Hovedopgave. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Thesis (Master of Military Art and Science)-Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. / Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Jan 12, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

This dissertation presents an intervention-based study that aimed to enable teachers to improve teaching and learning in one school in Ramallah, Palestine. The non-positional approach to teacher leadership was adopted as a means to mobilise all teachers in the drive towards bottom-up, participatory school change processes that increase teacher self-efficacy and collaboration, build professional capacity and social capital, and promote sustainability. The Teachers Leading the Way programme provided a contextually tailored strategy, and set of instruments and tools that through reflective exercises and dialogic activities aimed to support teachers to innovate practice, and impact organisational structures and professional culture. This is significant in the Palestine setting for facilitating the building of locally based and sourced knowledge to inform an authentic Palestinian vision and agenda for policy-making and education reconstruction, with implications for countries of the Middle East and North Africa region. In the process, a grassroots change movement is intended to shift historical and continued reliance on foreign intervention and international assistance, and lay the foundation for democratisation and social transformation. The intervention was investigated using a critical action-based, participatory methodology that emphasised context and researcher reflexivity in one school and amongst a cohort of 12 participants. Data were collected using a range of research-designed and programme-based methods and instruments, analysed deductively and inductively, and narrated critically to maintain coherence, and convey experiential and temporal dimensions. The study outcomes indicate that teachers in Palestine are capable of leading school improvement, and impacting school structures and professional culture for system-wide change, when the proper support is provided. Non-positional teacher leadership is the vehicle and can be developed through Teachers Leading the Way. At the individual level, this is enabled through a transformation in teachers’ perspective towards a self-empowered, agential mindset that leads to action on ways to improve practice. The transition process underscores the role of effective facilitation as an enabling condition for developing non-positional teacher leadership in Palestine and similar settings.

There is near unanimous agreement in the scientific community that global mean temperatures will increase by several degrees Celsius by the end of the century. This could lead to dramatic consequences, especially for the poor in the developing world. In many countries climate change will manifest itself through reduced rainfall, greater temperature variability, a rise in sea levels, and a higher frequency of weather shocks. These effects constitute threats to people’s ability to continue to live where they are living today, and more generally to their economic security, and may lead to higher levels of migration away from areas vulnerable to climate change.While environmental change may lead to an increase in migration, in most cases it may not be feasible to identify pure environmental migrants because of the complexity of the push and pull factors involved. The aim of this dissertation is to assess the extent to which households are vulnerable today to environmental change and weather shocks in selected areas of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and in South Asia’s Sundarbans, whether households are able to cope with weather shocks and adapt to changing environmental conditions, and whether climatic conditions and weather shocks are leading to higher rates of migration. The dissertation relies in large part on the analysis of new households surveys recently implemented in areas affected by weather shocks and changing climatic conditions in seven countries: Algeria, Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Morocco, Syria, and Yemen. While the MENA countries are affected mostly by droughts, and to a lower extent floods, the Sundarbans in Bangladesh and India are affected by cyclones, sea water surges, and salinity intrusions. The ways in which households are affected by extreme weather events are very different in the MENA and South Asia regions. Yet as the dissertation demonstrates, while circumstances and contexts differ between the two sets of countries, many of the findings are actually similar in both regions. The first part of the dissertation provides background for the empirical work. After a review of the literature, a set of 10 questions are asked together with hypotheses to be tested. The second part of the dissertation provides the empirical results, with three chapters focusing on (1) household perceptions about their environment and the impact of weather shocks on households; (2) the coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies deployed by households; and (3) migration decisions, in most cases by individual household members. The findings from the dissertation suggest that individuals from households more seriously and negatively affected by weather shocks and changes in their environment are slightly more likely to migrate temporarily, but not permanently. This is possibly due to the cost of migration and the fact that environmental change and weather shocks may result in large losses in income and assets for vulnerable groups, making migration less affordable for them. Thus, some population groups may well be in a situation of "relative trappedness" in comparison to other households less affected by weather shocks and changes in their environment._____________La communauté scientifique est quasi unanime sur le fait que les températures mondiales moyennes devraient augmenter de plusieurs degrés Celsius d'ici la fin du siècle. Cela pourrait avoir des conséquences dramatiques pour les populations, en particulier pour les pauvres dans les pays en voie de développement. Dans de nombreux pays le changement climatique va se manifester par une diminution des précipitations, une plus grande variabilité de la température, une élévation du niveau de la mer, et une fréquence plus élevée des chocs climatiques. Ces effets constituent des menaces pour la capacité des populations de continuer à vivre là où elles vivent aujourd'hui, ce qui pourrait par conséquent entraîner des mouvements migratoires importants.Cependant, même si les chocs climatiques pourraient mener à une augmentation de la migration, dans la plupart des cas il n’est pas possible d'identifier des migrants environnementaux dits purs en raison de la complexité des facteurs influençant la migration. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de la thèse est triple. La thèse cherche à évaluer (1) dans quelle mesure les ménages sont vulnérables aujourd'hui aux changements environnementaux et aux chocs climatiques dans certaines régions de l'Afrique du Nord, du Moyen-Orient, et de l’Asie du Sud (Sundarbans) ;(2) si les ménages sont en mesure de faire face aux chocs climatiques, et (3) si les conditions environnementales et les chocs climatiques conduisent à des taux de migration plus élevés parmi les membres des ménages les plus affectés comparativement aux ménages moins affectés. La thèse repose en partie sur une analyse de nouvelles données d’enquêtes auprès des ménages mises en œuvre dans des zones touchées par les chocs climatiques dans sept pays :l’Algérie, le Bangladesh, l’Egypte, l’Inde, le Maroc, la Syrie et le Yémen. Alors que les pays du Moyen Orient et d’Afrique du Nord sont touchés principalement par des sécheresses, et dans une moindre mesure par des inondations, la zone géographique dite des Sundarbans au Bangladesh et en Inde est touchée principalement par des cyclones.Bien que les chocs climatiques dans les deux régions soient différents, la thèse montre que les implications pour les ménages sont similaires. Les groupes vulnérables sont fortement et négativement affectés par les chocs climatiques et ils ne sont souvent pas capables de faire face et de s’adapter efficacement à ces chocs. De plus, il semble que les ménages les plus affectés n’aient pas de taux de migration permanente parmi leurs membres plus élevés que les ménages moins affectés, même si les taux de migration temporaire sont légèrement plus élevés. En ce sens, il apparait que les groupes vulnérables pourraient être en termes comparatifs pris au piège (« relative trappedness ») dans les zones vulnérables aux chocs climatiques comme d’autres études l’ont suggéré. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Partant du constat qu'il existe pour les autres domaines linguistiques représentés dans l'Afrique antique (punique, latin) des inventaires et outils onomastiques très complets, notre ambition a été d'élaborer, pour le domaine libyque un instrument comparable, qui rassemble les matériaux et en propose une étude linguistique et étymologique aussi systématique que possible. Dans le vaste champ de l'onomastique, notre recherche s'est focalisée prioritairement sur l'anthroponymie, l'ethnonymie, et dans une moindre mesure sur la théonymie. On a postulé que les matériaux onomastiques pouvaient apporter quelques lumières sur la langue libyque puisque une grande part des noms étudiés sont des vocables indigènes d’une authenticité incontestable. L'analyse linguistique et étymologique des données onomastiques permet ainsi un accès immédiat à la langue libyque. La documentation, rassemblée, commentée et analysée, constitue les bases d'un corpus onomastique (Onosmasticon libycum), qui compte actuellement 636 bases lexicales, et autorise un certain nombre de considérations sociolinguistiques sur les univers libyco-punique et libyco-romain. Sur le plan linguistique, l'étude du corpus onomastique permet d'avoir à la fois un ensemble de renseignements lexicaux et grammaticaux utile pour l'histoire de la langue, et un ensemble de données ponctuelles relatives à la situation linguistique antique. L'examen des données onomastiques libyques et les résultats obtenus constituent une première approche de la langue libyque et une base de réflexion et de travail qui pourra être développée dans des recherches ultérieures. / Starting from the observation that there are inventories and comprehensive onomastic tools for the other linguistic spheres represented in ancient North Africa (Punic, Latin), my goal has been to develop a comparable instrument for the Libyan sphere which would bring together materials and provide a linguistic and etymological study as systematic as possible. In the vast field of onomastics, my research has focused primarily on anthroponomy, ethnonymy, and to a lesser extent on theonymy. It has been postulated that the onomastic materials could shed some light on the libycal language as the largely studied names are indigenous terms whose authenticity is beyond question. The linguistic and etymological analysis of onomastic data from epigraphic and historical sources provides an immediate access to the Libycal language. The materials of our work cover all of Ancient North Africa, which enables us to offer a global vision. Assembled, annotated and analyzed documentation is the basis for an onomastic corpus (Onosmasticon libycum), which currently has 636 lexical bases, and authorizes a number of sociolinguistic considerations on the Libyco-Punic and Libyco-Roman worlds. Linguistically speaking, the study of the onomastic corpus allows for both a set of useful information for lexical and grammatical history of the language, and a precise set of data relating to the ancient linguistic situation. The examination of the Libycal onomastic data and its results constitute a first approach to the Libycal language and a starting point and working basis which could be developed in future research.

La région sahariennne est une des zones les plus défavorables à la croissance et développement des espèces animales. Cependant, peu d’espèces possèdent à la fois des mécanismes morphologiques et écophysiologiques, assurant leur survie dans les sols arides et sur les dunes de sable.En effet, on peut estimer que le métabolisme secondaire biosynthétise des quantités considérables de composés bioactifs, destinés à assurer le développement et la continuité de ces espèces, notamment leur survie dans ces conditions sahariennes précaires.Les propriétés pharmacologiques des extraits de plantes sahariennes peuvent apporter des bénéfices dans la guérison de certaines maladies microbiennes ou prolifératives ou également contribuer au développement de certaines activités antioxydantes.L'étude des propriétés toxiques vise donc à enrichir la connaissance du potentiel bioactif des plantes sahariennes.Ces aspects de la puissance du métabolisme furent étudiés chez certaines espèces végétales strictement sahariennes. Il s’agit de : Anthyllis henoniana Coss., Centropodiaforskalii (Vahl) Cope, Cornulaca monacantha Delile, Ephedra alata var. alenda (Stapf.)Trabut, Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss & Reut., Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu,Hélianthemum confertum Dunal, Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M.Johnst. et Spartidiumsaharae (Coss. & Durieu) Pomel. Les principaux résultats obtenus montrent que ces espèces possèdent des propriétés intéressantes, susceptibles d’être utiles pour le traitement de certaines maladies humaines.En revanche, parfois à certaines concentrations, des extraits de ces espèces peuvent présenter des effets toxiques sur les organismes.En dépit des conditions extrêmes, le Sahara représente la zone de développement d'une certaine diversité biologique, et principalement des espèces de plantes précieuses dont une meilleure connaissance scientifique de leur propriétés phytochimiques se révèle indispensable. / The Saharan desert is one of the most unfavorable areas, to the plant life. However, a small number of plants possesses both morphological and ecophysiological mechanisms ensuring their survival in the arid soil and on the sand dunes.It can be estimated that the secondary metabolism biosynthesizes considerable amounts of bioactive compounds, meant to ensure the development and the continuity of these species.The pharmacological properties of saharan plant extracts may bring benefits in the healing of certain microbial or proliferative diseases or contributes to the supply of antioxidants activities.The study of toxic properties is meant to enrich the knowledge of Saharan plants’bioactive potential.The biological activities of Anthyllis henoniana Coss., Centropodia forskalii (Vahl)Cope, Cornulaca monacantha Delile, Ephedra alata var. alenda (Stapf.) Trabut,Euphorbia guyoniana Boiss & Reut., Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu, Helianthemum confertum Dunal, Moltkiopsis ciliata (Forssk.) I.M.Johnst. and Spartidium saharae (Coss.& Durieu) Pomel have been studied. It can be seen that these species possess interesting properties, capitalized in the treatment of some human diseases. But, on the other hand in certain concentrations, extracts from these species may exhibit toxic effects onorganisms.Despite the extreme conditions, the Saharan desert represents the area of development for some valuable plant species, whose scientific knowledge is necessary.

The content of the thesis is an analysis of the impact of the revolutions in the countries of North Africa during the year 2011 on the immigration and asylum policy of the European Union. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the response of the European Union and its member states to the migration situation. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first one describes the situation and migration during revolutions in the North Africa, the second chapter deals with the migration into the European Union. The third chapter analyzes the reaction of chosen member states and the institutions of the European Union. The last chapter finally evaluates the situation and identifies the opportunities and threats for the immigration and asylum policy of the European Union that emerged from the previous analysis.

Cette thèse étudie les fluctuations macroéconomiques égyptiennes et compare leurs sources avec celles de certains pays du Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord (MENA). Un large éventail de méthodes économétriques sont utilisées pour examiner la synchronisation entre les cycles classiques et de croissance égyptiens et ceux de la région MENA, et de quantifier leurs sources de fluctuations ainsi que leurs réponses à ces sources de chocs. Nous ne trouvons aucune preuve de la synchronisation entre les cycles égyptiens et ceux de la région MENA et des pays développés. Les sources des fluctuations égyptiennes sont presque également réparties entre les chocs internes et étrangers, et les chocs du prix du pétrole semblent être le principal moteur de fluctuations de la production. En outre, la capacité de l'économie à contenir l'impact domestique des chocs externes négatifs à travers les chocs domestiques de l'offre et la demande est positive. / This thesis studies Egyptian macroeconomic fluctuations and compares their sources to those of some Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. A wide range of econometric methods are used to investigate the synchronization among Egyptian and MENA classical and growth cycles, and to quantify their sources of fluctuations along with their responses to these sources of shocks. We find no evidence of synchronization between Egyptian cycles and those of MENA and of developed countries. The sources of Egyptian macroeconomic fluctuations are almost equally divided among domestic and foreign shocks, and oil prices shocks appear to be the main driver behind output fluctuations. Moreover, domestic supply and demand shocks play a positive role in moderating negative foreign shocks affecting the economy.

The aim of this research is to analyse how local, Southern Middle East and North African NGOs are included or excluded in the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees and how they contribute to a changing global governance on climate change displacement. A combined theoretical framework of social constructivism interlinked with structural and social concepts of power was used in the research. The methodology is a qualitative empirical case study using mixed methods, being textual and content analysis. The results show that global governance processes and non-state actors change and transform each other. Change occurs gradually and with strong persuasion from non-state actors who do contribute to a changing discourse on climate change displacement. The research thus contributes an example of marginalised actors both constituting and being constituted by the structure of the two global compacts.

This research paper explores the effect of nationalist attitudes on anti-immigrant voting, focusing on the securitisation of migrants and its influence on anti-immigrant sentiments as a causal mechanism. Previous research indicates a correlation between shock events such as a vast influx of migrants and the perception of competition as precursors to anti-immigrant voting. However, increased contact between groups due to forced proximity has been found to improve relationships and reduce anti-immigrant voting. This paper aims to develop the theory and investigate the extent to which another factor, nationalist attitudes in Kais Saied and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s pre-electoral speeches had an effect on anti-immigrant voting in 2018-2019. It tests the hypothesis that anti-immigrant voting increases when politicians use nationalist discourse before elections. The paper acknowledges the relevance of media coverage as an alternate explanatory factor.