O trabalho tem o objetivo de estabelecer diretrizes para projeto de painel maciço em madeira utilizando o princípio da laminação cruzada de modo similiar ao Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), porém adequado ao setor madeireiro paulista. Não obstante, pretende-se contribuir para a difusão do conhecimento sobre sistemas construtivos com painéis maciços e ampliar a discussão sobre possibilidades de utilização da madeira na habitação. Primeiramente, foi delimitado o escopo da pesquisa e justificados os motivos que levaram à sua proposição; também foram discutidos os principais fundamentos teóricos, conceituais e metodológicos nos quais se baseia o trabalho. A seguir, as principais características de diferentes tipos de painéis maciços de madeira utilizando o princípio da laminação cruzada foram pesquisadas. Foram levantadas informações sobre as características básicas e processo produtivo de 5 produtos diferentes: Mayr Melnhof Holz BSP, Novatop Solid, Massivholz Mauer, Holz 100 e Massiv Wand 5. Depois, foi desenvolvida uma análise comparativa entre o setor madeireiro na Áustria, país que atualmente concentra a maior produção de CLT na Europa Central, e no Estado de São Paulo, local no qual se pretende avaliar as possibilidades e limitações para produção dos painéis maciços em madeira. A análise comparativa foi dividida em duas etapas: na primeira etapa foram analisadas as reservas florestais e indústria madeireira austríaca e paulista; na segunda etapa foram elaboradas estimativas de custo para a produção de um elemento vertical constituído por núcleo maciço utilizando o princípio da laminação cruzada em Viena e na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Por fim, relacionando as características do produto e sua influência no processo produtivo com as possibilidades e limitações proporcionadas pelo setor madeireiro paulista, foram estabelecidas diretrizes para o projeto de um painel maciço em madeira que utilize o princípio da laminação cruzada. As diretrizes foram elaboradas dos pontos de vista da utilização da madeira, do desenho do painel e de sua adaptação ao setor madeireiro paulista. A seguir, foi desenvolvido uma proposta preliminar para desenho de painel maciço. As informações levantadas durante o desenvolvimento desta dissertação foram obtidas por meio de visita às fábricas, pesquisa em teses e publicações relacionadas e pesquisa na página de internet dos fabricantes dos produtos. / The work aims to establish guidelines for cross laminated solid timber panel design, suitable to the forestry industry in São Paulo. It intendeds to contribute for knowledge diffusion about this building system and enhancing the discussion on timber construction in Brazil. First, the research\'s scope was explained as well as its main questions, hypothesis and objectives. Then, the main features of different types of cross laminated solid timber panels and it\'s production process were analysed. Information on the basic features and production process of five different products were gathered: Mayr Melnhof Holz BSP, Novatop Solid, Massivholz Mauer, Holz 100 and MassiveWand 5. Hereafter, a comparative analysis between the forestry industry in Austria, currently the largest cross laminated timber producer in Central Europe, and the State of São Paulo was developed. The analysis was divided into two stages: in the first stage, forest reserves and timber industry in Austria and in the State of São Paulo were investigated; in the second stage, cost estimates for the production of a solid timber vertical element in Vienna and in the metropolitan area of São Paulo were developed. Finally, all the information gathered previously was used in order to establish design guidelines for cross laminated solid timber panel relating product\'s design influence on the production process and the possibilities and limitations offered by the forestry industry in São Paulo. The guidelines were developed from the point of view of timber utilisation, panel design and its adaptation to São Paulo\'s forestry industry. Then, a preliminary solid wood panel proposal has been developed as a way to synthesise the guidelines set previously.Information for the research was obtained through factory visits, theses and related publications and research on the manufactures website.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe pateiktos pagrindinės prielaidos, kurios priimamos analizuojant klijų kontaktą tarp medienos ir metalo. Aptartos plačiausiai taikomos plieninių sriegtų strypų įklijavimo medienoje technologijos. Apibendrinti plieninių sriegtų strypų įklijavimo medienoje technologijos kontrolės metodai. Išanalizuota mokslinė literatūra, susijusi su plieninių sriegtų strypų įklijavimu medienoje. Tiriamojoje dalyje surasti ir išnagrinėti Pasaulinės patentų sistemos „esp@cenet“ 11 patentų, kuriuose pateikiami montažiniai medienos elementų mazgai, sukonstruoti panaudojant plieninius įklijuojamus strypus. Pateikti pagrindiniai standžių montuojamųjų mazgų konstravimo principai. Eksperimentinėje dalyje laboratoriniais bandymais ištirta sąveika tarp medienos ir plieninio sriegto strypo, kai kontaktas tarp jų užtikrinamas klijais. Atlikti eksperimentiniai tyrimai: plieninių sriegtų strypų takumo bei stiprumo įtempių nustatymas; medienos tankio ir drėgnio nustatymas; plieninių sriegtų strypų ištraukiamojo atspario nustatymas. Aptarti pagrindiniai gamybos netikslumai, kurie turi įtakos jungties elgsenai ir laikomajai galiai. Išanalizuota pavienio plieninio strypo, įklijuoto medienoje, gniuždomojo ir tempiamojo atspario skaičiavimo metodika, pateikiama projektavimo normose STR ir Eurokode 5. Bandymų rezultatai palyginti su teorinėmis išraiškomis, pateikiamomis projektavimo normose. Remiantis eksperimentinių bandymų rezultatais ir ankstesnių autorių tyrimų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this master degree thesis submitted general assumtions which are being adopted while analysis of glued joint between timber and steel. Discussed the main technologies of glueing in steel rod into timber. Summarized technolgy control methods of glueing in steel rods process. Overviewed the scientific literature which is related to the steel rods glued in timber. In research part of the work submitted 11 patents of esp@cenet patent base of rigid joints in which construction used glued in steel rods. Given the main principles of construction of rigid joints with glued in steel rods. In experimental part of the work investigated the behavior of the timber – steel joint which contact is ensured by glue. Experimental studies were done: yield and strength stress determination of threaded steel rods; determination tests of timber moisture content and density; determination of tensile carrying capacity of threaded steel rod glued in glulam. Reported production inaccuracies and its influence on joint‘s behavior and final carrying capacity. The results are compared with theoretical expressions provided by the design rules. Based on the experimental results of the test and study reports of previous authors, submitted proposals for design rules of the addition of comments. Structure: introduction, the concept of the matter, literature review, experimental studies, conclusions and suggestions, references. Thesis consist of: 100 p. text without appendixes, 64 pictures, 20 tables, 43... [to full text]

The objective of this thesis was to examine the structural order of traditional timber houses in Turkey and Japan. A comparative analysis, based on literature and a case study was made toestablish differences of traditional timber structures in the two countries by examining their spatial organization, spans and pitches of the timber components. Four Houses were chosen for survey from Safranbolu, Turkey and Gokayama, Japan. Following two points were appeared as a conclusion: in Turkey, the structural order was orientated to the room size while the room size was dictated by the structural order in Japan, and the second conclusion is that the space size was dictated by the human body proportion in Turkey and by the module based on the ken measurement in Japan. Consequently the number of the structural components required for the room was discussed as a third conclusion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alcantarasegundinho_pg_me_ilha.pdf: 4485630 bytes, checksum: 0e58733013f71fa0d93bb68c2fdabebb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O estudo em estruturas mistas é dedicado ao emprego do material madeira-concreto em estruturas de pontes, mais precisamente no seu tabuleiro. No entanto, a aplicação desse material no Brasil não está regulamentada por normas que permitam ao engenheiro civil fazer sua aplicação nas estruturas correntes. Com a proposta de viabilizar o uso desse material madeira-concreto esse estudo vem contribuir com um melhor entendimento do comportamento físico da ligação entre os materiais madeira e concreto. O estudo dessa ligação foi realizado quantificando o módulo de deslizamento em corpos-de-prova do tipo push-out, vigas T e tabuleiro de madeira-concreto. Os resultados experimentais do módulo de deslizamento obtidos por esses três tipos de ensaios foram comparados com os resultados obtidos teoricamente pelo Eurocode 5 (1993). Também, no seguinte estudo foi feito uma simulação numérica do tabuleiro de madeira-concreto usando um programa para análise estrutural baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). Na conclusão dessa pesquisa verificou-se que o comportamento estrutural desse material misto pode-ser calculado usando o Eurocode 5 (1993) e o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF). / The study of mixed structures is dedicated to the use of timber-concrete material in bridges' structures, more precisely in its tray. However, the application of this material in Brazil is not regulated by standards that allow the civil engineer to make its application in the current structures. With the proposal to make possible the use of this timber-concrete material this study contributes to understand better the physical behavior of the linking between wood and concrete. The study of this connection was carried through quantifying the slip's module in specimens of push-out type, T beams and timber-concrete's tray. The experimental results of the slip's module from these three kinds of tests had been compared with the results obtained theoretically for Eurocode 5 (1993). Also, in the following study it was made a mathematical simulation of the wood-concrete's tray using a numerical analysis' program based on the Finite Elements' Method (MEF). In the conclusion of this research it was verified that the structural behavior of this mixed material can to be calculated using Eurocode 5 (1993) and the Method of the Finite Elements (MEF).

The aim of this master thesis is to design a building consisting of joiner workshop and administration part of furniture factory. Building is located in Brno, cadastral area Horní Herpšice. In terms of funcion as well as structure is building devided in two parts, joiner workshop and administration part containing hygienic facilities for workers, canteen for employees and furniture showroom. Joiner workshop is single-deck skelet structure made of glued laminated timber. Administration part has two above-grade floors. Cross laminated timber panels are used for vertical and horizontal bearing structures. Building facade is designed as ventilated, partly made of cement fiber boards, partly of timber boarding along with green panels. The building has one-layer green roof.

Folkhem is a Swedish company exclusively building timber residential buildings in the Stockholm area. The company is currently in the planning stages of what would be the world’s tallest timber building, a 22-storey timber residential buiding in Hallonbergen, Sundbyberg. In this master thesis, this proposed building has been analyzed with regards to its wind-induced dynamic response. The work includes studies of stabilization of tall structures, case studies of existing buildings and developed systems for tall timber construction and analyzed options for structural design of the Hallonbergen project. Eleven different structural systems have been investigated with regards to their displacement at the top and their peak acceleration when subject to wind loading. The peak acceleration has been calculated using both Eurocode and ISO 4354. The values have been assessed against ISO 6897 and ISO 10137. The results indicate that it is possible to construct the Hallonbergen project without risk of unacceptable dynamic response, using any of the following options; The Martinson’s system with 259 mm CLT plates The Kauffmann system The structural system presented in “The Case for Tall Wood Buildings” The structural system presented in “The Timber Tower Research Project”

Large span timber trusses are usually built with glulam. One problem with large span glulam trusses is that the connections needed to transfer the load between truss members are often complex and expensive. Another issue is transportation. Building large span trusses out of structural timber instead, could be a way of simplifying the connections and at the same time increase the degree of on-site construction and thereby solving the transportation problem.In this study, a total of 18 laboratory tests were performed with the purpose of investigating the tensile strength and the load slip behavior of different connection designs for large span structural timber trusses. Six different test groups corresponding to six different connection designs were tested. The materials used include members made of C24 timber and gusset plates made of birch plywood, aluminum, and steel. Screws were used as fasteners for five test groups and adhesive was used for one group. The influence of different reinforcement techniques including reinforcement screws and added aluminum sheets was studied.The results showed a ductile failure behavior for all test groups except for the group where adhesive was used. However, a decrease of ductility was observed for groups were aluminum sheets were used on the outsides of the mid placed plywood gusset plate. A 12-17 % increase in capacity was observed due to the presence of aluminum sheets. The reinforcement screws had no significant effect on the capacity. However, the presence of reinforcement screws did lead to a reduction in scatter both regarding capacity and stiffness.

Biomaterials such as wood and bamboo are in high demand as a building material with the push for building with green technology. The wood product industry accounts for approximately 4% of the total U.S. manufacturing GDP (Gross Domestic Product), which is more than $100 billion. The industry supports over 752,000 full-time equivalent jobs, most of which are in rural areas where employment opportunities are limited. The estimated global market value of bamboo is estimated to be $60 billion annually. This research will explore the use of wood and bamboo in different end use products. The objectives of this research will 1) evaluate the behavior of two single bolt connections in the post-to-rail joint in a hardwood stairway system; 2) the potential of post-treating pre-fabricated cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels with two different copper based preservative treatments; and 3) estimated design values for a commercially sourced bolt laminated bamboo industrial mat. To accomplish these objectives, this dissertation is divided into five sections: 1) Introduction, 2) Structural performance of the post-to-rail connectors in a hardwood stairway handrail, 3) Development of preservative-treated cross-laminated timber: effects of panel layup and thickness on bonding performance and durability when treated with copper-azole (CA-C) and micronized copper-azole (MCA), 4) Strength and stiffness of 3-ply industrial bamboo matting, 5) Conclusion.

Wood has been utilized by humans for thousands of years in the construction of our built environment. More recently, our expanded understanding of the material and the advancement of engineered wood have allowed us to use wood like never before. Concrete and steel, however, have emerged as the main materials used in large scale construction in the late 19th and 20th Centuries. As we are battling and searching for solutions to climate change, the importance of wood in large scale construction has increased as not only is its carbon intensity is lower than steel and concrete, but its existence stems from sequestered carbon. Yet as timber finds its way into large-scale projects, the forms it takes resemble those of concrete construction. Although this form is functional, it does not take full advantage of its capabilities or mitigate the weaknesses of wood. This thesis is concerned with exploring new options for mass timber, finding forms more appropriate to wood’s mechanical and aesthetic properties. Research began with precedent studies of existing mass timber structures to see which strategies would be useful in the project. Next a theoretical project was undertaken to design an 18-story timber-based high rise in Denver, Colorado. The design uses a variety of Engineered Wood Products (EWP) in the most effective and efficient way. The findings of this study have shown that wood, being an isotropic material, prefers to have forces run parallel to its grain. Combining multiple types of engineered wood arranged to create forces traveling parallel to their fiber grain direction created a system that was efficient, strong, and architecturally effective. The design also works to avoid subjecting wood to forces perpendicular to its wood grain, thus avoiding its weaknesses. Finally, the design uses common, stock, engineered lumber products to make the project more economical. It produced a high rise design that serves as a highly desirable model for future projects across the United States and world. This technology will not be limited to high rises and can be used in a plethora of large-scale building types. Broader implementation of this technology will help to decrease our species’ carbon footprint as our population expands and builds. More material efficient structural solutions will encourage wider spread implementation and their aesthetic qualities will increase their desirability by private and government investors alike.

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made by laminating dimensional or structural composite lumber in alternating orthogonal layers. Compared to Canada and Europe, CLT is a novel product to the US. With the additions included in the 2021 International Building Code (IBC), CLT material properties, especially rolling shear, would need to be explored. The increasing demand for softwood lumber, along with the increase of demand of CLT panel production, could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a phenomenon that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel when it is loaded out-of-plane. This study used the two-plate shear test from ASTM D2718 to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear. / Master of Science / Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood panel product, similar to plywood, constructed with solid-sawn or structural composite lumber in alternating perpendicular layers. The additions included in the incoming 2021 International Building Code (IBC) has placed an importance in expanding the research related to the mechanical and material properties of CLT. Also, with the increasing demand for softwood lumber and CLT panel production, the demand for the domestic softwood lumber could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a failure type that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel. This study used the two-plate shear test to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.