Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-174).

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.

The two archipelagos of Orkney and Shetland, which form the Northern Isles of Britain, are an active focus of archaeological research. The rich Neolithic heritage of Orkney has been acknowledged by the granting of World Heritage status. Although set in both a biogeographically peripheral position and within what may be considered to be marginal landscapes, these North Atlantic islands have a large number of settlement sites with long occupational sequences, often stretching from the Neolithic to the Late Iron Age or into the Norse period. The mixed paleoeconomic strategy presented by three of these settlements¿Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney (excavated 1985¿1988); the Iron Age sequences at Old Scatness, Shetland (excavated 1995¿2006); and Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultivated middens from Jarlshof, Shetland (investigated in 2004)¿provide the core of the evidence discussed within this paper (the radiocarbon chronologies for the key sequences from these three sites are provided as Appendix 1). The role of the prehistoric paleoeconomy is argued to be of central importance in the longevity of these settlements. In particular, barley production is evidenced on all three sites by the plant macrofossils and by the human investment in the creation and management of manured soils, providing an infi eld area around the settlement. This paper focuses on the identifi cation of these anthropogenic soils in the archaeological record. The investment in and management of these arable soils provides clear evidence for resource creation on all three sites. It is argued that these soils were a crucial resource that was necessary to support intensive barley cultivation. The intensive management implied by the presence of these soils is seen as a catalyst for sedentary living and sustainability within a marginal landscape. The evidence also demonstrates the continuity of agricultural practice from the Neolithic to the Iron Age together with the social dynamics that such a practice generates. This paper is in two parts: the fi rst section examines in detail the evidence for the presence of anthropogenic soils and the mixed economic strategies for the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age presented by the evidence from Tofts Ness and Jarlshof. The evidence for the continuity of this intensive strategy of soil management is seen from the later evidence of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age at Tofts Ness and the Middle Iron Age evidence at Old Scatness. The second part of the paper examines the importance of these soils as an inherited resource within the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age paleoeconomic system. Two models are presented. The fi rst examines the cyclic importance of human creation and maintenance of small arable plots to high barley production yields and therefore to site viability, and the effect this has within a mixed resource system in providing settlement viability through time. The second explores the theoretical land and seascape that would provide this mixed resource base.

Currents and sea level fluctuations in the Avalon Channel, driven over a broad range of time scales by buoyancy forces, atmospheric pressure, and wind stress, are described and compared with dynamical theory. / Seasonal fluctuations in adjusted coastal sea level at St. John's are shown to be consistent with steric height and bottom pressure variations 3 km offshore in a depth of 180 m. / Low frequency fluctuations (periods of 7-50 d) in observed Avalon Channel currents and water properties suggest the presence of a baroclinically-unstable, buoyancy-driven coastal current. A kinematic analysis of the current fluctuations reveals an eddy structure resembling that predicted for baroclinically-unstable waves on a longshore current with the density stratification and vertical shear observed in the fall. / Cross-spectral analysis of St. John's sea level and meteorological records, and Avalon Channel steric height estimates, shows that sea level responds isostatically to atmospheric pressure forcing at periods longer than 2 days, and to seasonal changes in steric height. Adjusted sea level responds 180 degrees out-of-phase to forcing by longshore wind stress at periods longer than 2 days. Longshore current responds in-phase to longshore wind stress forcing, with surface intensification of the response close to shore. / Frequency response functions are derived from the shallow water equations of motion for the response of sea level and current to atmospheric pressure and wind stress forcing in homogeneous and two-layer, uniform-depth coastal ocean models, and in a homogeneous, step-shelf model. Linear bottom friction is assumed in the homogeneous ocean models. The phases of the observed sea level and current responses to wind stress suggest that the response is due to the existence of continental shelf waves originating at the northern edge of the Grand Banks, about 150 km away from the study site. The near-shore surface intensification of the current and sea level responses are consistent with the predictions of the two-layer uniform-depth model.

Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990. / Thesis Advisor(s): Gates, William. Second Reader: Doyle, Richard. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 2, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): NATO, Defense Planning, Industrial Production, Economics, Burden Sharing, Defense Industries, Sharing, Costs, Military Forces (Foreign), Military Forces (United States), Military Equipment, Mathematical Models, Military Reserves, Industrial Capacity. Author(s) subject terms: Burden-sharing, NATO. Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-80). Also available in print.

Magister Legum - LLM (Public Law and Jurisprudence) / The international human rights architecture experienced a shift from states to individual rights within a state. This is mainly informed by the fact that states committed human rights atrocities against their own civilians. This necessitated a shift from an emphasis on sovereignty and noninterference to intervention on grave human rights violations. Article 2 of the UN Charter calls for respect of sovereignty and discourages the use of armed force against the territorial integrity of any state.1 To reinforce this position, the United Nations (UN) member states adopted the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine through the UN World Summit outcome document in 2005. This document effectively gave the international community the right to intervene into the affairs of a member state if the state is failing to halt human rights abuses within its territory.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-28T16:57:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MAISSA LUDYMILLA CARVALHO PONTES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMET) 2018.pdf: 4820642 bytes, checksum: e320b4696bcf114846cc43a6004d16a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T16:57:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MAISSA LUDYMILLA CARVALHO PONTES – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGMET) 2018.pdf: 4820642 bytes, checksum: e320b4696bcf114846cc43a6004d16a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-05 / Capes / A qualidade da estação chuvosa no Nordeste pode ser relacionada com a variabilidade que surge em decorrência do fenômeno El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENOS) que influencia a estação chuvosa tanto pela alteração na célula de Walker quanto, por padrões de teleconexões, sendo este último responsáveis por causar variabilidades na Temperatura da superfície do Mar (TSM) no Atlântico Norte, através de padrões de trem de onda, que pode influenciar no deslocamento e tempo da permanecia da Zona de Convergência Intertropical (ZCIT) nestas latitudes. O deslocamento mais para norte da ZCIT pode ocasionar a formação de uma célula termalmente direta com seu ramo de subsidência ao sul do equador. A precipitação na estação chuvosa no Nordeste ainda pode ser influenciada pela variabilidade da TSM, pressão ao nível do mar (PNM) e vento sobre a bacia do Atlântico, influenciando também o posicionamento da ZCIT, tanto por influenciar o gradiente inter-hemisférico de TSM quanto pelo posicionamento da convergência dos alísios. Neste trabalhou buscou-se melhorar a compreensão da forma como estes mecanismos se combinam, e se há predominância entre eles. Numa etapa inicial foram analisados compostos de um conjunto de variáveis para situações de El Niño, La Niña e neutralidade no Pacífico, com o intuito de investigar os principais mecanismos controlador da variabilidade do Atlântico nesses diferentes casos. Mostrando assim, que nas fases positiva e negativa do ENOS a grande variabilidade nos extratrópicos se sobressai sobre as pequenas variações na região tropical e que as anomalias de fluxo de calor são influenciadas pelo o mecanismo de retroalimentação positiva, para condições de neutralidade a variabilidade nos trópicos parece ser mais notada e a variação do fluxo de calor ocorre pela variação da temperatura na interface oceano-atmosfera. Tais resultados foram seguidos por analises de alguns estudos de casos, para isto, foram analisados anos específicos com relação às anomalias nas células de Hadley, Walker, fluxos de calor, TSM, pressão ao nível (PNM), vento e precipitação mostrando que os efeitos das teleconexões do ENOS são influenciados de maneiras diferentes dependendo da intensidade do fenômeno. Para os anos estudados um dos principais mecanismos de variabilidade para a TSM na região tropical foi o mecanismo de retroalimentação positiva. Todavia, para o ano em que o gradiente inter-hemisférico foi bem defino, a variação da temperatura na interface oceano-atmosfera foi o principal forçante para as anomalias de fluxo de calor. Mostrando que o mecanismo de variabilidade mudará de ano para ano a depender das anomalias da TSM. As bacias do Atlântico Tropical Norte e Sul tendem a responderem a variabilidade com mecanismos diferentes de um ano para outro. / The quality of the rainy season in the Northeast can be related to the variability that arises in from of the phenomenon El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). That influences the rainy season by both the change in Walker's cell and by teleconnection patterns. The latter are responsible for causing variability in the sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic, by means of wave train patterns, which may influence the displacement and time of permanence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in these latitudes. This further northward shift of the ITCZ may lead to the formation of a thermally direct cell with its branch of subsidence south of the equator. Precipitation in the rainy season in the Northeast can still be influenced by the variability of SST, sea level pressure (PNM) and wind over the Atlantic basin. This variability also affects the positioning of the ZCIT, both because it influences the inter - hemispheric SST gradient and the positioning of the trade-offs. In this work was sought to improve the understanding of how these mechanisms combine, and whether there is predominance between them. In an initial stage we analyzed compounds of a set of variables for situations of El Niño, La Niña and neutral Pacific. The aim was to investigate the main mechanisms controlling the Atlantic variability in these different cases. It is possible to observe that in the positive and negative phases of the ENSO the great variability in the extratropics stands out for the small variations in the tropical region and that the anomalies of the heat flow were influenced by the positive feedback mechanism. For the neutral Pacific the variability in the tropics seemed to be more noticeable and the variation of the heat flow occurred by the temperature variation at the ocean-atmosphere interface. Some case studies were then made. That is, we analyzed specific years with respect to the anomalies in the cells of Hadley, Walker, heat flows, SST, geopotential, wind and precipitation. Thus, the effects of ENSO teleconnections are influenced in different ways depending on the intensity of the phenomenon. For the years studied, one of the main mechanisms of variability for SST in the tropical region was the positive feedback mechanism. However, for the year in which the inter-hemispher ic gradient was well defined, the temperature variation at the ocean-atmosphere interface was the main force for the heat flow anomalies. Showing that the variability mechanism will change from year to year depending on the SST anomalies. The results show that the North Atlantic and Southern Tropical Atlantic basins tend to respond to variability with different mechanisms from year to year.

To explore whether the dispersion of sediments in the North Atlantic can be related to modern and past Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) flow speed, particle size distributions (weight%, Sortable Silt mean grain size) and grain-size separated (0–4, 4–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–63 μm) Sm-Nd isotopes and trace element concentrations are measured on 12 cores along the flow-path of Western Boundary Undercurrent and in the central North Atlantic since the Last glacial Maximum (LGM). North Atlantic is a useful place to explore how size-specific sediment provenance is related to sedimentary inputs and deep-current advection because mantle-derived materials in Iceland is a unique sedimentary source compared to crustal-derived terranes in Europe, Greenland and North America. The four main processes transporting sediments from continents to the North Atlantic (bottom currents, turbidity currents, ice-rafting events, airborne inputs) can be well distinguished through the size-specific physical and geochemical records. When primarily advected by the bottom currents, Holocene sediments show that the finer-sized fractions (0–4, 4–10, 10–20 μm) were transported further, and the coarser size fraction (40–63 μm) matched local inputs. In the deep coretops (> 2700 m) proximal to southern Greenland, fine-slit size fraction (10–20 μm) instead of clay size fraction (0–4 μm) observed more Icelandic-material contribution. In the past, the 20–30, 30–40 and 40–63 μm particles in the shallower Iceland-proximal core (1249 m) reflect Icelandic composition variation due to the abrupt volcanic eruption around 13–9 ka; while in the deeper Iceland-proximal core (2303 m) they were sensitive to the changing bottom flow speed. Downstream in cores proximal to southern Greenland (> 2272 m) and eastern North America (3555 m), composition of the 20–63 μm sediments could be used as an indicator for the retreating of the Greenland and Laurentide Ice Sheets which affect the sediment accessibility of the covered geological terranes; while the 0–4, 4–10 and 10–20 μm particles were more sensitive towards the changing direction (northern-sourced or southern-sourced) and velocity of the bottom current. In the open North Atlantic, the composition of the 0–10 μm particles were less variable between the cold and warm climate intervals compared to the 10–63 μm particles, and the 30–40 and 40–63 μm size fractions were sensitive towards both ice-rafting events and bottom flow direction. During LGM, shallower and vigorous northern-sourced water (NSW) was observed overlaying the deeper southern-sourced water (SSW), with the boundary between 2133 to 2303 m in southern Iceland, and ~ 2272 m in southern Greenland. Reduced NSW occurred during Heinrich Stadial 1, until AMOC above ~ 3500 m recovered to vigorous modern-like version no later than ~ 13.5 ka. Sluggish overflow was observed in North Atlantic between 12.2–11.7 ka above ~ 3500 m. Reduction of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water occurred around 9.7 ka, and started recovering to its modern vigorous no later than ~ 8.6 ka. These relative past AMOC strength variations (vigorous/sluggish) are firstly converted to actual bottom-current speed (in cm/s) using laminar advection model in this work: vertical settling velocity of particle having the most Icelandic contribution is calculated by Stokes’ Law, and the lateral deep-sea current speed is calculated when the vertical settling depth and the lateral advection distance of the particle traveled before settling are constrained. Primary modelling errors originating from temperature/salinity variations in past deep seawater, winnowing process in fine particles, basaltic-signature dilution by crustal input, and lateral advection pathways of Icelandic-material are further discussed, indicating relatively low modelling error (< ~ 10–20 %). The modelling results agree well with modern deep-sea current speed measurements and backtrack-trajectory eddy resolving model (Ocean model for the Earth Simulator, OFES18), indicating reasonable quantifications of past AMOC flow speeds.

Following the German occupation of Denmark on April 9th 1940 Danish representatives were left to their own devices and their positions in their respective host-countries became very much dependent upon the goodwill shown to them by their host-governments and, in the case of the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland, the governments and officials of the occupying forces. With their connections with the Government in Copenhagen severed the main task of the Danish representatives was to secure Danish interests in the North Atlantic Territories as well as elsewhere. The fact that Denmark had not put up a fight to defend her neutrality and the subsequent collaboration of the Danish Government with the German occupiers counted against the Danish representatives abroad. However, the Danes were able to exercise a remarkable level of influence on the British and Americans with regard to their policies towards the North Atlantic Area. The extent of influence was mainly due to the entrepreneurship of each individual, the constitutional status of the territory as part of the Kingdom of Denmark, and also due to strategic importance attached by the occupying forces' governments to the occupied territories in question. This latter point became especially apparent in the power struggle amongst the Danish representatives that emerged from the lack of a Danish Government in exile. It became important to the British and the Americans that it was the Danish representative in their country, who emerged as the victor of this power struggle, because that would help to secure their future interests in the North Atlantic territories. The Danish representatives were thus in some cases shown more goodwill and attention than their Norwegian colleagues, although the Norwegians had put up a brave fight against the Germans and had joined the allied side. The North Atlantic area proved very important to the general war policy of the British and Americans during Second World War. British policies were much dependent upon the Americans and Greenland and Iceland became instrumental in the increased involvement of the Americans in the war.

Geometries of sills intruded into the lava pile of the Faroe Island Basalt Group (FIBG), which were targeted in this study, were mostly recorded by conventional mapping methods where measured distances and positions were plotted onto accurate topographic maps aided by the use of high-quality photos of relevant outcrops. These data were subsequently used to manually plot 2D profiles along selected tracks and to produce electronic 3D maps using ArcGIS software. The general geometries of the investigated sills, measured at lateral scales ranging from a few metres to a few kilometres and at vertical scales ranging from a few metres to a few hundred metres, differ somewhat from typical sill geometries reported previously for sills intruded into sedimentary successions. The ubiquitous saucer-shapes of the sills from this study, which generally curve upwards in a gradual manner from inner sub-horizontal sections to steeper outer margins, contrast with the common angular transitions from inner sub-horizontal to outer steeper sections of sills reported from sedimentary host-rocks. In this thesis we explore possible alternatives to already existing theories on sill emplacement in sedimentary successions. Major and trace element compositions for samples representing most of the sills exposed in the Faroe Islands have been determined by means of XRF and ICP-MS analyses. Geochemically most of these sills can be grouped into two main categories characterised either by high or by low TiO2 contents. Different sorts/types of metasomatism of source rocks to high-TiO2 versus low-TiO2 sills are indicated by different Nb and Ta anomalies. Modelling by means of REE and other trace elements suggest that much of the compositional differences between these two main categories can be explained by various degrees of partial melting of broadly similar mantle sources. Additional fractionation and accumulation of plagioclase modified some of the melts that gave rise to the actual sills. The initial partial melting event probably occurred at depths slightly shallower than the lower limit of the garnet stability field at ~85 km while plagioclase crystallisation/accumulation most likely occurred at depths shallower than ~18 km. Isotopic compositions may point to very slight contamination of some sills with crustal material.