O estudo analisa e sistematiza tecnicamente a atuação dos usos negociais não só enquanto pautas interpretativa e integrativa dos contratos empresariais como, também, especificamente, um elemento objetivo formador de obrigações contratuais empresariais em decorrência da repetição de condutas negociais, daqueles que exercem a empresa, praticadas habitualmente, com intuito de padronizar as relações, de reforçar a confiança e de estabilizar as expectativas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar os usos negociais, diferenciando-o dos demais relevantes elementos consuetudinários, abordando o seu conteúdo e o seu alcance no processo contratual empresarial. Serão identificadas e analisadas as funções desempenhadas pelos usos negociais nos seus diferentes papéis – hermenêutico, integrador e normativo – ainda que não se possa, em variadas situações, categorizá-los a priori em apenas uma dessas dimensões. O objetivo específico deste estudo é investigar a extensão e a relevância da atuação dos usos negociais em relação aos contratos, em especial no contexto empresarial, buscando investigar eventuais critérios para a aferição de juridicidade vinculante ao poder normativo social. Mesmo diante do princípio constitucional da reserva legal, vigente no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, o trabalho revela as vantagens e até mesmo a necessidade da (re)valorização dos usos negociais, os quais podem, inclusive, predominar – ainda que apenas materialmente – à lei, em determinadas situações, sem, contudo, descurar da primazia da intenção das partes. / This study analyzes and technically systematizes the trade usage practices not only as an interpretative and integrative guideline of business contracts, but also specifically as an objective element that shapes business contractual obligations as a result of the repetition of business conducts by those who run the company in order to standardize relations, strengthen trust and stabilize expectations. The research aims to study the concepts of the most relevant customary institutes, addressing their content and their scope in the formation, development and compliance of business contracts, as well as to explore what the functions of trade usages are in their different roles - hermeneutic, integrative and normative - although it is not possible, in various situations, to categorize them a priori in only one of these dimensions. The specific objective of this study is to investigate the extent and relevance of the trade usage practices in relation to contracts, especially in the business context, seeking to investigate any criteria to measure the legality binding on social regulatory power. Even in view of the constitutional principle of the legal reserve, in force in the Brazilian legal system, the work reveals the advantages and even the need for trade usage (re)valorization, which may even predominate - albeit only materially - to the law in certain situations, without however neglecting the primacy of the parties' intention.

Les actes délégués ont été introduits en droit de l’Union européenne à la suite de l’adoption du traité de Lisbonne. Définis à l’article 290 TFUE comme des « actes non législatifs de portée générale qui complètent ou modifient certains éléments non essentiels de l'acte législatif », les actes délégués apparaissent prima facie comme un instrument d’exécution du droit de l’Union, dans la continuité de la comitologie préexistante au traité de Lisbonne. Ils se distinguent pourtant des actes d’exécution de l’article 291 TFUE, qui sont adoptés « lorsque des conditions uniformes d'exécution des actes juridiquement contraignants de l'Union sont nécessaires ». Les actes délégués semblent ainsi formellement exclus de la fonction d’exécution. Par déduction, ils devraient alors participer à l’exercice de la fonction législative. Cette conclusion n’a cependant rien d’évident dès lors que les actes délégués sont qualifiés « d’actes non législatifs ». L’étude des actes délégués a pour objectif de clarifier cette apparente contradiction et démontrer que l’objet de la procédure de délégation de pouvoir induite par l’article 290 TFUE est de transférer des compétences de nature législative entre le Parlement européen et le Conseil d’une part, et la Commission d’autre part. Cette étude conduit à observer les incidences institutionnelles et substantielles des actes délégués pour évaluer leurs effets sur la production normative de l’Union. / Delegated acts have been introduced into European Union law following the adoption of the Lisbon treaty. Defined by article 290 TFEU as “non-legislative acts of general application to supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of the legislative act”, delegated acts appear prima facie as an instrument of implementation of EU law, in continuity with the comitology that existed before the Lisbon treaty. However, delegated acts differ from the implementing acts as defined by article 291 TFEU which are adopted “where uniform conditions for implementing legally binding Union acts are needed”. Delegated acts thereby seem to be excluded from executive function. Instead, they should by deduction take part in the exercise of legislative function. This hypothesis is however not evident since delegated acts are referred to as “non-legislative acts”. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify this apparent contradiction and demonstrate that the aim of the delegation procedure under article 290 TFEU is to transfer a legislative power from the European Parliament and the Council to the Commission. This thesis assesses the institutional and substantive implications of delegated acts and their effects on the normative production of the Union.