Human resource development (HRD) professionals have been sensitive to employees' nonverbal behaviors in other countries in the past decades. Additionally, nonverbal cues impact not only firms' selection programs but also affect job interviews. However, this qualitative research examined whether a clothing retail company has trained hiring managers to recognize nonverbal cues in the selection program. Furthermore, the researcher verified whether eye contact, volume of voice, facial expressions, gestures, postures, and attire were emphasized in the company selection program and customer service. Overall, the conclusion indicated the company did not train all hiring managers to recognize nonverbal cues in the selection program. Second, the company did not make sure whether all managers have been trained on recognizing nonverbal cues by the same training program in order to have a consistency with the company's goal. Moreover, the issue turned out that managers developed their own cognitions of nonverbal cues and implemented their own knowledge of nonverbal cues in the firm's selection program. Finally, the data illustrated only eye contact, volume of voice, facial expressions, and gestures are emphasized in the firm's selection program and customer service.

This study examined gender and self-monitoring as separate and interacting variables predicting judgmental accuracy on the part of observers of facial expressions of emotional categories. The main and interaction effects failed to reach significant levels during the preliminary analysis. However, post hoc analyses demonstrated a significant encoder sex variable. Female encoders of emotion were judged more accurately by both sexes. Additionally, when the stimulus was limited to female enactments of emotional categories, the hypothesized main and interaction effects reached significant F levels. This study utilized 100 observers and 10 encoders of seven emotional categories. Methodological considerations and alternatives are examined at length.

Studies investigating aspects of social influence or power in counseling settings have examined the relationship between nonverbal cues and social influence or power. This study investigated perceptions of power, responsiveness, attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness by manipulating posture, facial expression and sex of therapist. After viewing photographs of stimulus therapists and listening to audio tapes, 96 male and 98 female undergraduates completed the Counselor Rating Form and a questionnaire measuring therapists' power and responsiveness. Results indicated that facial expression was more salient than posture. Smiling decreased ratings of power and increased ratings of attractiveness, responsiveness, and trustworthiness. Open posture was seen as more attractive and more powerful than closed posture. Surprisingly, females were viewed as more powerful than males. Other gender differences were found only in interaction with other variables.

When learning a second language, there are elements of a learner's native language that can transfer and are exhibited during production in the second language. This can extend not only to the way things are said but even to gestures that are language- and speech-act-specific. However, there is evidence that the same can occur backwards, that is to say that elements of a second language can be exhibited during production of one's native language (Pavlenko and Jarvis, 2002). This study focuses on English L1 learners of Japanese who have spent significant time both in country and learning the language to see if they exhibit Japanese tendencies when performing apologies in their native English. Comparisons between those with no Japanese experience were made with those who had extensive Japanese experience. Through video recordings of 45 participants engaging in six apology-induced scenarios (non-Japanese, n=24; Japanese, n=21), the participants showed that backward transfer occurs with repetition of IFIDs and nonverbal cues. Further research through different methods can be more telling.

This thesis aims to contribute to the field of interaction design by exploring the use of nonverbal cues in FTF communication with the aim of generating knowledge that can be used as an alternative approach for assessing and designing text-based CMC media. To achieve this goal, movement in is analysed in the nonverbal and collaborative dimensions of FTF communication. This presents the possibility to assess text-based CMC media based on a better understanding of the use of nonverbal cues and FTF communication as a standard. The assessment and design based on this concept is tested in the design phase. This process provides a platform for discussion and evaluation of an alternative approach for designing text-based CMC media with a focus on interaction between communicators.

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理解他人的意圖，指的是理解他人的行為背後蘊含著一個希望達成的具體目標，是嬰兒社會認知發展中一項重要的基礎能力，而此能力的發展應具有跨文化一致性。然而，過去國內外研究結果顯示，台灣與西方嬰兒透過非語言線索理解他人溝通意圖的能力有明顯的落差。因此，本研究為了瞭解台灣嬰兒理解非語言線索的溝通意圖之能力，並找出可能導致上述不同研究結果的作業差異原因，將藉由兩項實驗來探討此議題。實驗一以藏物遊戲為實驗派典，觀察14與18個月的台灣嬰兒，在「眼神注視」、「手指指示」及「意圖性語音」三種非語言線索情境中，是否可藉由對線索溝通意圖的理解而找出隱藏的意圖目標物。結果發現14個月的台灣嬰兒，可理解他人「手指指示」線索的溝通意圖，但無法理解「眼神注視」與「意圖性語音」線索的溝通意圖，而18個月的台灣嬰兒則是可理解他人「眼神注視」線索的溝通意圖，但卻無法理解「手指指示」與「意圖性語音」線索的溝通意圖。為了排除藏物容器設計可能造成的干擾因素，實驗二調整了藏物容器裝置，以同樣的實驗方式觀察台灣嬰兒理解他人非語言線索溝通意圖的能力。結果發現，14個月的台灣嬰兒仍只能藉由「手指指示」線索理解他人的溝通意圖，但18個月的台灣嬰兒則已可透過「眼神注視」、「手指指示」及「意圖性語音」三種非語言線索理解他人的溝通意圖。此結果說明，台灣與西方嬰兒透過非語言線索理解他人溝通意圖的能力大致相同，即嬰兒理解他人溝通意圖的能力確實具有跨文化一致性。 / Understanding the intents of others, to understand the existence of specific goals that people wish to achieve from their behaviors, is one of important basic abilities in the social cognitive development of an infant. The developmental time frames of such ability should be the same across cultures. However, previous domestic and overseas studies proposed that the abilities of infants to understand the communicative intents of others through nonverbal cues are different between Taiwanese and western cultures. Hence, in this study, two controlled experiments were conducted to explore the abilities of Taiwanese infants to understand the communicative intents of others through nonverbal cues and the factors of the tasks that may cause different results between domestic and overseas studies. In the first experiment, an experimenter used the cues of gazing, pointing, and intentional vocalization in a hiding-game task to examine whether fourteen- and eighteen-month-old Taiwanese infants could infer communicative intents expressed in the three nonverbal cues and find the hidden objects. Results showed that 14-month-old Taiwanese infants could only follow the cue of pointing to find the hidden objects, but not gazing or intentional vocalization. And 18-month-old Taiwanese infants could find the hidden objects by following only the cue of gazing. To exclude the possible interferences of the target containers, the experimenter used the same procedures and settings in the second experiment as the first one, but modified the containers to clarify the hiding-game task. Results showed that 14-month-old Taiwanese infants could still follow only the cue of pointing to find the hidden object, but 18-month-old Taiwanese infants successfully followed all three types of cues. Based on these findings, the abilities of infants to understand others’ communicative intents by following nonverbal cues are the same in Taiwanese and western cultures. That is, the developmental time frames of the abilities of infants to understand the communicative intents through nonverbal cues are the same across different cultures.