The study of historic-period pottery cuts across many disciplines (e.g., historical archaeology, material culture studies, American studies, art history, decorative arts, fine arts). Studies of historic pottery with provenience from the United States are largely centered on fine-bodied wares, such as porcelain, white salt-glazed stoneware, creamware, pearlware, whiteware, ironstone (or white granite), and kaolin smoking pipes. These wares share the common attribute of whiteness: white paste and painted, slipped, or printed decoration that typically incorporate the color white into its motif. Disenfranchised groups had limited direct-market access to these wares due to its high value (Miller 1980, 1991). White pottery was disproportionately consumed by White people until the nineteenth century. This dissertation examines colonoware—an earth-toned, non-white, polythetic kind of coarse earthenware. Archaeologists commonly encounter colonoware in plantation contexts and believe that colonoware was crafted by Native American, African, and African American potters between the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries (Deetz 1999; Espenshade and Kennedy 2002:210; Gerth and Kingsley 2014; Heite 2002; Madsen 2005:107). Colonoware researchers have engaged with collections and archaeologically excavated samples from the lower Middle Atlantic, American Southeast and Caribbean for over fifty years since the “discovery” of the pottery at Colonial Williamsburg—then called “Colono-Indian Ware”—by Ivor Noël Hume (1962). Comparatively less research has been conducted on colonoware with American Northeast provenience (see Catts 1988; Sansevere 2017). This dissertation “excavates” evidence of Northeastern colonoware that has been deeply buried—buried within obscure literature, buried by centuries of soil accrual only recently moved by compliance archaeology, and buried by the fifty-something-year-old myth that colonoware was only manufactured and used in the lower Middle Atlantic, American Southeast and Caribbean. The lives of northern bondsmen have been largely concealed in the historical record, yet these individuals were clearly a very visible part of northern society and the examination of northern colonoware helps tell that story. The circumstances that precipitated the excavation of northern sites that contain colonoware, the individuals who chose to collect northern colonoware, and my own experience accessing northern colonoware collections shapes how knowledge of the past is made, provides perspective on the mechanisms that control access to heritage, demonstrates how bias is created in object-based research, and reveals the politics at play. Lastly, I speculate that colonoware contained significant meaning for northern users between the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries and discuss the changing value of this non-white pottery in contemporaneous society. / Anthropology

Rogue waves are unexpected, individual ocean surface waves that are disproportionately large compared to the background sea state. They present considerable risk to mariners and offshore structures when encountered in large seas. Rogue waves have gone from seafarer’s folktales to an actively researched and debated phenomenon. In this work an easily derived spectral parameter, as an indicator of rogue wave risk, is presented, and further evidence for the generation mechanism responsible for these abnormal waves is provided. With the additional goal of providing a practical rogue wave forecast, the ability of a standard wave model to predict the rogue wave probability is assessed. Current forecasts, like those at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), rely on the Benjamin Feir Index (BFI) as a rogue wave predictor, which reflects the nonlinear process of modulation instability as the generation mechanism for rogue waves. However, this analysis finds BFI has little predictive power in the real ocean. From the analysis of long term sea surface elevation records in nearshore areas and hourly bulk statistics from open ocean and coastal buoys in the Northeast Pacific, crest-trough correlation shows the highest correlation with rogue wave probability. These results provide evidence in support of a probabilistic prediction of rogue waves based on random linear superposition and should replace forecasts based on modulation instability. Crest-trough correlation was then forecast by a regional WAVEWATCH III ® wave model with moderate accuracy compared with the high performance of forecasting significant wave height. Results from a case study of a large fall storm October 21-22, 2021, are presented to show that the regional wave model produces accurate forecasts of significant wave height at high seas and presents a potential rogue wave probability forecast. / Graduate

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25122号 / 理博第5029号 / 新制||理||1717(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 西村 卓也, 教授 宮﨑 真一, 教授 大見 士朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Dissertação apresentada a Coordenação dos Programas de Pós-Graduação de Engenharia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências em Planejamento Energético. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Coordenação dos Programas de Pós-Graduação de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, 2006. / Bibliografia: p.124-141 / Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica da substituição dos sistemas convencionais de aquecimento de água por sistemas solares no setor hoteleiro, especificamente, em resorts, que possuem características de operação e consumo peculiares devido à grande diversidade de serviços oferecidos. Como a eficiência dos sistemas solares depende, dentre outros fatores, do grau de insolação e radiação solar da região em que vão ser implantados, escolheu-se a região Nordeste do Brasil devido às suas condições climáticas favoráveis. Os resorts têm grande preocupação com questões ambientais e um forte apelo ecológico, o que facilitaria a penetração de uma fonte de energia renovável, como a solar. / This dissertation aims at evaluating the economical viability of conventional water heating systems’ substitution by solar systems in hotels, particularly in resorts, whose operational and energetic characteristics show huge diversity of services. As the solar systems’ efficiency depends, among other factors, on the insolation degree and solar radiation at the installation local, the Brazilian Northeast region was chosen due to its favorable climate conditions. Resorts have a great concern about environment issues that would facilitate the penetration of a renewable energy source, such as the solar energy. It was researched the technology’s state of art and its installed capacity worldwide; a description of Brazilian hotels was made and it was evaluated the impact of the substitution of conventional water heating systems by the solar one in the sector energy consumption, through the savings perceived by the hotel during 20 years. An analysis to verify the results’ sensibility to some variables was also made and the final results confirm the project viability.

Luiz Gonzaga tornou-se um dos maiores intérpretes e compositores populares de sua época. Sua voz, sua vestimenta, seu modo particular de falar, sua entonação fizeram com que se transformasse em um grande ícone nacional, o representante de uma identidade regional. Considerado um dos maiores divulgadores da cultura, costumes e crenças do Nordeste, suas canções tentam representar o contexto sociocultural e sociopolítico da região Nordeste. Alguns pesquisadores consideram suas canções, até hoje, como uma marca legítima e mantedora das raízes culturais e folclóricas da região. Após leitura parcial da literatura sobre a sua obra percebemos uma carência de estudos críticos lingüísticos vistos numa perspectiva da Semiótica-Social. Este estudo investiga de que maneira as canções de Luiz Gonzaga contribuem na constituição de uma identidade nordestina. A relevância dessa abordagem, consiste em colaborar para a construção do conhecimento acerca dos processos de constituição da identidade nordestina, através de uma leitura crítica das canções, rompendo com as práticas discursivas que favoreçam a criação de estereótipos nordestinos e conseqüentemente a unificação de uma identidade cultural regional. Foram escolhidas, de forma aleatória, vinte canções da obra musical de Luiz Gonzaga, as quais foram analisadas numa perspectiva da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), segundo o modelo tridimensional de Norman Fairclough (2001). As categorias utilizadas na análise foram: Transitividade na perspectiva da Lingüística Sistêmica Funcional (LSF), Ethos/Identidade culturais, Intertextualidade e a Interdiscursividade. Nas canções observam-se articulações dos traços culturais da região com a natureza e seus componentes particularmente regionais, instituindo sentidos à construção de uma realidade social. A seca, nessas canções, transforma-se no único grande problema do Nordeste. Dessa maneira, Luiz Gonzaga reproduz a prática discursiva estabelecida pela sociedade da época, aderindo à ordem do discurso do seu entorno. Assim, contribui para reforçar uma visão estereotipada, reduzindo a identidade nordestina ao flagelado da seca. As canções de Luiz Gonzaga além de reforçar esse estereótipo nordestino, reproduzem a ordem social da época em que viveu Luiz Gonzaga. Suas canções, de certa forma, faziam com que o Governo mandasse cada vez mais subsídios para socorrer a região, o que gerou a indústria da seca. O nordestino é representado como um povo escravizado e dependente economicamente do Governo, incapaz de perceber as lutas hegemônicas da sua região e reagir a elas. / Luiz Gonzaga has become one of the most important composers and interpreters of Brazilian popular music of his time. His voice, his clothing, his particular way of talking and his intonation made him become a great national symbol, a representative of a regional identity. Luiz Gonzaga is considered one of the most active men who spread out culture, costumes and beliefs of the Brazilian Northeast, and his songs try to portrait the socio-cultural and sociopolitical context of the Northeast. This very day, some researchers consider his songs as a genuine mar k that also keeps alive cultural and folkloric roots of the region. After reading part of the literature on his work, we realized that there were few linguistic critical studies based upon Social Semiotics. This study investigates the way Luiz Gonzaga.s songs contribute to establish a Brazilian northeastern people identity. This approach becomes relevant while it helps to improve the knowledge on the processes of construction of that identity, through a critical reading of the songs opposite to those discursive practices which tend to favor the creation of stereotypes related to Brazilian northeastern people, and so to the unification of a cultural identity in the region. We chose at random twenty songs by Luiz Gonzaga, which were analyzed according to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), and based upon the threedimensional model proposed by Norman Fairclough (2001). The categories for the analysis were: transitivity - according to Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Ethos/Cultural identities, intertextuality and interdiscourse. In the songs, it.s possible to see a connection between cultural aspects of the region, nature and its regional elements, what confers meanings to the construction of a social reality. The drought, in those songs, appears as the only big problem in the Brazilian Northeast. Thus, Luiz Gonzaga represents the discursive practice of the society of that time and adheres to the discursive order that surrounds him. Then, he reinforces a stereotyped point-of-view which reduces Brazilian northeastern people identity to those of who suffered with the drought. In addition, Luiz Gonzaga.s songs represent the social order of the time he lived. His songs in a certain way incited the Government to send more and more supplies to help people in the region, an attitude that generated the Brazilian drought industry. Brazilian Northeastern people are represented as slaves and economically dependent on the Government, unable to perceive hegemonic struggles of the region and to combat them.

Orientador: Bastiaan Philip Reydon / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T21:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cruz_RogerioPiresda_D.pdf: 4044167 bytes, checksum: 834ef449b03cb60934e069b1cf7c16ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta investigação emergiu com o questionamento da tese de que, na região semiárida nordestina do Vale do Açu (RN), entre 1979/1983, o Estado - através da execução da Política Governamental Hídrica (PGH) -, teria constituído e dinamizado o Mercado de Terras Agrícolas (MTA). Com posicionamento distinto, o presente estudo supõe que o MTA constituiu-se por intermédio de um longo processo histórico de mercantilização da terra agrícola, que é anterior à execução daquela PGH. E, mais modernamente, a vigência desta intervenção governamental, num mercado constituído - de fato e de direito - teria provocado uma expansão naquele processo de mercantilização, manifesta, dentre outros fatores, no dinamismo - temporário - dos negócios com terras agrícolas. A fim de realizar esse tipo de discussão, propôs a elaboração de um estudo de caso junto a dois MTAs situados no semiárido nordestino - Assú (RN) e São Rafael (RN) -, por terem sido objeto daquela intervenção governamental hídrica; e, ainda, por terem características físicas e econômicas distintas. Neste último aspecto, dentre os parâmetros de comparação utilizados, cabe mencionar a incidência da desapropriação (comandada pelo Estado) e o desenvolvimento da modernização agrícola (impulsionada pelo mercado e contando com estímulos governamentais). Os dados coletados tanto são primários, quanto secundários. O período amplo de análise do estudo compreendeu os anos de 1971 (tendo em vista a disponibilidade de dados) a 1998 (data de reversão das expectativas positivas de implantação de fruticultura irrigada regional baseada na grande empresa agroexportadora). Dentre os resultados obtidos destacaram-se: a) a mercantilização da terra agrícola e/ou o processo de constituição do MTA ocorreu, seja mediante influência positiva do mercado de produtos agrícolas, seja através de um impulso legal - isto é, com a edição da Lei Estadual de Terras de 1895; b) mais recentemente, a PGH teve início com uma expressiva desapropriação fundiária, que implicou em aumento nos níveis de concentração da base fundiária, previamente existentes; após o término da principal obra hídrica prevista, a Barragem Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves (BARG), registrou-se um crescimento do dinamismo dos negócios no MTA, por um breve tempo, comandado principalmente por agropecuaristas regionais; isto sugeriu um predomínio do uso produtivo da terra (ativo de capital); porém, houve um percentual desse dinamismo comandado por investidores externos ao setor agrícola, num indicativo de que a terra também assumiu uso especulativo (ativo líquido); d) em face da decadência do tradicional complexo econômico nordestino e da pequena expressividade da fruticultura irrigada houve um aumento nos estoques ociosos de terra agrícola, sugerindo que a condição de ativo líquido tornou-se relativamente mais expressiva, do que sugerido anteriormente. Em face dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que, tal como se supôs, o processo de mercantilização da terra agrícola se consagrou a partir da constituição legal do MTA regional ocorrida a partir do final do século XIX, e, que acompanhou os movimentos do mercado de produtos agrícolas. Modernamente, a PGH dinamizou temporariamente o MTA; de outro, agravou a Questão Fundiária Regional - através de aumento na concentração, ociosidade e especulação com terras agrícolas. Principal solução apontada: efetivação do Imposto Territorial Rural / Abstract: This investigation arose from the questioning in the doctoral dissertation concerning the semi-arid Northeast region of Brazil, the Vale do Açu (RN), between 1979/1983, in which the State, through the Governmental Hydric Policy (PGH), defined and invigorated the Agricultural Land Market (MTA). The present study, taking a specific stance, presupposes that the MTA constituted itself through the mediation of a long historical process of the commodification of agricultural land, which was prior to the carrying out of the PGH. In addition, more recently, the validity of this governmental intervention in the market, by fact and by law, would have provoked an expansion of the commodification process, manifested in the temporary dynamism of business with agricultural lands, among other factors. Aiming to carry out this type of discussion, the development of a case study with the two MTAs located in the semi-arid northeastern region ¿ Assú (RN) and São Rafael (RN) ¿ was proposed, since they were participants in the governmental hydric intervention, and for having distinct physical and economic characteristics. In this latter aspect, among the parameters of comparison used, it is important to highlight the incidence of expropriation of land (ordered by the State, and the development of agricultural modernization (driven by the market and relying on government stimulus). Both primary and secondary data were collected. The broadest period of analysis of this study, spans the years between 1971 (in light of the availability of data) to 1998 (reversion data of the positive expectation of the implementation of regional irrigated fruit crops based on large company agro-exportation models). Among the results obtained, highlighted are: a) the commodification of agricultural land and/or the process of developing the MTA, whether through positive influences from the agricultural product market, or legally driven ¿ with the edition of the State Land Laws of 1895; b) more recently, the PGH¿s initial expressive expropriation, which implicated in the increase of levels of concentration of the previously existing land base; c) after the completion of the main hydric project previewed, the Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam (BARG), growth in the dynamism of business in the MTA was recorded for a brief period, driven mainly by the agricultural-cattle regions; this suggests the predominance of productive land use (active capital); however, there was a percentage of this dynamism driven by foreign investors to the agricultural sector, in an indication that the land was also being used for speculation (active liquid assets); d) facing the decline of the traditional northeastern economic complex, and the low expressivity of the irrigated fruit crop sector, there was an increase in the stocks of unused agricultural land, suggesting that the condition of active liquid assets became relatively more expressive than previously suggested. Considering the results obtained, it is concluded that, as was expected, the process of commodification of agricultural land was consecrated from the legal constitution of the regional MTA, which took place starting at the end of the 19th Century, and, that it followed trends in the agricultural product market. Modernly, the PGH temporarily invigorated the MTA; on the other hand, it disrupted the Regional Landholding Question ¿ through the increase in the concentration, disuse and speculation of agricultural land. The main solution indicated: implementation of the Rural Territory Tax / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

This paper examines the hypothesis of GDP per capita convergence in the northeastern states, the period 1995-2009, with a focus on human capital. The reason to analyze the Northeast only and not all regions of Brazil is to retain the condition of homogeneity, necessary to analyze convergence issues. Using theories and models of economic growth, we tested the hypothesis of convergence ß- (absolute and conditional) convergence, and -o- during the period analyzed. Using Stata software version 12.1, the coefficients were estimated using panel data with fixed effects, whose main advantage is in capturing behavior changes of the indicators analyzed, obtaining more data, informative and efficient, which would not be possible with only data cross section or time series. The results pointed to the existence of convergence-o-, ß- and ß--absolute-conditional, obtaining, in the case of absolute convergence, growth rates well above those found in the empirical literature. Under the use of proxies of human capital, the conditional convergence proved apparently differentiated between samples considered, revealing the persistence of differences interstate. / O presente trabalho analisa a hipotese da convergencia do PIB per capita nos estados nordestinos, no periodo de 1995-2009, com foco no capital humano. A necessidade de analisar apenas a Regiao Nordeste e nao todas as Regioes do Brasil prendeu-se a satisfazer a condicao de homogeneidade, necessaria para tratar a questao da convergencia. Tendo como aparato as teorias e modelos de crescimento economico, foram testadas as hipoteses de convergencia ß (absoluta e condicional) e convergencia-o- durante o periodo analisado. Utilizando o Software Stata versao 12.1, os coeficientes foram estimados atraves de dados em painel com efeitos fixos, que tem como principal vantagem captar as mudancas no comportamento dos indicadores analisados, obtendo dados mais, informativos e eficientes, o que nao seria possivel apenas com dados cross section ou com series temporais. Os resultados apontaram para a existencia de convergencia-o-, ß-absoluta e ß-condicional, obtendo, no caso da convergencia absoluta, taxas de crescimento bem superiores as encontradas na literatura empirica. Sob a utilizacao de proxies do capital humano, a convergencia condicional mostrou-se aparentemente diferenciada entre as amostras consideradas, revelando a persistencia das diferencas interestaduais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_betania_silva.pdf: 3348387 bytes, checksum: 8eefb4ab41d3a138519d44f5678f240d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-01 / Luiz Gonzaga has become one of the most important composers and interpreters of Brazilian popular music of his time. His voice, his clothing, his particular way of talking and his intonation made him become a great national symbol, a representative of a regional identity. Luiz Gonzaga is considered one of the most active men who spread out culture, costumes and beliefs of the Brazilian Northeast, and his songs try to portrait the socio-cultural and sociopolitical context of the Northeast. This very day, some researchers consider his songs as a genuine mar k that also keeps alive cultural and folkloric roots of the region. After reading part of the literature on his work, we realized that there were few linguistic critical studies based upon Social Semiotics. This study investigates the way Luiz Gonzaga.s songs contribute to establish a Brazilian northeastern people identity. This approach becomes relevant while it helps to improve the knowledge on the processes of construction of that identity, through a critical reading of the songs opposite to those discursive practices which tend to favor the creation of stereotypes related to Brazilian northeastern people, and so to the unification of a cultural identity in the region. We chose at random twenty songs by Luiz Gonzaga, which were analyzed according to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), and based upon the threedimensional model proposed by Norman Fairclough (2001). The categories for the analysis were: transitivity - according to Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Ethos/Cultural identities, intertextuality and interdiscourse. In the songs, it.s possible to see a connection between cultural aspects of the region, nature and its regional elements, what confers meanings to the construction of a social reality. The drought, in those songs, appears as the only big problem in the Brazilian Northeast. Thus, Luiz Gonzaga represents the discursive practice of the society of that time and adheres to the discursive order that surrounds him. Then, he reinforces a stereotyped point-of-view which reduces Brazilian northeastern people identity to those of who suffered with the drought. In addition, Luiz Gonzaga.s songs represent the social order of the time he lived. His songs in a certain way incited the Government to send more and more supplies to help people in the region, an attitude that generated the Brazilian drought industry . Brazilian Northeastern people are represented as slaves and economically dependent on the Government, unable to perceive hegemonic struggles of the region and to combat them. / Luiz Gonzaga tornou-se um dos maiores intérpretes e compositores populares de sua época. Sua voz, sua vestimenta, seu modo particular de falar, sua entonação fizeram com que se transformasse em um grande ícone nacional, o representante de uma identidade regional. Considerado um dos maiores divulgadores da cultura, costumes e crenças do Nordeste, suas canções tentam representar o contexto sociocultural e sociopolítico da região Nordeste. Alguns pesquisadores consideram suas canções, até hoje, como uma marca legítima e mantedora das raízes culturais e folclóricas da região. Após leitura parcial da literatura sobre a sua obra percebemos uma carência de estudos críticos lingüísticos vistos numa perspectiva da Semiótica-Social. Este estudo investiga de que maneira as canções de Luiz Gonzaga contribuem na constituição de uma identidade nordestina. A relevância dessa abordagem, consiste em colaborar para a construção do conhecimento acerca dos processos de constituição da identidade nordestina, através de uma leitura crítica das canções, rompendo com as práticas discursivas que favoreçam a criação de estereótipos nordestinos e conseqüentemente a unificação de uma identidade cultural regional. Foram escolhidas, de forma aleatória, vinte canções da obra musical de Luiz Gonzaga, as quais foram analisadas numa perspectiva da Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), segundo o modelo tridimensional de Norman Fairclough (2001). As categorias utilizadas na análise foram: Transitividade na perspectiva da Lingüística Sistêmica Funcional (LSF), Ethos/Identidade culturais, Intertextualidade e a Interdiscursividade. Nas canções observam-se articulações dos traços culturais da região com a natureza e seus componentes particularmente regionais, instituindo sentidos à construção de uma realidade social. A seca, nessas canções, transforma-se no único grande problema do Nordeste. Dessa maneira, Luiz Gonzaga reproduz a prática discursiva estabelecida pela sociedade da época, aderindo à ordem do discurso do seu entorno. Assim, contribui para reforçar uma visão estereotipada, reduzindo a identidade nordestina ao flagelado da seca. As canções de Luiz Gonzaga além de reforçar esse estereótipo nordestino, reproduzem a ordem social da época em que viveu Luiz Gonzaga. Suas canções, de certa forma, faziam com que o Governo mandasse cada vez mais subsídios para socorrer a região, o que gerou a indústria da seca . O nordestino é representado como um povo escravizado e dependente economicamente do Governo, incapaz de perceber as lutas hegemônicas da sua região e reagir a elas.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Joyce Baptist / The purpose of this study is to expand our understanding of alcohol dependency and its recovery in Northeast Brazil by exploring the lived experience of this disorder and its recovery process among couples whose husbands are seeking treatment for alcohol dependency. Culturally specific values such as patriarchy and gender roles were explored to gain insight into the recovery process. Findings from in-depth interviews conducted with couples and mental health professionals indicated that wives had a major role in the recovery process but were not included in the treatment process. Wives are expected to wait and temporarily “wear the pants” while husbands attend to their personal problems in treatment. Wives were viewed as a major support to husbands in treatment as well as the “stone in the middle of the road” that obstructed progress. The cultural values and gender norms appear to play a major role in how alcohol dependency is managed within the couple system and by mental health professionals. The use of metaphors to externalize problems and religious scripts helped couples cope. Clinical implications for systemic treatment and research implications are discussed.

I takt med att isens utbredning i Arktis minskar ökar potentialen för Nordostpassagen att bli ett alternativ till Suezkanalen. En inledande litteraturstudie identifierar möjliga effekter på miljön vid en kraftig ökning av kommersiell sjöfart längs Nordostpassagen. Resultatet av litteraturstudien diskuteras i intervjuer med tre personer verksamma inom biologi, filosofi och statsvetenskap för att undersöka hur globala förbättringar kan värderas mot lokala skadeverkningar. Litteraturstudien fann att de största miljöeffekterna i Arktis kommer från sjöfartens luftutsläpp, oljespill samt den stressande effekt fartyg har på djurlivet. Globalt sett kan ett ökat användande av Nordostpassagen ge en minskning av sjöfartens koldioxidutsläpp. De intervjuade har delade åsikter om huruvida koldioxidminskningen kan väga upp för de lokala effekterna i Arktis. Vidare önskade de intervjuade se tydlig reglering av eventuell sjöfart i området och att den vinst som genereras av rutten ska bidra till att minska de negativa miljöeffekterna. / As the ice coverage in the Arctic decreses the potential for the Northeast Passage as an alternative to the Suez Canal increases. An initial literature review identifies potential environmental effects of increased shipping along the Northeast Passage. The result of the review is discussed in three separate interviews with a philosopher, a biologist and a political scientists to study how global environmental improvements can be appraised when set against local damages. The literature review revealed air pollution, oil spillages and the stress vessels can cause wildlife to be the most important local factors. The study also found that an increased use of the Northeast Passage may lead to decreased levels of carbon dioxide emissions from shipping globally. The interviewees had different opinions on whether or not the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions outweighs the local environmental impact in the Arctic. Furthermore, the interviewees shared the opinion that shipping in the area needs to be regulated and that the profit made from using the passage should contribute to limiting the harmful environmental effects.