The competition or rivalry for the use of water resources among economic sectors of the Pacific Northwest and among geographical regions of the western United States has intensified in recent years. This rivalry and the long run prospects for water shortages have increased the demand for research concerning the productivity of this resource in alternative uses. This demand exists because the distribution and use of water resources require investment which typically comes from both public and private sources. Private and public planning groups seek answers to questions regarding future water resource development alternatives. Agriculture has historically been a major user of water in the Pacific Northwest. A substantial portion of total investment in water resource development has also been, in agriculture. As a result water use planners and decision making bodies are necessarily interested in water use in agriculture. The success of water resource planning requires answers to questions regarding the value of the productivity of water in all its major uses, including various aspects of water use in agriculture. Different aspects of water use in agriculture which are important to decision makers include (1) the value productivity of various kinds or types of water resource investments, (2) the value productivity of water in various kinds of agricultural production in different geographical areas, and (3) the returns to private and public investment in agricultural water resources. This study was directed to providing answers to these questions. Pacific Northwest agriculture was studied from this viewpoint. Agricultural water resources were classified as irrigation, drainage, and water related Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) practices. These are the major classifications of water resources in which investments are made in the Pacific Northwest. Production function analysis was selected as a method of investigation. Production functions were estimated for five areas or subregions in the Pacific Northwest. These areas are composed of counties with similar patterns of production. The Agricultural Census was the primary data surce, supplemented by related U.S. Department of Agriculture publications, and various state publications, Ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) techniques were employed to derive the initial estimates of the parameters of the production function models. Tests for detecting interdependence within the independent variable set of the models revealed a considerable degree of instability in the OLS parameter estimates. This condition makes the OLS solutions (and various derivations) particularly vulnerable to change from measurement error, poor model specification, and equation form. A prior information model was selected to explicitly include available prior knowledge in the estimation process. The model selected allows (1) tests of comparability of the two information sources (prior and sample), (2) over-all contribution of prior information to the new solution set, and (3) derivation of percentage contribution of the two information sources to individual parameter estimates. The results of the study indicate that no reliable estimates of value of production from drainage and ACP were possible from the sample information. Returns to irrigation were considered lower than expected in two of the farming areas and higher than expected in another. Estimated returns were high in the area which produces primarily field crops (about nine dollars per acre foot). The area has a small level of current irrigation development. Indications are that irrigation development is probably beyond the optimum level in the area where most large, projects have been developed in the past (less than four dollars per acre foot). Future development would be most profitable (assuming equal development cost) in the dryland field crop area. Estimated returns to other factor inputs indicate (1) low returns to labor in two areas, (2) generally high returns to current operating expenditures, and (3) low returns to machinery capital. Returns to cropland were about as expected in two areas (five to seven percent) but low in two other areas (about two percent). Indications are that labor mobility should be increased in the area and that future land development should be in the livestock-field crop and the field crop areas rather than the coastal area or the west-central valley areas (primarily the Willamette Valley). / Graduation date: 1972

Thesis (M.A.)--Western Conservative Baptist Seminary, 1987. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.I.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-140). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A. in history)--Washington State University, May 2010. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 21, 2010). "Department of History." Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-121).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, Sept. 1923. / Typewritten (carbon copy). Description based on print version record. Bibliography: p. 202-[215].

The problem that this thesis begins with is: Why did the Kwakiutl and Nootka not have feud-indemnities, whereas the other nations of the Northwest Coast had them? The method chosen is that of proposing a hypothesis and then seeing if the data bear it out. The first chapter of this thesis puts forward the hypothesis in question: that the Kwakiutl and Nootka did not have feud-indemnities because they had instead a high degree of individual geographic, inter-group mobility; such that if a person were not getting along in the group he lived with, he would simply depart to another group before disagreements and resultant tension burst out into open violence and so began a feud. Feud-indemnities, so the hypothesis suggests, act as an honourable way of ending or avoiding a feud, and so render it, by reducing its chances of disrupting the society, a more efficient method of legal enforcement. But unless feuding is relatively frequent there will be no need for the social group to adopt feud-indemnities in order to survive. High individual geographic mobility among the Kwakiutl and Nootka, so runs the hypothesis, reduced feuding and removed the necessity for feud-indemnities; therefore feud-indemnities did not arise among these tribes. And we should expect to find that the other groups which had feud-indemnities, were without high individual geographic mobility. The next six chapters describe the socio-political systems of the Nootka, the Kwakiutl, the Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian, the Bella Coola and Coast Salish, the Chinook, and the northwestern Californians—confirming the hypothesis and so answering the question that began the enquiry. The Kwakiutl, Nootka, Bella Coola, and Upper Stalo (a Coast Salish group) had high individual geographic mobility and no feud-indemnities, while the rest of the Northwest Coast nations had feud-indemnities and low individual geographic, mobility. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis deals with Tlingit notions about death, spirits, land otters and shamans. The linkage between these categories and their relationship to the social order are explored by examining Tlingit mythology. Particular myths are analyzed that embody the concepts and beliefs which the Tlingit used to deal with the unanswerable question: What happens when someone dies? Socially, there was a set pattern of ritual practices and a series of memorial feasts to dispense with the body and spirit of someone who died a normal death. Yet, there was an anomalous situation associated with death by drowning or being lost in the woods. The Tlingit indicated that people who died in this manner were taken by land otter spirits and could become shamans if certain conditions were met. This thesis contends that this explanatory scenario was an important aspect of Tlingit cosmology, since it provided a means of illustrating the source of shamanic power, and also of how that power was related to the social aspects of Tlingit culture. The myths dealing with land otter possession offer information about how shamanic power was attained and also provide a glimpse into the importance of the role of the Tlingit shaman as a mediator between the social and the spiritual domains. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Biological invasions provide a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms that regulate community composition and ecosystem function. Invasive species that are also ecosystem engineers can substantially alter physical features in an environment, and this can lead to cascading effects on the biological community. Aquatic-terrestrial interface ecosystems are excellent systems to study the interactions among invasive ecosystem engineers, physical features, and biological communities, because interactions among vegetation, sediment, and fluids within biophysical feedbacks create and modify distinct physical features. Further, these systems provide important ecosystem services including coastal protection afforded by their natural features. In this dissertation, I investigate the interactions and feedbacks among sand-binding beach grass species (a native, Elymus mollis (Trin.), and two non-natives, Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link and A. breviligulata Fernald), sediment supply, and dune shape along the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast. Dunes dominated by A. arenaria tend to be taller and narrower compared to the shorter, wider dunes dominated by A. breviligulata. These patterns suggest an ecological control on dune shape, and thus, coastal vulnerability to overtopping waves. I investigate the causes and consequences of these patterns with experiments, field observations, and modeling. Specifically, I investigate the relative roles of vegetation and sediment supply in shaping coastal dunes over inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2), characterize a biophysical feedback between beach grass species growth habit and sediment supply (Chapter 3), uncover the mechanisms leading to beach grass coexistence and whether A. breviligulata can invade and dominate new sections of coastline (Chapter 4), and examine the non-target effects resulting from management actions that remove Ammophila for the recovery of the threatened Western Snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) (Chapter 5). I found that vegetation and sediment supply play important roles in dune shape changes across inter-annual and multi-decadal time scales (Chapter 2). I determined that a biophysical feedback between the beach grass growth habits and sediment supply results in species-specific differences in sand capture ability, and thus, is a likely explanation for differences in dune shape (Chapter 3). I found that all three beach grass species can coexist across different sediment deposition rates, and that this coexistence is largely mediated by positive direct and indirect species interactions. I further determined that A. breviligulata is capable of invading and dominating the beach grass community in regions where it is currently absent (Chapter 4). Combined, these findings indicate that A. breviligulata is an inferior dune building species as compared to A. arenaria, and suggest that in combination with sediment supply gradients, these species differences ultimately lead to differences in dune shape. Potential further invasions of A. breviligulata into southern regions of the Pacific Northwest may diminish the coastal protection ability of dunes currently dominated by A. arenaria, but this effect could be moderated by the predicted near co-dominance of A. arenaria in these lower sediment supply conditions. Finally, I found that the techniques used to remove Ammophila for plover recovery have unintended consequences for the native and endemic dune plant communities, and disrupt the natural disturbance regime of shifting sand. A whole-ecosystem restoration focus would be an improvement over the target-species approach, as it would promote the return of the natural disturbance regime, which in turn, would help recover the native biological community. The findings from this dissertation research provide a robust knowledge base that can guide further investigations of biological and physical changes to the coastal dunes, can help improve the management of dune ecosystem services and the restoration of native communities, and can help anticipate the impacts of future beach grass invasions and climate change induced changes to the coast. / Graduation date: 2012 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Sept. 22, 2011 - March 22, 2012

Wastewater epidemiology is an emerging discipline that requires collaborative research involving analytical chemists, drug epidemiologists, and wastewater engineers. Wastewater epidemiology involves the sampling and quantitative analysis of raw wastewaters from communities for illicit drugs and their metabolites. Mass loads (mass per day) and per capita (mg per day per person) are then calculated from concentrations and indicate the approximate quantity of illicit drugs used and excreted by the community. Limitations to wastewater epidemiology include that the population served by wastewater treatment plants within a day and between days is not well known. In addition, biodegradation of illicit drugs during transit in sewers may affect the concentration and mass flows that reach wastewater treatment plants. This thesis describes a series of studies conducted by an international collaboration between scientists and engineers from the United States and Switzerland to answer these two limitations. The experimental approaches for these studies used included high-frequency wastewater sampling strategies, the use of creatinine as a human urinary biomarker, as well as the use of unique locations as test sites including an open community, a prison in the state of Oregon, and a 5 km section of sewer in Zürich Switzerland. In Chapter 2, the diurnal study on the mass flows of illicit drugs or metabolites was formed over four days in a municipality with a population of approximately 55,000 people. The diurnal trends in illicit substances vary by substance. The high (g/day) mass flows of caffeine, methamphetamine, and creatinine indicate that lower-frequency sampling (approximately one sample per h) may representatively capture the use and excretion of these substances. However, lower and episodic mass flows of cocaine and its primary human metabolite, benzoylecgonine, indicate that higher-frequency is needed to accurately assess the use of the cocaine within the municipality. Normalization of illicit substances to creatinine gave between-day trends in illicit and legal substances that differed from non-normalized trends. Resident use of cocaine and methamphetamine were indicated by normalized mass flows that increased during early morning hours while commuters are largely absent from the community. Chapter 3 describes a series of experiments conducted at an Oregon state prison. The prison setting provided a unique opportunity to study a nearly-fixed population of individuals and their corresponding mass flows of illicit substances, the number of doses per person consumed, as well as an opportunity to quantify the level of agreement between numbers of individuals and the measured mass flows of creatinine. Methamphetamine use was more prevalent than cocaine/benzoylecgonine in the prison over the one month study in which single daily (24 h) composite samples of wastewater were collected. The hypothesis that the mass flows of methamphetamine and cocaine would be lower on days on which random urinalysis testing (RUA) is typically conducted by the prison (Monday-Thursday) was rejected. While the mass flows (mg/d) of methamphetamine were less than those for a nearby open community, the number of estimated doses per person was higher for the prison population. A higher number of positive RUA results were obtained for methamphetamine while none were positive for cocaine, which is consistent with the data obtained from wastewater. The hourly (diurnal) trend in methamphetamine mass loads indicated continual methamphetamine use/excretion inside the prison while cocaine and benzoylecgonine were detected in five hourly composite samples. Use of methamphetamine and cocaine by inmates could not be unambiguously distinguished from that of non-inmates (employees and visitors). The observed diurnal trends in creatinine mass loads were similar to those of an open community and are indicative of the general pattern of human wakefulness/activity. Predicted creatinine mass loads based on the total prison (inmates + non-inmates) were in good agreement with the measured mass loads, which indicates the potential use of creatinine as a quantitative population indicator. Additional research on the biodegradability of creatinine is needed because the prison setting was deliberately selected to minimize the potential for creatinine biodegradation. Chapter 4 addresses the data gap that exists on illicit drug transformation during in situ transit in sewers. The rates of in situ biodegradation have not yet been determined for conditions that are relevant to sewers, which include low to variable oxygen concentrations, the presence of a biofilm, and temperatures ≤ 20 °C. For this reason, two tracer tests were conducted in a 5 km stretch of sewer located near Zürich, Switzerland. The stable-isotope forms (deuterated) of cocaine and benzoylecgonine were injected into flowing wastewater and three locations up to 5 km downstream were sampled over time. Breakthrough curves were constructed from measurements of cocaine-d3 and benzoylecgonine-d3 concentration with time. The area under the curve (mass) was determined by integrating concentration over time. Benzoylecgonine-d3 was present in the injectate that should have only contained cocaine-d3; because the benzoylecgonine-d3 formation prior to injection is not known. The injected mass of cocaine-d3 did not decline over the 5 km distance. The observed mass of cocaine-d3 at 5 km was 10% greater than at 500 m, which indicates that the transformation of cocaine was not significant over the 1.5 h experiment. At 5 km downgradient, the apparent mass of benzoylecgonine-d3 had increased by 35% over that observed at 500 m. However, the apparent increase in benzoylecgonine-d3 mass was not accompanied by a corresponding loss of cocaine-d3. While uncertainty is apparent in the increase of both cocaine-d3 and benzoylecgonine-d3, the ratio of cocaine-d3/benzoylecgonine-d3 is subject only to analytical error because any errors associated with sampling and the integration of masses cancel out. The ratio of cocaine-d3/benzoylecgonine-d3 declined from 2.98 in the injectate to 1.66 at Location 3, which indicated a greater increase in benzoylecgonine-d3 relative to cocaine over the 5 km distance. Due to the benzoylecgonine-d3 that was present in the injectate, any biodegradation of cocaine-c3 to form benzoylecgonine-d3 could not be unambiguously distinguished. During the second tracer test in which benzoylecgonine-d3 was injected, the mass of benzoylecgonine-d3 did not significantly decline, which suggests that the apparent loss of benzoylecgonine-d3 during the cocaine-d3 test cannot be attributed to in-situ biodegradation. Overall, while uncertainty exists about the integrated masses for cocaine-d3 and benzoylecgonine-d3, the 5 km distance was too short in order to observe a significant loss of cocaine-d3 and formation of benzoylecgonine-d3. Recommendations for future research include conducting analysis on the injectate solution to ensure that only cocaine-d3 is introduced so that any formation of benzoylecgonine-d3 is readily apparent and quantifiable. In addition, the tracer tests should be repeated in a longer section of sewer to increase the residence time beyond 1.5 hr and degradation products of benzoylecgonine-d3 should be monitored including ecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. / Graduation date: 2013 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from Jan. 7, 2013 - Jan. 7, 2014

xiii, 236 p. : ill. (some col.) / Over the past two decades, contemporary state-level watershed management burgeoned in the Pacific Northwest. This research offers a comparative analysis of contemporary state-level watershed management frameworks in the Pacific Northwest. The four case study areas consist of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Northern California. This study begins with a historical analysis of the greater watershed movement in natural resource management. Next, document analysis and key informant interviews are utilized to detail the watershed management framework of each state. Finally, this study explores a comparative analysis of each state framework. Results indicate that while the case study areas share many characteristics endemic to the bioregion, the watershed management framework of each state differs substantially. Key informant interviews indicate that these differences often reflect the unique sociopolitical climate of each state. Results additionally indicate the vital importance of stable state-derived funding for the establishment and resilience of watershed management organizations. / Committee in charge: Dr. Michael Hibbard, Chairperson; Dr. Richard Margerum, Member; Dr. Max Nielsen-Pincus, Member