Le travail ici présenté offre une approche originelle des notions juridiques développées par Hans Kelsen dans ses efforts vers l'élaboration d'une théorie "pure" du droit. Cette étude est basée sur une analyse philosophique des principaux concepts juridiques qui ont, à leur tour, des caractéristiques philosophiques pertinentes, principalement les notions qui sont apparemment "partagées" entre les domaines juridique et philosophique, sans pour autant garder les mêmes significations sémantiques. La notion la plus pertinente à avoir ces caractéristiques est peut-être celle de "validité", étant donné qu'il s'agit d'une notion présente tant dans le domaine de la logique quant dans le domaine juridique; Dans ce sens, nous prétendons approcher aussi les notions de fiction normative, de science du droit, de conflits entre normes (qui sont aussi erronément appelés "contradictions entre normes"), et la règle d'inférence comme elle est appliquée dans le contexte de la création normative, donnant lieu à des notions trompeuses comme celle de raisonnement pratique. La notion de raisonnement pratique est d'ailleurs très riche concernant ce contexte de comparaison, et elle sera particulièrement traitée en fonction des autres notions problématiques qu'elle génère dans le champ normatif, telles que le Dilemme de Jørgensen; Cette notion, étant employée dans différents cas problématiques du droit, nous offre une opportunité de présenter une approche alternative pour le traitement logique du processus de justification dans la création d'une norme. Nous avons pour objectif aussi d'analyser les notions de condition logique et juridique, qui représentent un changement dans la perspective de Kelsen concernant l'utilité et la légitimité de l'application de la logique dans le champ normatif du droit. Une telle étude comparative, même si elle semble être fondamentale pour éclaircir les notions en question dans ces domaines respectifs, reste une tâche jamais réalisée dans une telle manière systématique. L'objectif de cette étude est de fournit un panorama clair concernant les limites entre les champs de la philosophie (spécialement la logique) et les normes juridiques. La compréhension des relations entre les notions "homonymes" doit aussi expliquer pourquoi elles sont utilisées de forme erronée aussi fréquemment quand les philosophes discutent du droit, mais aussi quand les juristes cherchent des justifications pour les concepts dans leurs théories. Ainsi, le contexte de cette étude est le positivisme juridique tel qu'il est présenté par le philosophe du droit Hans Kelsen. Notre choix est justifié par le fait que lathéorie de Kelsen s'avère l plus conforme à notre approche philosophique d'orientation logique et analytique. L’œuvre qui servira de base à notre investigation est la "Théorie Générale des Normes" (1979), surtout dû au fait de représenter l'intensité des efforts de son auteur pour traiter les problèmes juridiques liés à des aspect philosophiques ou logiques. Cela est particulièrement remarquable dans le cas de la possibilité d'application de la logique aux normes, mais aussi concernant les notions problématiques comme celle de norme fondamentale comme fiction ou encore la notion de substrat indifférent au mode. / The present work offers an original approach on the legal notions developed by Hans Kelsen in his attempts towards a “pure” theory of Law, based on a philosophical analysis of the main legal concepts that have a strong philosophical feature, namely those notions which are somehow “shared” between the two fields in their name, but not always in their meaning. While the most striking notion to be approached via a philosophical perspective would probably be that of legal validity (since validity is a central term also in Logic), we aim, in the same way, to approach the notions of legal fictions, the notion of science in Law, normative conflicts or “contradictions” as they are commonly – and wrongly – named, and the rule of inference as it is applied in the context of normative creation, giving place to the wrong notion of practical reasoning. The notion of practical reasoning is very rich in this context of comparison, and will be a special one, as it serves for us to analyze traditional problems of legal theory, such as Jørgensen’s dilemma, as well as it offers us the opportunity of providing our own alternative of a logical treatment of the process of legal justification of the creation of a norm. We aim to analyze the notion of legal and logical conditions as well, which represent a changing in Kelsen’s perspective on the utility and legitimacy of the application of logic to the legal domain. Such a comparative study, even if it appears to be fundamental for clarifying those notions in their respective fields, is a task never before developed in this systematic manner. The objective of such a study is to provide a clear overview of the boundaries between the fields of philosophy (especially logic) and the legal norms. A clear understanding of the relations between those “homonym” notions may explain why they are most of the time misused when philosophers talk about law, as well as when lawyers try to justify the concepts composing the legal theory.The context of this study is the legal positivism as it is explained by the legal-philosopher Hans Kelsen. This choice is justified by the fact that Kelsen’s legal theory appears to be the most suitable frame for an analytical, logic-oriented investigation. The work emphasized will be the General Theory of Norms (1979), mainly because of the fact that this book represents how intensively Kelsen dedicated himself to the legal problems mostly related to philosophy or logic, namely the question of the application of logic to norms and the clarification of problematic notions such as the basic norm as a fiction or, still, the notion of modally indifferent substrate.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Candida Almeida cap 1- 2 e 3.pdf: 71814288 bytes, checksum: 33a472d3887b2038b0ffbe403490268c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / "Web Design: production and analysis guide" is a scientific research that intends to investigare the context of development and the processes of website production for the WWW (World Wide Web). In this thesis, the term production is understood as the realization of a wide range of procedures that go from the creative conception, passing through structural organization, visual development, tools implementation, to effectuation of the many kinds of relationships between online hypermedias and the interactors. Based on Peircean Semiotics concepts and the General Systems Theory, this present research has the objective of providing an oriented guide to production and analysis of online-based projects. Besides gathering an extensivetheoretical data to clarify the steps involved in these types of productions, this thesis also developed a theoretical rarionale that indicares ways and conducrs for producers to develop projecrs thar are eHecrive from rhe communicarive poinr of view. With phenomenological emphasis on rhis type of development invesrigation, we consider the web design production as a systemic process, composed of a wide range of different signs, conducred by normative ideas, and developed from specific reasonings. Throughour the rhesis, we explain the rheoretical rationale through several analysis applied ro exisring websites. This implies that the enrire rarionale promptly leads to rhe empirical demonstrarion of irs applicability and eHiciency as an importanr subsrratum for a guide to production and analysis of rhe hypermediatic forms of interpersonal communlcarlon / "Web design: guia de produção e análise" é uma pesquisa científica que tem como propósito investigar o contexto de desenvolvimento e os processos de produção de sites na WWW (World Wide Web). O termo produção é nesta tese entendido como a realização de procedimentos que vão desde a concepção criativa, passando pela organização estrutural, desenvolvimento visual, implementação de ferramentas, até a efetivação dos diversos tipos de relações que se estabelecem entre as hipermídias online e os indivíduos interatores. Fundamentada por conceitos da Semiótica Peirceana e Teoria Geral de Sistemas, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo oferecer um guia orientado para produção e análise de projetos desenvolvidos para serem veiculados e fruídos na internet. Além de levantarmos um material teórico que torna mais claras as etapas que envolvem esses tipos de produções, cuidamos de desenvolver uma fundamentação que indica caminhos e condutàs para que produtores possam desenvolver produções eficientes do ponto de vista comunicativo. Buscando uma ênfase fenomenológica na investigação desse tipo de desenvolvimento, tratamos de considerar a produção em web design como um processo sistêmico, composto de signos de naturezas diversas, conduzido por ideais normativos e desenvolvido a partir da articulação de raciocínios específicos. Ao longo da tese, pontuamos o levantamento teórico com análises aplicadas em amostras de sites já desenvolvidos. Isso implica que toda a fundamentação conduz imediatamente à demonstração empírica- de sua aplicabilidade e eficiência, como substrato importante de um guia de produção e análise das formas hipermidiáticas de comunicação interpessoal