Saturated reluctance identification of induction motor can be implemented by additional sensor, finite-element method, spectrum analysis, or step voltage test in the research accounts. But it is not easy to implement in the field evaluation when we need to build up the power system model, because of the factory parameter absent, expansive cost, extra sensor installation, or variable voltage and frequency. To be concerned with practicality, it is always inconvenient to build up simulation for the end user. The linear model of motor can¡¦t provide the simulation answer accurately when models run into saturated during power system transient. Accordingly, this thesis discuss two paragraphs as following: First, This thesis introduces a simple and practical method base on the manufacturer instruction manual to estimate the saturated reluctance of high / medium voltage induction motor in modeling. And we can analyze the motor dynamic characteristic by using the induction motor d-q-0 model directly, in place of traditional mathematical power equations. Moreover, we can evaluate the motor-generation reaction because of the rotor inertia due to loss of voltage. To identify the discrepancy between numeral situations what the line capacitor existed or not. Besides, we can explain the existing voltage after power system break down by comparing the simulation result with recorder chart.

Studies of trace gas fluxes have advanced the understanding of bulk interactions between the atmosphere and ecosystems. Micrometeorological instrumentation is currently unable to resolve vertical scalar sources and sinks within plant canopies. Inverted analytical Lagrangian equations provide a non-intrusive method to calculate source distributions. These equations are based on Taylor's (1921) description of scalar dispersion, which requires a measure of the degree of correlation between turbulent motions, defined by the Lagrangian length scale (L). Inverse Lagrangian (IL) analyses can be unstable, and the uncertainty in L leads to uncertainty in source predictions. A review of the literature on studies using IL analysis with various scalars in a multitude of canopy types found that parameterizations where L reduces to zero at the ground produce better results in the IL analysis than those that increase closer to the ground, but no individual L parameterization gives better results than any other does. The review also found that the relationship between L and the measurable Eulerian length scale (Le) may be more complex in plant canopies than the linear scaling investigated in boundary layer flows. The magnitude and profile shape of L was investigated within a corn and a forest canopy using field measurements to constrain an analytical Lagrangian equation. Measurements of net CO2 flux, soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux, and in-canopy profiles of CO2 concentrations provided the information required to solve for L in a global optimization algorithm for half hour intervals. For dates when the corn was a strong CO2 sink, and for the majority of dates for the forest, the optimization frequently located L profiles that follow a convex shape. A constrained optimization then smoothed the profile shape to a sigmoidal equation. Inputting the optimized L profiles in the forward and inverse Lagrangian equations leads to strong correlations between measured and calculated concentrations (corn canopy: C_{calc} = 1.00C_{meas} +52.41 mumol m^{-3}, r^2 = 0.996; forest canopy: C_{calc} = 0.98C_{meas} +276.5 mumol m^{-3}, r^2 = 0.99) and fluxes (corn canopy: F_{soil} = 0.67F_{calc} - 0.12 mumol m^{-2}s^{-1}, r^2 = 0.71, F_{net} = 1.17F_{calc} + 1.97mumol m^{-2}s^{-1}, r^2 = 0.85; forest canopy: F_{soil} = 0.72F_{calc} - 1.92 mumol m^{-2}s^{-1}, r^2 = 0.18, F_{net} = 1.24F_{calc} + 0.65 mumol m^{-2}s^{-1}, r^2 = 0.88). In the corn canopy, coefficients of the sigmoidal equation were specific to each half hour and did not scale with any measured variable. Coefficients of the optimized L equation in the forest canopy scaled weakly with variables related to the stability above the canopy. Plausible L profiles for both canopies were associated with negative bulk Richardson number values. / Funding from NSERC.

Trial and error and the use of highly time-consuming methods are often necessary for modeling, simulating and characterizing nonlinear dynamical systems. However, for the rather common special case when a nonlinear system has linear relations between many of its degrees of freedom there are particularly interesting opportunities for more efficient approaches. The aim of this thesis is to develop and validate new efficient methods for the theoretical and experimental study of mechanical systems that include significant zero-memory or hysteretic nonlinearities related to only small parts of the whole system. The basic idea is to take advantage of the fact that most of the system is linear and to use much of the linear theories behind forced response simulations. This is made possible by modeling the nonlinearities as external forces acting on the underlying linear system. The result is very fast simulation routines where the model is based on the residues and poles of the underlying linear system. These residues and poles can be obtained analytically, from finite element models or from experimental measurements, making these forced response routines very versatile. Using this approach, a complete nonlinear model contains both linear and nonlinear parts. Thus, it is also important to have robust and accurate methods for estimating both the linear and nonlinear system parameters from experimental data. The results of this work include robust and user-friendly routines based on sinusoidal and random noise excitation signals for characterization and description of nonlinearities from experimental measurements. These routines are used to create models of the studied systems. When combined with efficient simulation routines, complete tools are created which are both versatile and computationally inexpensive. The developed methods have been tested both by simulations and with experimental test rigs with promising results. This indicates that they are useful in practice and can provide a basis for future research and development of methods capable of handling more complex nonlinear systems.

L’imagerie ultrasonore harmonique, qui repose sur la non linéarité du milieu de propagation, est une technique d’imagerie clinique qui améliore la résolution des images. La mesure ultrasonore du paramètre local de non linéarité d'un milieu est une voie de recherche qui amènerait de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de la caractérisation des tissus. Cependant, l'accès à cette information se heurte à deux écueils : d'une part il n’existe pas actuellement de méthode de mesure de ce paramètre à partir du mode écho classique et d'autre part, les outils de simulation prenant en compte la non-linéarité du milieu sont peu développés. Une méthode de spectre angulaire a donc été proposée afin de calculer le champ de pression dans des milieux de non linéarité inhomogène. Ce champ de pression est ensuite utilisé pour engendrer des images échographiques contenant l’information harmonique. Cette méthode spectrale a été portée sur GPU afin d’accélérer le calcul et a été intégrée dans un logiciel libre : CREANUIS. Dans un deuxième temps, une extension d’une méthode comparative (ECM) a été proposée pour prendre en compte des milieux de non linéarité non homogène, fonctionnant en mode écho. Grâce aux outils de simulation développés, différentes configurations ont été utilisées pour la mise au point de l’ECM qui a ensuite été validée à partir d'objets tests et in vitro sur foies d’animaux. Même si la méthode de mesure présente une résolution relativement faible, les images obtenues démontrent le potentiel de l’imagerie du paramètre de non linéarité des tissus. / Harmonic imaging, based on the propagated medium nonlinearity, is a clinical imaging technique which increases the resolution of ultrasound images. The ultrasound measure of the local nonlinear parameter brings new perspectives in term tissues characterization. However, access to this information suffers from two strong points: from one hand, there is no current measurement method of this parameter in echo mode configuration and on the other hand, the simulation tools taking into account the nonlinearity are not many developed. An angular spectrum method has been proposed to compute the nonlinear pressure field with inhomogeneous nonlinear parameter. This pressure field is then used to generate ultrasound images containing the harmonic component. This spectral approach has been implemented on a GPU in order to accelerate the computation and package in a free software made available to the scientific community under the name CREANUIS. In a second time, a extension of a comparative method (ECM) has been proposed to take into account media with inhomogeneous nonlinearity, working an echo mode configuration. Thanks the developed simulation tools, different configurations have been used to parameterize and to evaluate the ECM which has then be validated on test objects and in vitro animal’s livers. Even if the measure presents a relatively weak resolution, the obtained images demonstrated a high potential in the nonlinear parameter imaging of tissues.

Utilisés dans de nombreux domaines d'applications, les ultrasons se révèlent être sensibles aux propriétés visco-élastiques des milieux traversés. L'investigation spatiale et temporelle des propriétés visco-élastiques des matériaux par méthodes ultrasonores permet notamment le contrôle de l'intégrité de structures ainsi que le suivi de processus. Un dispositif auto-calibrée en émission-réception, basé sur l'application du principe de réciprocité, a été développé pour la mesure du paramètre non linéaire B/A. Cette mesure repose sur une étude harmonique des signaux ultrasonores se propageant dans le milieu. L’instrumentation ultrasonore mise en œuvre a été choisie pour assurer une mesure rapide en émission-réception du paramètre B/A imposant un choix technologique spécifique. L'évolution au cours du temps des paramètres acoustiques dans les matériaux de type sol-gel fait apparaitre un temps caractéristique lié à la structuration du matériau (gélification). Les temps de gélification extraits des mesures permettant de retrouver la loi d'Arrhenius cohérente avec celle obtenue par des méthodes rhéologiques conventionnelles. Une image du paramètre non linéaire a été réalisée sur un fantôme contenant deux fluides non miscibles (eau et huile de silicone). A travers ces deux applications, nous montrons l'efficacité du système de mesure du paramètre non linéaire dans le cadre du suivi d'un matériau en évolution ainsi qu'en imagerie. / Used in many application areas, ultrasound proved to be sensitive to determine viscoelastic properties. The spatial and temporal investigation of viscoelastic properties of materials by ultrasonic methods can be used to monitor structure integrity and processes. A self-calibrated method, based on reciprocity principle has been developed for measuring the nonlinear parameter B/A. Instrumentation has been development to ensure the rapid determination of the parameter B/A imposing a specific technology. The time evolution of the acoustic parameters of sol-gel materials shows a characteristic time related to the structuration of the material (Arrhnius law). A picture of the nonlinear parameter was performed on a phantom containing two immiscible fluids (water and silicone oil). Through these two examples, the effectiveness of the nonlinear parameter measurements has shown in the follow-up of a material changes as well as imaging.

Diese Arbeit stellt die nichtlineare Parameterschätzung als alternative Auswertemethode von Kuchenfiltrationsexperimenten vor. Anhand eines größeren Datensatzes werden die Vorteile dieser Methode gegenüber der verbreiteten Auswertung mittels einer linearisierten Form der Kuchenfiltrationsgleichung für den Fall konstanten Drucks gezeigt. Zur Bewertung der Anpassungsgüte werden Residuenplots erläutert und verwendet. Die Unterschiede der Ergebnisse bewegen sich im Bereich von 5 bis 15% bei der Bestimmung des spezifischen Kuchenfiltrationswiderstands, welcher der wichtigste Parameter bei der Auslegung von Filtrationsapparaten ist. Weitere Möglichkeiten der Auswertung werden aufgezeigt, die durch die nichtlineare Parameterschätzung möglich werden, darunter die Auswertung von Experimenten bei variablem Druck, die Bestimmung des Kuchenwiderstands kompressibler Feststoffsysteme sowie eine Bewertung der anfänglichen Verblockungsvorgänge am Filtermedium.:1 Introduction 2 Cake Filtration Theory 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Derivation of the Cake Filtration Equation 2.3 Fit Procedures for Cake Filtration Data 2.4 Additional Methods for Finding the Time Offset 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Filter Medium 3.3 Laboratory Pressure Filters 3.4 Example Dataset 3.5 Preparation of Example Dataset 3.6 Residual Plots and Chi-Squares 3.7 Bootstrapped Statistics 4 Proposed Fit Procedure 4.1 Nonlinear Regression 4.2 Region of Best Fit 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Constant-Pressure Filtration 5.2 Hermans & Bredée Models 5.3 Residual Plots of Fit Results 5.4 Nonconstant Filtration 5.5 Compressibility Effects 5.6 Optimal Parameter Definition 5.7 The Role of the t/V-V-Diagram 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook 7.1 Constant-Flux Filtration 7.2 Inline Resistance Measurements 7.3 Parameter Estimation in Chemical Engineering A Appendix A.1 The Concentration Parameter A.2 Obsolete Fit Methods A.3 Residual Statistics A.4 Bootstrapped Statistics Data A.5 Fit Example in Microsoft Excel A.6 Experimental Data and Metadata B References / This thesis presents nonlinear parameter estimation as an alternative method for the evaluation of cake filtration experiments. A dataset of 225 constant-pressure filtration experiments is used to highlight the advantages of this method compared to the widely used evaluation method which uses a linear transformation of the cake filtration equation. The goodness-of-fit is tested through the means of residual plots, which are introduced and discussed. The difference in results for the two methods for the specific cake resistance parameter, which is the most important parameter in the dimensioning of filtration apparatused, lies between 5 and 15%. Further possibilities of evaluation are presented, which become possible through the use of nonlinear parameter estimation, such as: evaluation of filtration experiments with nonconstant pressure, the determination of cake resistances for compressible systems, and the investigation of the processes present in the beginning stages of cake filtration.:1 Introduction 2 Cake Filtration Theory 2.1 Historical Development 2.2 Derivation of the Cake Filtration Equation 2.3 Fit Procedures for Cake Filtration Data 2.4 Additional Methods for Finding the Time Offset 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Filter Medium 3.3 Laboratory Pressure Filters 3.4 Example Dataset 3.5 Preparation of Example Dataset 3.6 Residual Plots and Chi-Squares 3.7 Bootstrapped Statistics 4 Proposed Fit Procedure 4.1 Nonlinear Regression 4.2 Region of Best Fit 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Constant-Pressure Filtration 5.2 Hermans & Bredée Models 5.3 Residual Plots of Fit Results 5.4 Nonconstant Filtration 5.5 Compressibility Effects 5.6 Optimal Parameter Definition 5.7 The Role of the t/V-V-Diagram 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook 7.1 Constant-Flux Filtration 7.2 Inline Resistance Measurements 7.3 Parameter Estimation in Chemical Engineering A Appendix A.1 The Concentration Parameter A.2 Obsolete Fit Methods A.3 Residual Statistics A.4 Bootstrapped Statistics Data A.5 Fit Example in Microsoft Excel A.6 Experimental Data and Metadata B References

Les agents de contraste sont de petites bulles qui répondent non linéairement lorsqu’ils sont exposés à ultrasons. La réponse non-linéaire donne la possibilité d’images échographiques harmoniques qui a beaucoup d’avantages sur l’imagerie fondamentale. Toutefois, afin d’accroître l’échographie de contraste d’imagerie harmonique de performance nous devons d’abord comprendre la propagation non linéaire d’ultrasons. La non-linéarité du milieu déforme l’onde qui se propage, tels que les harmoniques commencent à se développer. La théorie qui a été prévue est la mise en œuvre, qui a permis une nouvelle méthode de modélisation de propagation des ultrasons non-linéaire. La connaissance acquise au cours de ce processus a été utilisée pour construire un deuxième signal à composantes multiples pour la réduction des harmoniques générées en raison des non-linéarités des tissus. En conséquence, la détection d’agents de contraste ultrasonore aux harmoniques a été augmentée. Une puissante technique d’imagerie échographique (Pulse inversion) a été renforcée avec le deuxième signal pour la réduction des harmoniques. Qu’est-ce qui a été appris pendant l’investigation : le pulse inversion technique a donné une nouvelle phase codée, appelée inversion de seconde harmonique. En outre, il a été noté que pour différents types de médias le niveau de distorsion de l’impulsion à ultrasons est différent. Cela dépend en grande partie du paramètre non linéaire B / A. Les travaux sur ce paramètre n’a pas été fini, mais il est quand même important de continuer dans cette direction puisque B / A imagerie avec des agents de contraste ultrasonore a beaucoup de potentiel. / Ultrasound contrast agents are small micro bubbles that respond nonlinearly when exposed to ultrasound wave. The nonlinear response gives possibility of harmonic ultrasound images which has many advantages over fundamental imaging. However, to increase ultrasound contrast harmonic imaging performance we must first understand nonlinear propagation of ultrasound wave. Nonlinear propagation distorts the propagating wave such that higher harmonics appear as the wave is propagating. The theory that was laid down, was allowed implementing a new method of modelling nonlinear ultrasound propagation. The knowledge obtained during this process was used to construct a multiple component second harmonic reduction signal for reduction of their harmonics generated due to the tissue nonlinearities. As a consequence detection of ultrasound contrast agents at higher harmonics was increased. Further more, a powerful ultrasound imaging technique called Pulse Inversion, was further enhanced with multiple component second harmonic reduction signal. What was learned during investigation of the Pulse Inversion, technique lead to a new phase coded ultrasound contrast harmonic method called second harmonic inversion;. Also it was noted that for different type of media the level of distortion of ultrasound pulse is different. It depends largely on the nonlinear parameter B / A. Although the work on this parameter has not been finished it is very important to continue in this direction since B / A imaging with ultrasound contrast agents has a lot of potential.

<div>This body of work examines analytical and numerical models to simulate the response of structures in shock absorption applications. Specifically, the work examines the prediction of cushion curves of polymer foams, and a topological examination of a $\chi$ shape unit cell found in architected mechanical elastomeric metamaterials. The $\chi$ unit cell exhibits the same effective stress-strain relationship as a closed cell polymer foam. Polymer foams are commonly used in the protective packaging of fragile products. Cushion curves are used within the packaging industry to characterize a foam's impact performance. These curves are two-dimensional representations of the deceleration of an impacting mass versus static stress. The main drawback with cushion curves is that they are currently generated from an exhaustive set of experimental test data. This work examines modeling the shock response using a continuous rod approximation with a given impact velocity in order to generate cushion curves without the need of extensive testing. In examining the $\chi$ unit cell, this work focuses on the effects of topological changes on constitutive behavior and shock absorbing performance. Particular emphasis is placed on developing models to predict the onset of regions of quasi-zero-modulus (QZM), the length of the QZM region and the cushion curve produced by impacting the unit cell. The unit cell's topology is reduced to examining a characteristic angle, defining the internal geometry with the cell, and examining the effects of changing this angle.</div><div>However, the characteristic angle cannot be increased without tradeoffs; the cell's effective constitutive behavior evolves from long regions to shortened regions of quasi-zero modulus. Finally, this work shows that the basic $\chi$ unit cell can be tessellated to produce a nearly equivalent force deflection relationship in two directions. The analysis and results in this work can be viewed as new framework in analyzing programmable elastomeric metamaterials that exhibit this type of nonlinear behavior for shock absorption.</div>