A presente tese se centra na compreensão do sistema pastoril em Santa María, Província de Catamarca, Argentina. Os grupos pastoris desta região apresentam mobilidade sazonal em busca de fontes hídricas e pastagens, indicando movimentos que tradicionalmente se distinguem entre os vales e o interior das serras. Especificamente, esta mobilidade que lhes é característica também atua na percepção e apreensão da paisagem. Neste contexto, a paisagem tem um valor ativo nestas práticas e no imaginário das pessoas do lugar. A partir de uma abordagem etnoarqueológica se buscará compreender a maneira como as características específicas do sistema pastoril atuam na relação entre humanos e o meio e na internalização da paisagem, considerando as implicações materiais dessas escolhas e comportamentos. / This dissertation focuses on understanding the pastoral system in Santa María, Catamarca province, Argentina. Pastoralists movements are based on a seasonal mobility to search water sources and pastures, indicating movements that are traditionally distinguished between the valleys and the mountains. Specifically, the mobility pattern also acts on perception and apprehension of the landscape. In this context, the landscape has an active value in practices and imagination of the pastoral people. The study uses an ethnoarchaeological approach, to investigate the pastoralist system, and the implications of the relationship between humans and the environment and the internalization of landscape, considering the material implications of choices and behaviors.

A presente tese se centra na compreensão do sistema pastoril em Santa María, Província de Catamarca, Argentina. Os grupos pastoris desta região apresentam mobilidade sazonal em busca de fontes hídricas e pastagens, indicando movimentos que tradicionalmente se distinguem entre os vales e o interior das serras. Especificamente, esta mobilidade que lhes é característica também atua na percepção e apreensão da paisagem. Neste contexto, a paisagem tem um valor ativo nestas práticas e no imaginário das pessoas do lugar. A partir de uma abordagem etnoarqueológica se buscará compreender a maneira como as características específicas do sistema pastoril atuam na relação entre humanos e o meio e na internalização da paisagem, considerando as implicações materiais dessas escolhas e comportamentos. / This dissertation focuses on understanding the pastoral system in Santa María, Catamarca province, Argentina. Pastoralists movements are based on a seasonal mobility to search water sources and pastures, indicating movements that are traditionally distinguished between the valleys and the mountains. Specifically, the mobility pattern also acts on perception and apprehension of the landscape. In this context, the landscape has an active value in practices and imagination of the pastoral people. The study uses an ethnoarchaeological approach, to investigate the pastoralist system, and the implications of the relationship between humans and the environment and the internalization of landscape, considering the material implications of choices and behaviors.

The Power of the State and the Material Culture in KollasuyuIdeology is a central element of cultural systems. It is also a source of social power particularly as it relates to the capacity of the state to control and manage the social work of a group of people to obtain benefits. This study analyzes the Inka manipulation of power in the attempt to achieve domination and control of native populations in the Calchaqui and Yocavil valleys of Northwest Argentina (NOA), between AD 1000-AD 1536. These processes are viewed through the study of the coercive and symbolic role of architecture and the production and use of symbolic objects, specially ceramics. The contest between native societies from NOA and the Inka State is understood as a key process in the structuration of social relationships and the manipulation of power in this region. / La ideología es un elemento central del sistema cultural y es una fuente de poder social, si se entiende esto último como la capacidad para controlar y manejar el trabajo de un grupo de personas para obtener beneficios. Su materialización se convierte en fuentes efectivas de poder. En el presente trabajo se analizará la manipulación del poder por parte del imperio inka para alcanzar la dominación y control de las poblaciones nativas del noroeste de Argentina entre 1000 y 1536 d.C. a partir del rol, simbólico y coercitivo, de la arquitectura y de la producción y uso de objetos simbólicos —especialmente de la cerámica— como formas de control y dominio por parte del Estado inka en los valles Calchaquí, Yocavil y áreas relacionadas. En otras palabras, se interpretarán las instituciones en términos de arquitectura y cultura material. La espacialidad planteada por las sociedades locales del Noroeste Argentino y el Estado inka es entendida como una dimensión clave en la estructuración de relaciones sociales y la manipulación del poder.

In Prehispanic Northwest Argentina, the first archaeological evidence of Formative cultures (1000 BC-AD 1000) permits us to differentiate between areas of daily use and areas of funeral or ritual uses and between household patio-groups and mound compounds. During the first millennium AD, several modes of spatial structuration and of investment in the architectural landscape were in operation. They confer primacy to different material and symbolic means. At the end of the first millennium AD two structuration modes can be distinguished more clearly: one was founded in the control and manipulation of sacred resources and the other was founded in the control and concentration of socio-political resources of a secular order. Both distinctive principles operated as the means and resources of several social transformations. These modes produced diverse forms of hierarchically structured social spaces and of community architecture. Variations of these modes are illustrated by describing different archaeological sites and materials from the Santa María Valley and nearby areas. This analysis aims to understand social transformations from the first village communities to later ones. / En el Noroeste argentino prehispánico, las primeras evidencias formativas (1000 a.C. a 1000 d.C.) permiten diferenciar entre algunas zonas de uso cotidiano y sectores funerarios o rituales, es decir, entre conjuntos de viviendas-patio y complejos de montículos-plazuela. En el transcurso del primer milenio d.C. ya existían varios modos alternativos de diferenciación del espacio y de inversión en el paisaje arquitectónico que otorgaban primacía a medios materiales y simbólicos distintos. Al final de esta etapa se pueden distinguir, de manera más clara, dos modos de diferenciación: uno fundado en el control y manipulación de recursos sagrados, y otro basado en el control y concentración de recursos de orden sociopolítico o secular. Ambos principios de distinción operaron como medios y recursos de transformaciones sociales. Estos modos produjeron formas diversas de jerarquización del espacio social y de la arquitectura comunitaria. Estas variaciones se ilustran con la descripción de sitios y materiales arqueológicos del valle de Santa María y sus alrededores. El presente análisis está dirigido a la comprensión de la transición desde las primeras sociedades aldeanas a las formaciones posteriores.

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The fault-bounded Cianzo basin represents a Cenozoic intermontane depocenter between the Puna plateau and Eastern Cordillera of the central Andean fold-thrust belt in northern Argentina. New characterizations of fold-thrust structure, nonmarine sedimentation, and sediment provenance for the shortening-induced Cianzo basin at 23°S help constrain the origin, interconnectedness, and subsequent uplift and exhumation of the basin, which may serve as an analogue for other intermontane hinterland basins in the Andes. Structural mapping of the Cianzo basin reveals SW and NE-plunging synclines within the >6000 m-thick, upsection coarsening Cenozoic clastic succession in the shared footwall of the N-striking, E-directed Cianzo thrust fault and transverse, NE-striking Hornocal fault. Growth stratal relationships within upper Miocene levels of the succession indicate syncontractional sedimentation directly adjacent to the Hornocal fault. Measured stratigraphic sections and clastic sedimentary lithofacies of Cenozoic basin-fill deposits show upsection changes from (1) a distal fluvial system recorded by vi fine-grained, paleosol-rich, heavily bioturbated sandstones and mudstones (Paleocene‒Eocene Santa Bárbara Subgroup, ~400 m), to (2) a braided fluvial system represented by cross-stratified sandstones and interbedded mudstones with 0.3 to 8 m upsection-fining sequences (Upper Eocene–Oligocene Casa Grande Formation, ~1400 m), to (3) a distributary fluvial system in the distal sectors of a distributary fluvial megafan represented by structureless sheetflood sandstones, stratified pebble conglomerates and sandstones, and interbedded overbank mudstones (Miocene Río Grande Formation, ~3300 m), to (4) a proximal alluvial fan system with thick conglomerates interbedded with thin discontinuous sandstone lenses (upper Miocene Pisungo Formation, ~1600 m). New 40Ar/39Ar geochronological results for five interbedded volcanic tuffs indicate distributary fluvial deposition of the uppermost Río Grande Formation from 16.31 ± 0.6 Ma to 9.69 ± 0.05 Ma. Sandstone petrographic results show distinct upsection trends in lithic and feldspar content in the Casa Grande, Río Grande, and Pisungo formations, potentially distinguishing western magmatic arc (Western Cordillera) sediment sources from evolving eastern thrust-belt sources (Puna‒Eastern Cordillera). In addition to growth stratal relationships and 40Ar/39Ar constraints, conglomerate clast compositions reflect distinct lithologic differences, constraining the activation of the Cianzo thrust and coeval movement on the reactivated Hornocal fault. Finally, U-Pb geochronological analyses of sandstone detrital zircon populations in conjunction with paleocurrent data and depositional facies patterns help distinguish localized sources from more distal sources west of the basin, revealing a systematic eastward advance of Eocene to Miocene fold-thrust deformation in the central Andes of northern Argentina. / text