesting facilitation by the dominant grass on planted forbs. The aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the subordinate community (i.e. all species except the dominant grasses) exhibited a 3-way interaction among species pool, dominant grass source, and species removed (F3,61 = 2.76, p=0.0499). This interaction resulted from a stronger negative response of subordinate community ANPP to cultivars of the dominant grass functional group removal than non-cultivars of this group that only occurred in one of the species pools. There was a significant main effect of species removed on %PAR at ground level (F3, 60 = 4.84, p = 0.0044). All removal treatments allowed higher penetration of PAR to ground level, with S. nutans and all dominant grass removal having the strongest effect. Inorganic N availability was lower in response to removal of A. gerardii cultivars compared to the removal of non-cultivars of this species in one species pool but not the other. Removal of cultivar S. scoparium lead to a positive response in total inorganic nitrogen while removal of non-cultivars of this species lead to a negative response in total inorganic nitrogen in this same species pool (F3, 51 = 3.61, p = 0.018). Results demonstrate that inter- and intra-specific variation among these dominant species affect some aspects of community structure and ecosystem properties, but these effects are not consistent among dominant species and among subordinate species pools. These complex interactions may have important implications for restoration and land management.

The Cache River, located in southern Illinois, faces a unique set of restoration challenges due to multiple anthropogenic modifications to the watershed. In 1915 the Cache River was disconnected and divided into two sub-watersheds, the upper Cache River (UCR) and the lower Cache River (LCR). This alteration has led to impairments in both sections of the Cache River. The UCR currently suffers from channel incision and wetland loss due to an increase in channel slope, while the LCR experiences decreased flows and related habitat degradation. Currently, watershed managers are proposing to restore a more natural flow regime to the LCR through some degree of hydrologic reconnection. I quantified the effects of small-scale differences in flow velocities on snag-dwelling aquatic macroinvertebrates in the UCR and LCR. My study was designed to provide critical information on potential ecological responses to proposed reconnection of the Cache River by examining the effects of flow on elements of ecosystem structure (macroinvertebrate community structure, diversity, richness, evenness, biomass, and abundance) and function (secondary production). Total snag-dwelling macroinvertebrate abundance was higher in the LCR (p < 0.001), and both total biomass and total production did not differ between the UCR and LCR. Passive filter-feeders (families Hydropsychidae and Simuliidae), EPT taxa (orders Ephmeroptera Plecoptera and Trichoptera), and Elmidae were more abundant and had higher biomass on snags in the UCR compared to the LCR. Due to high variability in estimates, only Elmidae production was higher in the UCR (p < 0.05), with non-significant trends of higher production of passive filter-feeders and EPT taxa in the UCR. Non metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations showed different communities on snags in the UCR and LCR, and analysis of similarity indicated these differences were significant (ANOSIM Global R = 0.98, p < 0.05). This UCR community was more diverse (p < 0.05) and composed of larger-sized individuals than the LCR (p < 0.001). In contrast, the LCR community was composed mainly of taxa that are associated with very low flows (e.g., zooplankton), tolerant of degraded conditions (e.g., Isopoda and Chironomidae), and generally smaller in body size. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend for higher total production in the LCR (28.90 ± 54.51) (mean ± 95% CI) than the UCR (10.22 ± 6.43). This trend was driven primarily by a patchily distributed Chironomidae, which were highly productive on some LCR snags. However, given the degraded water quality in the LCR, the ultimate fate of this production is not clear. The more natural flow regime in the UCR is likely driving many of the differences between the UCR and LCR that I observed, but relationships may be complex, as flow influences biota in numerous direct and indirect ways. This study is the first I know of to examine the structure and function of macroinvertebrate communities prior to hydrologic restoration of a river. Results will assist resource managers in the justification, planning, and execution of hydrologic restoration in the Cache watershed. Given that many river restoration projects are not based on sound ecological information and principles, this project can also serve as a model for future river restoration efforts.

Tallgrass prairie in North America has been severely degraded over the past century due to anthropogenic changes and is a subject of many restoration projects. Using these restoration projects, it is possible to examine potential drivers that influence community assembly. The environmental heterogeneity hypothesis provides a basis for enhanced diversity as function of resource partitioning and coexistence of potentially competing species. In essence, an area with higher levels of resource heterogeneity would be able to support a higher number of potentially competing species in contrast to an area with lower levels of resource heterogeneity (e.g. agricultural fields). The tallgrass prairie is naturally heterogeneous in abiotic resources such as soil depth and soil nitrogen, native prairie species both drive and exploit this heterogeneity and assemble a highly biodiverse community. Chapter 2 attempted to elucidate the effect of soil resource heterogeneity on plant community assembly, niche availability, and dimensionality. Chapter 3 attempted to examine the indirect influence of soil resources on aboveground Orthoptera herbivores. Both studies were conducted in a 16-year tallgrass prairie restoration experiment over a two-year period. There were no differences in plant community composition on a whole plot level. However, on a subplot level, shallow soil generally resulted in higher species richness and diversity. In contrast to previous studies, I found nitrogen addition increased forb richness and nitrogen reduction reduced forb diversity. As expected, the dominant grass Andropogon gerardii was positively influenced by high nitrogen regardless of soil depth. The multivariate analysis indicated the new species added to the experiment had unique trait spaces. Further analysis indicated niche availability and dimensionality were highest in treatments with nitrogen addition. This study suggests though fine scale spatial heterogeneity influences plant community composition, coarse scale spatial heterogeneity does not. This study also suggests that soil nitrogen may be a poor indicator of plant species diversity in the tallgrass prairie community. Orthoptera richness and biomass were higher in maximum heterogeneity treatments relative to control. The influence of high resource heterogeneity was highest on the richness of mixed-feeder grasshoppers and katydids. This effect, however, was inconsistent between years. Grass-feeder biomass was higher in the maximum heterogeneity treatment than control both years. This was attributed to nitrogen addition resulting in patches of higher quality forage in the maximum heterogeneity plots. Orthopterans are also influenced by the structural complexity of the plant community mediated by varying levels of soil resources. The maximum heterogeneity treatment contained higher variation in the cover and ANPP of a dominant grass, Andropogon gerardii. The positive relationship between plant richness and Orthoptera diversity suggests that maintaining plant richness in restored areas is important for maintaining diversity of higher trophic levels. The negative relationship between light interceptions and Orthoptera abundance suggests the dense vegetation from dominant tallgrass species may impede recruitment of some species. These results suggest suppression of dominant grasses can positively influence the plant community composition and Orthoptera herbivores. Understanding how soil resources influence plant community composition and higher trophic levels can aid our understanding of the community assembly process. Plant species benefited from higher variation in soil resources, particularly soil depth and soil nitrogen, while insect herbivores that depended on these plant species were also indirectly benefited. This study suggests soil heterogeneity is important for the assemblage of species on a multi-trophic level and this knowledge can assist land managers in restoration projects to achieve desired goals.