Sunil, K.C. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-224). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix iv also in Laos language. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.IV / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF TABLES --- p.IX / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XII / LIST OF MAPS --- p.XIII / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XIV / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- NTFPs and Poverty: a nexus --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- NTFPs and economic inequality --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Spatial Distinction and NTFPs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Problem statement --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- "Laos,NTFPs, Poverty and Conservation" --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Research questions and assumptions --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Justification for study and research objectives --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the research --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- REVIEW OF LITERATURES AND THEORETICAL APPROACH… --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of literatures --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- NTFPs in Global Studies --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Studies in Laos --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Studies in Bokeo --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Household Economic model --- p.30 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study Area --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Bio-Physical setting --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Social and Settlement Structure --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Household economy --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Forest policy and land tenure --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- Selection of study location --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Method of data collection --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Primary data collection --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Secondary data collection --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Description of variables in the study --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC DISTINCTION IN THE SWIDDEN FARMING UPLAND AND THE SEDENTARIZED FARMING LOWLAND --- p.53 / Chapter 4.1 --- Household demography in upland and lowland --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2 --- Household economy --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Agriculture --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Animal Husbandry --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Off-farm Income --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- NTFP Income --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Total household cash income --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- SPATIAL DISTINCTION AND NTFP DEPENDENCY --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1 --- Dependency of NTFPs on different geographical location --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Uses of NTFPs --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Allocation of time and labor for NTFP collection --- p.74 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- NTFP cash income --- p.76 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- NTFPs income distribution in different geographic location --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Level of NTFPs dependency in different geographical locations --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- Relation between income from NTFPs and other sources of cash income --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2 --- Result of Regression models --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Linear regression model of NTFPs income in the upland --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Linear regression model of NTFPs Income in the lowland --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Linear regression model of NTFP dependency in the upland --- p.92 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Linear regression model of NTFP dependency in the lowland --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusion --- p.96 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- INCOME INEQUALITY AND HOUSEHOLDS' DEPENDENCY ON NTFPS IN THE UPLAND --- p.99 / Chapter 6.1 --- Economic groups in the upland and the lowland --- p.99 / Chapter 6.2 --- Socio-economic characteristics households of different economic groups in the upland --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Household demography --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Household economy among economic groups in the upland --- p.101 / Chapter 6.3 --- Dependency on NTFPs of different economic groups in the upland --- p.108 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Labor and time allocation for the collection of the NTFPs --- p.109 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- NTFP cash income --- p.111 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- NTFPs income distribution in different economic groups --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Level of NTFPs dependency in different economic groups in the upland --- p.118 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Relation between income from NTFPs and other sources of cash income --- p.120 / Chapter 6.4 --- Result of regression models --- p.122 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Linear regression model of NTFP income for different economic groups --- p.122 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Linear regression model of NTFP dependency in different economic groups --- p.124 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND HOUSEHOLDS' DEPENDENCY ON NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS IN THE LOWLAND --- p.131 / Chapter 7.1 --- Socio-economic characteristics households of different economic groups in the lowland --- p.131 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Household demography --- p.131 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Household economy of different economic inequality groups in the lowland --- p.133 / Chapter 7.2 --- Dependency on NTFPs of different economic groups in the lowland --- p.139 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Allocation of time and labor for collecting NTFPs in different economic group --- p.140 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Total NTFP cash income --- p.143 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- NTFPs income distribution in different economic groups --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Level of NTFPs dependency in different economic groups in the lowland --- p.153 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Relationship between income from NTFPs and other sources of cash income --- p.155 / Chapter 7.3 --- Result of Regression models --- p.156 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Linear regression model of NTFP income for different economic groups --- p.157 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Linear regression model of NTFP dependency in different economic groups --- p.160 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.163 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- "DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND PRACTICAL RELEVANCE" --- p.167 / Chapter 8.1 --- Discussions --- p.167 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- NTFP dependency on geographical location --- p.167 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- NTFPs dependency of different economic groups in the swidden farming upland --- p.171 / Chapter 8.1.3 --- NTFPs dependency of different economic groups in the sedentarized farming lowland --- p.173 / Chapter 8.1.4 --- NTFP dependency and various demographic and socio-economic variables --- p.175 / Chapter 8.1.5 --- Reflection on Methodology used and recommendation for future research --- p.180 / Chapter 8.2 --- Conclusion --- p.183 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- NTFP dependency in the swidden farming upland and the sedentarized farming lowland --- p.183 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- NTFP dependency on different economic groups in the swidden farming upland region --- p.185 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- NTFP dependency on different economic groups in the swidden farming lowland regions --- p.187 / Chapter 8.2.4 --- Overall conclusion --- p.190 / Chapter 8.3 --- Implication of the research --- p.191 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- "Cash income from NTFPs, conservation, poverty reduction and policy" --- p.191 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- "NTFPs, Swidden farming and LFA" --- p.193 / APPENDICES --- p.194 / Appendix I: Indicators for wealth ranking in the upland and lowland villages --- p.194 / Appendix II: List of different categories of NTFPs used in the study area --- p.195 / Appendix III: Exhaustive list of variables used in the study areas --- p.200 / Appendix IV: Household survey questionnnaire --- p.203 / REFERENCES --- p.210

A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo. / The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.

No description available.

The purpose of this research was to understand an indigenous perspective on the development and commercialization of non-timber forest products, such as medicines and foods, in Pikangikum First Nation, Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Framed by a research agreement between Pikangikum First Nation and the University of Manitoba, this collaborative research was based on participant observation, field trips, semi-structured interviews, and community workshops. The appropriate development and commercialization of Anishinaabe mushkeekeeh (medicine) and meecheem (food) requires the guidance of community Elders, Anishinaabe knowledge, and traditional teachings. The community is cautiously interested in developing collaborative, diligent, and culturally respectful partnerships that interface knowledge systems. Benefit sharing means the joint ownership of intellectual property and financial benefits, developing employment and capacity-building opportunities for community members, and planning products for community use. This thesis offers a community perspective on how NTFPs might be researched, developed and commercialized in joint and mutually beneficial partnerships with a First Nation.

An understanding of the effects of harvest on wild plant populations is essential for discerning the ecological impacts of past and present human uses of wild species, and for conserving species which are currently overexploited. This dissertation builds on theories and methods to describe and predict the impacts of harvesting non-timber forest products (NTFP) through an ethnoecological study of the terrestrial bromeliad Aechmea magdalenae. A. magdalenae is harvested from the rainforests of South-eastern Mexico where it has a long history of exploitation. The fiber extracted from its leaves is used to embroider leather articles in an artwork known as piteado. The sustainable harvest of this species has been promoted in Mexico as a strategy to conserve forests and provide local people with a stable income. / A combination of demographic, ethnobotanical and participatory methods was used to quantify harvest strategies, measure their impacts on A. magdalenae populations, and assess potential for cultivation. The impacts of harvesting: (1) ramets used for forest plantations; (2) leaves and ramets; (3) and whole plants and ramets, were measured by comparing the dynamics of harvested and nonharvested populations. The demographic implications of variation in the ecological and human context of harvest were examined. The effects of variation in traditional management and traditional knowledge of this species were also quantified. / Analyses using matrix models indicate that primary forest populations harvested for their ramets are declining due to overexploitation. Secondary forest populations are tolerant to ramet harvest and show elevated rates of growth and vegetative propagation in wild and cultivated plants. High rates of fiber harvest have little impact on population growth rates and increase A. magdalenae's tolerance to ramet harvest. The economic and ecological implications of local harvesting strategies vary within regions as well as between regions with short and long histories of A. magdalenae management. A test of the accuracy of estimating maximum sustainable harvests using current approaches illustrates that these methods can lead to erroneous conclusions. / The results of this study are used to suggest improvements for approaches to assessing the impacts of NTFP harvest, for combining traditional ecological knowledge and science in management plans, and for using participatory ecological and ethnoecological research to promote conservation.

The purpose of this research was to understand an indigenous perspective on the development and commercialization of non-timber forest products, such as medicines and foods, in Pikangikum First Nation, Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Framed by a research agreement between Pikangikum First Nation and the University of Manitoba, this collaborative research was based on participant observation, field trips, semi-structured interviews, and community workshops. The appropriate development and commercialization of Anishinaabe mushkeekeeh (medicine) and meecheem (food) requires the guidance of community Elders, Anishinaabe knowledge, and traditional teachings. The community is cautiously interested in developing collaborative, diligent, and culturally respectful partnerships that interface knowledge systems. Benefit sharing means the joint ownership of intellectual property and financial benefits, developing employment and capacity-building opportunities for community members, and planning products for community use. This thesis offers a community perspective on how NTFPs might be researched, developed and commercialized in joint and mutually beneficial partnerships with a First Nation.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Geography. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/01/16). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1997. / Errata slip inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-186).

A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo. / The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.

A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo. / The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.