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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
201

Avaliacao de integridade de revestimentos de combustiveis de reatores de pesquisa e teste de materiais utilizando o ensaio de correntes parasitas

ALENCAR, DONIZETE A. de 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09810.pdf: 7314670 bytes, checksum: 5232e1c4a6554def247601f9a049ba1f (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
202

Radiografia com partículas alfa induzida por nêutrons / Neutron-Induced alpha radiography

PEREIRA, MARCO A.S. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / No presente trabalho foi desenvolvida uma técnica radiográfica para a inspeção de amostras finas, que emprega feixes de partículas - ? como radiação penetrante e, detectores de traços nucleares de estado sólido para o registro da imagem. O feixe é gerado em uma tela de boro natural quando irradiada com nêutrons térmicos e o detector utilizado foi o CR-39. A interação das partículas - ? com o detector geram danos, os quais sob a ação de uma solução química adequada transformam-se em traços, as unidades básicas formadoras da imagem. Foi desenvolvido um sistema digital próprio para a aquisição, análise e processamento dos dados e das imagens registradas nos detectores. As condições ótimas de irradiação e de revelação para a obtenção de uma radiografia são 1,3 horas e 25 minutos a 70°C, respectivamente. Nestas condições a técnica é capaz de analisar amostras com até 10?m de espessura, com uma resolução espacial de 32?m. O emprego do sistema digital permitiu uma redução significativa no tempo despendido para a aquisição e análise de dados e, uma melhoria na visualização das imagens radiográficas registradas. Além disto permitiu acesso a novos dados referentes aos traços registrados, o que abriu novas perspectivas de pesquisa pois, tem-se acesso aos parâmetros fundamentais que norteiam a teoria da formação da imagem em detectores de traços nucleares utilizada neste trabalho. São apresentadas algumas radiografias que demonstram a potencialidade da técnica desenvolvida. Quando comparada com as outras técnicas radiográficas usuais, empregadas para inspecionar amostras finas, a desenvolvida no presente trabalho permite um menor tempo para a obtenção da imagem, não é necessário a manipulação de materiais radioativos líquidos e, o filme empregado é praticamente insensível às radiações ?, ?, raios - X e luz visível. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
203

Reconhecimento de PadrÃes AtravÃs de AnÃlises EstatÃsticas e Fractais Aplicadas a Dados de Ensaios NÃo-Destrutivos / Pattern Recognition by Statistical Fluctuation and Fractal Analyses Applied to Nondestructive Testing Data

Francisco EstÃnio da Silva 19 December 2011 (has links)
FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / In this work a procedure is studied for pattern classification related to different types of data, namely: (1) signals obtained from ultrasonic testing ( pulse-echo technique) and magnetic signals obtained from BarkhÃusen noise in samples of ferritic-pearlitic carbon steel tubes which, due to temperature effects, have shown microstructural changes as consequence of the total or partial transformation of the pearlite into spherodite; (2) images built from TOFD ultrasonic testing and 8 bit digital radiographic images obtained from carbon steel 1020 sheets, with different welding defects. From the data obtained, images have been considered with the defects as lack of fusion, lack of penetration, porosity and images without defect. For this aim, non-conventional mathematical techniques have been used for the preprocessing of the data, namely, the statistical analyses, Hurst analysis (RSA) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), and fractal analyses, box counting analysis (BCA) and minimal cover analysis (MCA). The curves obtained with the initial mathematical treatment, discrete functions of the temporal window width, have been handled with the supervised and non-supervised pattern recognition techniques known as principal component analysis and Karhunen-LoÃve (KL) transformation analysis respectively. With respect to the magnetic signals, the KL classifier has been shown to be very efficient when applied to DFA obtained from the magnetic flux, with a success rate around 94%. On the other hand, for the magnetic noise signals we have not obtained an acceptable success rate independently of the pre-processing used. However, when were considered the curves obtained by concatenating all curves of the pre-processing was obtained a consistent average success rate of 85%. As far as the rate of success of the PCA classifier is concerned, an excellent success of 96% has been reached for concatenated curves of selected data of magnetic noise only. As far as the analyses of the backscattered ultrasonic signals is concerned, it was not possible to classify the different stages of the microstructural degradation by using KL or PCA independently of the pre-processing used. As far as the analyses of the D-scan images are concerned, by applying PCA a rate of success of 81% has been obtained with MCA data, 73% has been obtained by concatenating all curves from the different fractal and statistical analyses and around 85% when concatenating the best individual results (DFA and MCA). On the other hand, considering the KL classifier, high success rates have been verified for the training stage, between 96% and 99%, and a maximum success rate (100%), when concatenating all analyses. With respect to the testing results, the best success rate which has been reached was approximately 77%, when concatenating all the curves obtained from the statistical and fractal pre-processing. For the digitalized radiographic images, relevant individual rates of success (between 70% and 90%) for the training set (consisting of all data) have been obtained for the classifier KL only, and a 100% success rate, when concatenating all the curves obtained from the pre-processing of the images. / Neste trabalho estudou-se uma metodologia de classificaÃÃo de padrÃes relacionados a dois tipos de dados: (1) sinais obtidos atravÃs dos ensaios ultrassÃnicos (tÃcnica pulso-eco) e sinais magnÃticos obtidos atravÃs de ruÃdo Barkhausen realizados em amostras de tubos de aÃo carbono ferrÃtico-perlÃtico que devido aos efeitos da temperatura de trabalho apresentaram mudanÃas microestruturais decorrentes da transformaÃÃo parcial ou total da perlita em esferoiditas; e (2) imagens construÃdas a partir de ensaios ultrassÃnicos (tÃcnica TOFD) e imagens radiogrÃficas digitais de chapas de aÃo carbono 1020 soldadas, obtidas com resoluÃÃo de 8bits, nas quais foram inseridos diversos tipos de defeitos de soldagem. Dos dados gerados, foram estudadas as imagens com os defeitos de falta de fusÃo (FF), falta de penetraÃÃo (FP), porosidade (PO) e uma classe designada como sem defeito (SD). Para tanto, utilizaram-se de tÃcnicas matemÃticas nÃo convencionais no prÃ-processamentos dos dados conhecidas como anÃlises estatÃsticas de Hurst (RSA) e flutuaÃÃo sem tendÃncia (DFA) e as anÃlises fractais de contagem de caixas (BCA) e de mÃnima cobertura (MCA). Em seguida as curvas obtidas desse tratamento matemÃtico inicial, funÃÃes discretas da largura da janela temporal, foram utilizadas na alimentaÃÃo das tÃcnicas de reconhecimento de padrÃes nÃo supervisionada e supervisionada conhecidas, respectivamente, como anÃlise de componentes principais (PCA) e anÃlise da transformaÃÃo de Karhunen-LoÃve (KL). Em relaÃÃo aos estudos dos sinais magnÃticos, o classificador KL mostrou-se eficiente quando aplicado Ãs DFA do fluxo magnÃtico, com uma taxa de sucesso em torno de 94%. Jà para os sinais do ruÃdo magnÃtico nÃo se obteve uma taxa de sucesso aceitÃvel, independente do prÃ-processamento utilizado. Entretanto quando todas as curvas de todas as anÃlises, dos dois tipos de sinais magnÃticos (ruÃdo e fluxo), foram concatenadas, obteve-se uma taxa mÃdia de sucesso consistente de aproximadamente 85%. No tocante Ãs taxas de sucesso do classificador PCA, somente para o ruÃdo magnÃtico e considerando todas as curvas concatenadas para um grupo de dados selecionados, conseguiu-se uma taxa de sucesso de 96%. A respeito das anÃlises dos sinais ultrassÃnicos retroespalhados, tambÃm nÃo foi possÃvel classificar, nem com a KL e nem com a PCA, os diferentes estÃgios de degradaÃÃo microestrutural, independemente do prÃ-processamento utilizado. No tocante Ãs analises das imagens D-scan, obteve-se com a PCA, taxas de sucesso de 81% considerando apenas os dados das MCA, 73% quando as curvas de todas as anÃlises estatÃsticas e fractais foram concatenadas, e em torno de 85%, quando apenas as curvas das melhores anÃlises (DFA e MCA) foram concatenadas. Jà considerando o classificador KL, verificaram-se taxas de sucesso na etapa de treinamento, entre 96% e 99%, e mÃxima taxa de sucesso (100%) no caso dos vetores de todas as anÃlises concatenados. Em relaÃÃo aos resultados dos testes, a melhor taxa de sucesso alcanÃada foi aproximadamente de 77% quando se concatenaram todas as curvas oriundas dos prÃ-processamentos estatÃsticos e fractais. Com respeito Ãs imagens radiogrÃficas digitalizadas somente com o classificador KL (na etapa de treinamento, com 100% dos vetores) obtiveram-se taxas de sucesso individuais entre 70 e 90% de acertos e 100% de sucesso na classificaÃÃo quando se concatenaram as curvas de todos os prÃ-processamentos das imagens.
204

O uso de redes neurais artificiais como ferramenta para auxiliar na determinação da vida útil de pavimentos flexíveis / Using artificial neural networks as a tool to assist in the evaluation of the remaining life of flexible pavements

Flavio Serpa Zanetti 28 March 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento para auxiliar na determinação da vida útil de pavimentos flexíveis através da determinação de tensões e deformações causadas pela solicitação de um eixo padrão na estrutura de pavimentos flexíveis utilizando Redes Neurais Artificiais. Para treinamento e validação das redes foram utilizadas bacias de deflexões hipotéticas geradas com o auxílio do programa ELSYM5, simulando o carregamento com falling weight deflectometer. Foram criados quatro conjuntos de bacias hipotéticas, dois para pavimentos de três camadas e dois para pavimentos de quatro camadas. As redes neurais artificiais foram treinadas e validadas utilizando-se o simulador EasyNN-plus, que utiliza redes multilayer perceptron com algoritmo de aprendizagem backpropagation. Os dados de entrada das redes são as espessuras das camadas do pavimento e a bacia de deflexão. Como saída, têm-se as tensões e deformações na face inferior do revestimento e no topo do subleito e os módulos de resiliência das camadas do pavimento. Foram determinadas retas de regressão, coeficientes de regressão e histogramas de erros entre os valores reais (ELSYM5) e os valores previstos (RNA). Os resultados obtidos pelas redes neurais artificiais apresentaram boa correlação com os valores reais, demonstrando a capacidade das redes neurais para auxiliar na determinação da vida útil de pavimentos flexíveis, ao estimar diretamente as tensões e deformações em pontos específicos da estrutura. / This paper presents a procedure to assist the evaluation of the remaining life of flexible pavements by means of the determination of stresses and strains caused by a standard load in flexible pavements structures using artificial neural networks. Hypothetical deflections basins, generated by the ELSYM5 program, simulating the load applied by a falling weight deflectometer, were used to train and to validate the networks. Four sets of hypothetical basins were created, two for pavements with three layers and two for pavements with four layers. The artificial neural networks were trained and validated using the EasyNN-plus simulator, which uses multilayer perceptron networks with back-propagation learning algorithm. The networks input data are the pavements layers thickness and the deflection basin. The networks outputs are the stresses and strains in the bottom of the asphalt layer and at the top of the subgrade and resilience modulus of the pavement layers. The results obtained by the artificial neural networks showed good correlation with the real values, demonstrating that neural networks have capacity to assist in the evaluation of the remaining life of flexible pavements, estimating directly the stresses and strains of specific points of the pavement structure.
205

Simulação da propagação de ondas ultrassônicas longitudinais em materiais estruturais aeroespaciais / Simulating the propagation of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in aerospace structural materials

Leão, Rodrigo Junqueira 08 October 2012 (has links)
Orientador: Auteliano Antunes dos Santos Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:43:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leao_RodrigoJunqueira_M.pdf: 11585473 bytes, checksum: eb36aabbabd372414779881f910455a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Materiais compósitos são cada vez mais utilizados na indústria aeroespacial, por apresentarem baixa relação entre massa específica e resistência mecânica. Para a realização de ensaios não destrutivos utilizando o ultrassom, faz-se necessário conhecer a velocidade com que o som se propaga através desses materiais. Nem sempre é possível desenvolver protótipos reais durante o desenvolvimento de um projeto, por limitações construtivas e de custo; modelos virtuais são, pois, necessários. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver modelos virtuais para avaliar a propagação de ondas em compósitos e compará-los com resultados experimentais. Uma liga de alumínio é usada inicialmente, de forma a calibrar o modelo e configurar alguns parâmetros de simulação. O material composto analisado é um laminado unidirecional, fabricado a partir de 97 camadas de material pré-impregnado (AS4/8552) da Hexcel¿. Utiliza-se o método dos elementos finitos para simular a geração, propagação e recepção de ondas ultrassônicas no modelo. O foco do estudo são ondas longitudinais de volume, embora a geração de ondas longitudinais criticamente refratadas (Lcr) também seja demonstrada. A razão é que o estudo é parte de uma pesquisa sobre o desenvolvimento de técnicas ultrassônicas para a medição de tensões em compósitos, utilizando Acustoelasticidade. A fim de permitir a medição da velocidade da onda ultrassônica em diferentes orientações, foi fabricado um corpo de prova em formato de prisma de base poligonal de 24 lados. O modelo numérico desenvolvido considera o caso ideal, onde as lâminas são perfeitamente coladas umas nas outras e não há problemas como delaminação ou vazios. Um modelo simplificado de cada lâmina foi admitido, de modo a utilizar uma malha menos refinada nas simulações e reduzir o gasto computacional. A fração volumétrica de reforço e matriz foi mantida. Um pulso de 1 MHz foi inserido no modelo e as discretizações no tempo e no espaço foram escolhidas de forma coerente. Simulações para o caso de 0º e 90º foram feitas e um modelo para os outros ângulos de orientação foi proposto. Os resultados mostram-se satisfatórios e indicam que, no futuro, o modelo simplificado adotado poderá ser estendido, levando em conta não conformidades e uma distribuição mais heterogênea das fibras, permitindo o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de inspeção aperfeiçoadas / Abstract: The use of composite materials in the aerospace industry is increasing due to its low ratio between density and mechanical strength. To perform non-destructive testing using ultrasound, it is necessary to know the sound velocity in these materials. It is not always possible to manufacture physical prototypes during the development of a project because of time, construction limitation and cost; virtual models are therefore needed. The objective of this work is to develop virtual models to evaluate the wave propagation in composites and compare them with experimental results. Initially, an aluminum alloy is used in order to calibrate the model and configure some simulation parameters. The composite material analyzed is a unidirectional laminate, made from 97 layers of prepreg material (AS4/8552) from Hexcel¿. We use the finite element method to simulate the generation, propagation and reception of ultrasonic waves in the model. The focus of this study is the generation of longitudinal bulk waves, although the generation of Critically Refracted Longitudinal (Lcr) waves is also demonstrated. The reason is that the study is part of an ongoing research project on the development of ultrasonic techniques for measuring residual stress in composites, using acoustoelasticity. To enable the measurement of the ultrasonic wave velocity in different orientations, we manufactured a specimen in a prismatic shape (24-sided polygonal base). The numerical model consists of the ideal case, where the different materials are completely attached to each other and there are no problems such as delamination or voids. A simplified model of each layer was admitted, to use a less refined mesh in the simulations and reduce the computational cost. The volume fraction of reinforcement and matrix was maintained. A pulse of 1 MHz was inserted into the model and the discretization both in time and space was chosen consistently. Simulations for the case of 0° and 90° were made and a model for the other orientations was proposed. The results prove to be satisfactory and indicate that in the future, the simplified model adopted could be extended, taking into account nonconformities and a more heterogeneous distribution of the fibers, allowing the development of improved inspection tools / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
206

On two Random Models in Data Analysis

James, David 12 January 2017 (has links)
No description available.
207

Untersuchungen zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von CFK-Bauteilen für die fertigungsbegleitende Qualitätssicherung im Automobilbau

Kochan, Antje 17 February 2011 (has links)
Ein großer Vorteil von Kunststoffbauteilen ist neben funktionellen Vorzügen die Kosten- und Gewichtsreduzierung durch integrale Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Es können Geometrien umgesetzt werden, die mit metallischen Werkstoffen nur unter hohem Aufwand realisierbar sind. Insbesondere im Bereich der Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (FKV) gibt es hohen Forschungsbedarf hinsichtlich Reduzierung von Herstellungskosten, Erhöhung der Langlebigkeit aber auch der Reparaturfähigkeit. Die Erkennung von Defekten ist dabei eine grundlegende Voraussetzung. Für einen FKV-Serieneinsatz im Automobilbau gibt es jedoch kein bekanntes und ausreichendes Prüfkonzept der Schadenserkennung für die geforderten Stückzahlen. Die aus der Luft- und Raumfahrt bekannten Methoden lassen sich aufgrund ihres hohen apparativen Aufwandes und der eingeschränkten Tauglichkeit bezüglich geometrisch komplexer Bauteile nicht unmittelbar übernehmen. Es bestehen andere Anforderungen an ein Prüfkonzept für FKV-Bauteile im Automobilbau. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethoden hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung zur Detektion nicht sichtbarer Schäden systematisch untersucht und bewertet. Der Fokus lag dabei auf Bauteilen aus kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen des Automobils, die sowohl eine flächige als auch eine mehrfach gekrümmte Bauteilstruktur mit nicht-homogenen Wanddicken aufweisen können. In Abhängigkeit von der Art der Schädigung, etwa Einschlüsse, Zwischenfaserrisse oder Delaminationen wurden die unterschiedlichen Verfahren vergleichend in Hinblick auf Detektionssicherheit, -grenzen und Einschränkungen durch gegebene geometrische sowie werkstoffliche Bauteilausführungen bewertet und ein Konzept für eine fertigungsbegleitende Qualitätssicherung entwickelt.
208

Assessment of optical coherence tomography for metrology applications in high-scattering ceramic materials

Su, Rong January 2012 (has links)
Large-scale and cost-effective manufacturing of ceramic micro devices based on tape stacking requires the development of inspection systems to perform high-resolution in-process quality control of embedded manufactured cavities, metal structures and defects. In this work, alumina ceramic samples are evaluated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) operating at 1.3μm wavelength and some dimensional data are obtained by dedicated image processing and segmentation. Layer thicknesses can be measured and laser-machined channels can be verified embedded at around 100μm depth. Moreover, detection of internal defects is enabled. Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations are employed to analyze the abilities of OCT in imaging of the embedded channels. The light scattering mechanism is studied for the alumina ceramics, and different scattering origins and models are discussed. The scattering parameters required as input data for simulations are evaluated from the integrating sphere measurements of collimated and diffuse transmittance spectra using a reconstruction algorithm based on refined diffusion approximation approach. / <p>QC 20120628</p>
209

Quality Assessment of Thin Polymer Components using NonDestructive Testing : Degree Project for Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering with emphasis on Applied Mechanics / Kvalitetsundersökning av tunna polymerkomponenter med användning av oförstörande provning : Examensarbete för Civilingenjör i Maskinteknik med inriktning Tillämpad Mekanik

Nilsson, Markus, Carlén, Tom January 2019 (has links)
Polymer components are used in many different applications, including in industries where critical applications put high requirements regarding quality assessment. Such applications might include medical or food where the presence of discontinuities might induce bacterial growth or other unpleasantries, thus certain manufacturers must be able to maintain a zero-tolerance towards damaged components. This leads to the need for efficient testing methods of nondestructive nature capable of testing large quantities of components in a production line environment. The authors have been tasked by Acoustic Agree AB and Trelleborg AB, a world-leading producer of polymer engineered solutions, to find a nondestructive testing method capable of detecting discontinuities in thin polymer components in a production line environment. Implementation in production line environments puts requirements on test cycle time and a goal is to complete a test cycle within 3-4 seconds. Due to restrictions regarding available equipment and expertise, the focus has been put on applying nonlinear acoustic methods for nondestructive testing instead of more conventional methods. These methods utilize the nonlinear distortion of acoustic waves which causes certain characteristics to appear, such as the generation of Higher Harmonics (HH), frequency modulation (NWMS), resonance frequency shift (NRUS), and amplitude recovery (IDAR). Visual testing was used to discern visibly damaged samples from seemingly undamaged ones. The only methods which showed the possibility of discerning damaged thin polymer components were NRUS and IDAR. Only the latter has the capability to maintain the prescribed test cycle time. Nonlinear acoustic methods seem to be capable of detecting discontinuities in thin polymer components within the given time frame. More work is required to properly investigate the performance of NWMS and IDAR. The configuration used in this work was mainly focused on IDAR, resulting in specific calibration for NWMS was neglected. The sample population was also too low to collect sufficient data to ensure statistical certainty regarding the performance for either method. / Polymerkomponenter används i många olika tillämpningar, i synnerhet i industrier där kritiska tillämpningar ställer höga krav på kvalitetsbedömning. Sådana tillämpningar kan finnas inom medicinska- eller livsmedelsindustrier där förekomsten av diskontinuiteter kan inducera bakterietillväxt eller andra obehagliga egenskaper, därför måste vissa tillverkare upprätta nolltolerans mot skadade komponenter. Detta leder till behovet av effektiva provningsmetoder av oförstörande natur som kan utvärdera stora mängder komponenter i en produktionslinjemiljö. Författarna har fått uppdrag av Acoustic Agree AB och Trelleborg AB, en världsledande producent av polymertekniska lösningar, för att finna en oförstörande provningsmetod som kan detektera diskontinuiteter i tunna polymerkomponenter i en produktionslinjemiljö. Implementering i produktionslinjemiljöer ställer krav på testcykeltid och ett mål är att kunna slutföra en testcykel inom 3-4 sekunder. Begränsningen av tillgänglig utrustning och expertis har lett till att författarna har fokuserat på att tillämpa olinjära akustiska metoder för oförstörande provning istället för mer konventionella metoder. Dessa metoder utnyttjar olinjär distortion av akustiska vågor vilket medför att vissa egenskaper uppträder, såsom generering av övertoner (HH), frekvensmodulering (NWMS), resonansfrekvensskift (NRUS) och amplitudåtergång (IDAR). Visuell provning användes för att skildra synligt skadade prover från till synes oskadade. De enda metoder som visade möjligheten att urskilja skadade tunna polymerkomponenter var NRUS och IDAR. Endast den sistnämnda har förmågan att utföra provning inom den föreskrivna provcykeltiden. Olinjära akustiska metoder verkar kunna detektera diskontinuiteter i tunna polymerkomponenter inom den givna tidsramen. Mer arbete krävs för att korrekt utvärdera prestandan av NWMS och IDAR. Konfigurationen som användes i detta arbete var huvudsakligen inriktad på IDAR, vilket resulterade i att specifik kalibrering för NWMS ej utförts. Provpopulationen var även för låg för att kunna samla in tillräckligt med data för att uppnå statistisk säkerhet angående metodernas prestanda.
210

Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung metallischer Überlappschweißverbindungen in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien mit Fokus auf die optisch angeregte Infrarotthermografie

Just, Philipp 09 July 2019 (has links)
Bei der Assemblierung von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien ist ein zentraler Arbeitsschritt die Herstellung der elektrischen Verbindung von einzelnen Lithium-Ionen-Zellen in Reihen- und/oder Parallelschaltung. Dazu kommen in der Regel Überlappschweißverbindungen aus Blechen mit Dicken von unter 2 mm zum Einsatz. Typischerweise werden Eisen-, Aluminium- und Kupferwerkstoffe genutzt. Dieser Produktionsschritt ist wegen der Wichtigkeit für die gesamte Batteriefunktion in seiner Qualität zu überwachen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein dafür geeignetes Verfahren identifiziert. Es wurden Ultraschallprüfverfahren, Durchstrahlungsverfahren, die Messung des elektrischen Widerstands sowie thermografische Verfahren auf ihre Eignung zur Prüfung derartiger Überlappschweißverbindungen hin untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die nach dem Stand der Technik verfügbaren Verfahren im betrachteten Anwendungsfall wegen unzureichender Zugänglichkeit, mangelnder Fähigkeit der Fehlerdetektion oder wirtschaftlicher Gründe häufig nur eingeschränkt einsetzbar sind. Demzufolge war ein neues Verfahren zur Prüfung der Schweißnähte zur elektrischen Verbindung von Zellen zu entwickeln. Als Ansatz wurde die optisch angeregte Thermografie gewählt. Diese konnte erfolgreich eingesetzt werden, wenn ein Laser zur Anregung sowie eine Photonendetektorkamera zur Detektion genutzt wurde. Durch die Anwendung der Lockin-Thermografie konnten Rauscheinflüsse auf die Messung minimiert werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Lockin-Messungen auch dann ausgewertet können, wenn das gemessene Temperatursignal neben einer harmonischen Schwingung und Rauschen einen stetigen Temperaturtrend aufweist. Die Anwendung von im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickelten Abschirmelementen, die für die Anregungsstrahlung transparent und die von der genutzten Kamera erfassten Strahlung undurchlässig sind, erlaubte die Prüfung metallischer Schweißverbindung in der Nähe von hochabsorptiven Flächen. Unter Nutzung eines neu entwickelten Auswertealgorithmus, der auf die Kompensation des Effekts lateraler Wärmeflüsse im untersuchten Bauteil zielt, konnte die Ergebnisqualität der Thermografie hinsichtlich einer besseren optischen Korrelation der Ergebnisbilder zu Referenzprüfungen sowie einer verringerten Messunsicherheit der angebundenen Fläche verbessert werden. Insgesamt zeigte sich das Verfahren in seiner weiterentwickelten Form als für die Prüfung tauglich.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation und Ziel 1.2 Einführung in die Arbeit 2 Stand der Technik 2.1 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien für Elektrofahrzeuge 2.1.1 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien im Vergleich zu anderen Energiespeichern in der Elektromobilität 2.1.2 Aufbau und Funktion von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 2.2 Fertigungstechnik der Kontaktierung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen 2.2.1 Kontaktierung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen 2.2.2 Schweißverfahren zur Kontaktierung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen 2.3 Schweißnahtanforderungen und -fehler 2.4 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Kontaktierverbindungen 2.4.1 Qualitätssicherung von Kontaktierverbindungen 2.4.2 Anforderungen an zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren 2.4.3 Ultraschallprüfung 2.4.4 Durchstrahlungsprüfung 2.4.5 Messung des elektrischen Widerstands 2.4.6 Oberflächenprüfung 2.4.7 Infrarotthermografie 3 Vorauswahl eines geeigneten Verfahrens der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung 3.1 Untersuchte Verfahren 3.2 Ultraschallverfahren 3.3 Durchstrahlungsverfahren 3.4 Messung des elektrischen Widerstands 3.5 Infrarotthermografie 3.6 Verfahrensauswahl 4 Anwendung der optisch angeregten Thermografie zur Schweißnahtprüfung 4.1 Herausforderungen bei der Messung von Kontaktierschweißverbindungen von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 4.2 Narzisseffekt und Perspektivenkorrektur 4.3 Techniken der optischen Anregung 4.4 Signalaufbereitung durch Lockin-Verfahren 4.4.1 Lockin-Thermografie 4.4.2 Lockin-Thermografie im Nicht-Gleichgewichtszustand 5 Unterdrückung des Einflusses von Reflexionen bei der thermografischen Prüfung von Kontaktierverbindungen 5.1 Hintergrund 5.2 Lösungsansatz 5.3 Werkstoffauswahl 5.4 Erprobung 6 Kompensation des Einflusses lateraler Wärmeströme 6.1 Mehrdimensionaler Wärmefluss 6.2 Simulation des Einflusses lateraler Wärmeströme 6.2.1 Simulationsmodell 6.2.2 Simulationsresultate 6.3 Entwicklung eines Kompensationsalgorithmus 6.3.1 Ansatz 6.3.2 Ergebnis 6.3.3 Sensitivitätsanalyse 6.3.4 Fazit der simulativen Untersuchung des Kompensationsalgorithmus 6.4 Umsetzung und Verifikation des Kompensationsalgorithmus 6.4.1 Untersuchte Proben 6.4.2 Emissionsgradmessung 6.4.3 Ergebnisqualität 6.4.4 Grenzen des Algorithmus 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Ausblick / The electrical connection of a multitude of lithium-ion cells is of high importance for producing lithium-ion batteries. These connections are usually carried out with lap welds of steel, aluminium and copper sheets with a thickness of less than 2 mm. Due to its importance the electrical connection should be subject to non-destructive evaluation. Therefore, a suitable method was identified to evaluate the electrical connection. Technologies based on ultrasonic, radiographic and thermographic evaluation as well as measurement of electrical resistance have been studied regarding their potential to non-destructively test aforementioned lap welds. It was found that in the studied case state of the art technologies are limited by restraints regarding accessibility, cycle time and detectability of ctitical flaws. Therefore, a new technique for non-destructive testing of lap welds between cell connections, had to be be defined. Optically excited thermography was considered a promising approach. Optically excited thermography was applied successfully using a laser as excitation source and a photon detector camera to record infrared radiation. The application of the lock-in principle allowed significant noise reduction. It was shown that the evaluation of temperature sequences using the lock-in algorithm does not depend on a temperature signal that shows strict harmonic behaviour but could also be applied when the raw temperature sequence incorporated a trend. The application of newly developed radiation shields, which are transparent to the wavelengths of the excitation signal, but opaque to the wavelengths of infrared detection, allowed thermographic testing of metal surfaces in proximity to highly absorbing surfaces. A new algorithm was developed for evaluating thermographic sequences aimed at reducing the impact of lateral thermal flux. It was proven to increase the quality of thermographic results in terms of visual correlation to reference technologies and measurement uncertainty of the joined area. Overall, the improved technology was found to be feasible for non-destructive testing of lap welds in lithium-ion batteries.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation und Ziel 1.2 Einführung in die Arbeit 2 Stand der Technik 2.1 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien für Elektrofahrzeuge 2.1.1 Lithium-Ionen-Batterien im Vergleich zu anderen Energiespeichern in der Elektromobilität 2.1.2 Aufbau und Funktion von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 2.2 Fertigungstechnik der Kontaktierung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen 2.2.1 Kontaktierung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen 2.2.2 Schweißverfahren zur Kontaktierung von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen 2.3 Schweißnahtanforderungen und -fehler 2.4 Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Kontaktierverbindungen 2.4.1 Qualitätssicherung von Kontaktierverbindungen 2.4.2 Anforderungen an zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren 2.4.3 Ultraschallprüfung 2.4.4 Durchstrahlungsprüfung 2.4.5 Messung des elektrischen Widerstands 2.4.6 Oberflächenprüfung 2.4.7 Infrarotthermografie 3 Vorauswahl eines geeigneten Verfahrens der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung 3.1 Untersuchte Verfahren 3.2 Ultraschallverfahren 3.3 Durchstrahlungsverfahren 3.4 Messung des elektrischen Widerstands 3.5 Infrarotthermografie 3.6 Verfahrensauswahl 4 Anwendung der optisch angeregten Thermografie zur Schweißnahtprüfung 4.1 Herausforderungen bei der Messung von Kontaktierschweißverbindungen von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien 4.2 Narzisseffekt und Perspektivenkorrektur 4.3 Techniken der optischen Anregung 4.4 Signalaufbereitung durch Lockin-Verfahren 4.4.1 Lockin-Thermografie 4.4.2 Lockin-Thermografie im Nicht-Gleichgewichtszustand 5 Unterdrückung des Einflusses von Reflexionen bei der thermografischen Prüfung von Kontaktierverbindungen 5.1 Hintergrund 5.2 Lösungsansatz 5.3 Werkstoffauswahl 5.4 Erprobung 6 Kompensation des Einflusses lateraler Wärmeströme 6.1 Mehrdimensionaler Wärmefluss 6.2 Simulation des Einflusses lateraler Wärmeströme 6.2.1 Simulationsmodell 6.2.2 Simulationsresultate 6.3 Entwicklung eines Kompensationsalgorithmus 6.3.1 Ansatz 6.3.2 Ergebnis 6.3.3 Sensitivitätsanalyse 6.3.4 Fazit der simulativen Untersuchung des Kompensationsalgorithmus 6.4 Umsetzung und Verifikation des Kompensationsalgorithmus 6.4.1 Untersuchte Proben 6.4.2 Emissionsgradmessung 6.4.3 Ergebnisqualität 6.4.4 Grenzen des Algorithmus 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Ausblick

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