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Les lentilles gravitationnelles de type galaxie-galaxie se produisent lorsque la lumière d'une galaxie en arrière-plan est déviée par le champ gravitationnel d'une galaxie en avant-plan, formant des images multiples ou même des anneaux d'Einstein selon le point de vue d'un observateur sur Terre. Ces phénomènes permettent non seulement d'étudier les galaxies lointaines, magnifiées par la galaxie-lentille, mais aussi de comprendre la distribution de masse de la galaxie-lentille et de son environnement, une opportunité unique pour sonder la matière noire contenue dans ces galaxies. Or, les méthodes traditionnelles pour analyser ces systèmes requièrent une quantité significative de temps ordinateur (de quelques heures à quelques jours), sans compter le temps des experts pour faire converger les analyses MCMC requises pour obtenir les paramètres d'intérêts. Ce problème est significatif, considérant qu'il est projeté que les grands relevés du ciel comme ceux qui seront menés aux observatoires Rubin et Euclid découvrirons plusieurs centaines de milliers de lentilles gravitationnelles. De plus, le Télescope géant européen (ELT), faisant usage de la technologie d'optique adaptative, et le télescope spatial James Webb, vont nous offrir une vue sans précédent de ces systèmes, avec un pouvoir de résolution qui rendra possible certaines analyses comme la recherche de halo de matière noire froide, longtemps prédite par le modèle cosmologique standard $\Lambda$CDM. Les approximations traditionnelles faites pour simplifier la reconstruction des lentilles gravitationnelles ne seront plus valides dans ce régime. Dans ce mémoire, je présente un travail qui s'attaque à ces deux problèmes. Je présente une méthode d'optimisation basée sur les machines à inférence récurentielle pour reconstruire deux images, soit celle d'une galaxie en arrière-plan et une image pour la distribution de masse de la galaxie en avant-plan. La représentation paramétrique choisie a le potentiel de reconstruire une classe très large de lentilles gravitationnelles, incluant des halos et sous-halos de matière noire, ce qu'on démontre dans ce travail en utilisant des profiles de densité réalistes provenant de la simulation cosmologique hydrodynamique IllustrisTNG. Nos reconstructions atteignent un niveau de réalisme jamais atteint auparavant et s'exécutent sur une fraction du temps requis pour exécuter une analyse traditionnelle, soit un pas significatif vers une méthode pouvant adresser le défi d'analyser autant de systèmes complexes et variés en un temps à l'échelle humaine. / Galaxy-Galaxy gravitational lenses is a phenomenon that happens when the light coming from a background galaxy is bent by the gravitational field of a foreground galaxy, producing multiple images or even Einstein ring images of the background source from the point of view of an observer on Earth. These phenomena allow us to study in detail the morphology of the background galaxy, magnified by the lens, but also study the mass density distribution of the lens and its environment, thus offering a unique probe of dark matter in lensing galaxies. Traditional methods studying these systems often need significant compute time (from hours to days), and this is without taking into account the time spent by experts to make the MCMC chains required to obtain parameters of interest converge. This problem is significant, considering that large surveys from observatories like Rubin and Euclid are projected to discover hundreds of thousands of gravitational lenses. Moreover, the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), using adaptive optics, and the James Webb Space Telescope will offer an unprecedented glimpse of these systems, with a resolving power predicted to enable searches for cold dark matter subhalos — objects long predicted by the standard cosmological model CDM. Approximations used to make analysis tractable in traditional methods will no longer be valid in that regime. In this thesis, I present a method that aims to address these two issues. The method, based on Recurrent Inference Machines (RIM), reconstructs two pixelated maps, one for the background source and another for the mass density map of the foreground lensing galaxy. This free-form parametric representation has the potential to reconstruct a large class of gravitational lenses, including those with dark matter halos and subhalos, which we demonstrate using realistic mass density profiles from the cosmological hydrodynamic simulation IllustrisTNG. Our method can achieve an unmatched level of realism in a fraction of the time required by traditional methods, which is a significant step toward solving the challenge of studying such a large number of complex and varied systems in a human timescale.

A statistical meta-analysis combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses, thus increasing the power and reliability of the inference. Meta-analytic methods are over 50 years old and play an important role in science; pooling evidence from many trials to provide answers that any one trial would have insufficient samples to address. On the other hand, the number of neuroimaging studies is growing dramatically, with many of these publications containing conflicting results, or being based on only a small number of subjects. Hence there has been increasing interest in using meta-analysis methods to find consistent results for a specific functional task, or for predicting the results of a study that has not been performed directly. Current state of neuroimaging meta-analysis is limited to coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA), i.e., using only the coordinates of activation peaks that are reported by a group of studies, in order to "localize" the brain regions that respond to a certain type of stimulus. This class of meta-analysis suffers from a series of problems and hence cannot result in as accurate results as desired. In this research, we describe the problems that existing CBMA methods are suffering from and introduce a hierarchical mixed-effects image-based metaanalysis (IBMA) solution that incorporates the sufficient statistics (i.e., voxel-wise effect size and its associated uncertainty) from each study. In order to improve the statistical-inference stage of our proposed IBMA method, we introduce a nonparametric technique that is capable of adjusting such an inference for spatial nonstationarity. Given that in common practice, neuroimaging studies rarely provide the full image data, in an attempt to improve the existing CBMA techniques we introduce a fully automatic model-based approach that employs Gaussian-process regression (GPR) for estimating the meta-analytic statistic image from its corresponding sparse and noisy observations (i.e., the collected foci). To conclude, we introduce a new way to approach neuroimaging meta-analysis that enables the analysis to result in information such as “functional connectivity” and networks of the brain regions’ interactions, rather than just localizing the functions.

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