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This work deals with the potential of nuclear energy in general and in our country. Nuclear energy offers as almost a necessary alternative to fill growing demand for electricity in our country and the world. Increased attention is paid to the electricity market in our country, the role of nuclear energy in the Czech energy mix and the possibilities of its use in the future as an alternative to other energy sources (renewable, fossil resources), and savings and imports from abroad. The author summarizes the main benefits, but also the risk that nuclear energy brings. Does not forget the attitude of environmentalists, opponents and the public to the nuclear issue, which improves long-term, giving scope for the use of nuclear energy.

This diploma thesis is dedicated to the future development of nuclear energy in the EU area and its incorporation into the current EU energy policy. The work also focuses on a detailed examination of EU energy policy in terms of energy security of the Member States and throughout the text deals with the role of nuclear power as a determining factor of energy security. The work is divided into two parts - theoretical part (Chapter one) and research part (Chapter two and three). The first chapter of this thesis is devoted to current theoretical approaches to the issue of energy security. The issues of energy security are then examined in the final part of this chapter in terms of integration into the all-embracing EU energy policy. The second chapter provides an analysis of the current energy situation in the European Union as a whole and in individual Member States. All findings are applied with emphasis on the status of nuclear energy in the energy mix. The final chapter summarizes current nuclear energy trends in the EU. In addition, analysis of the opinion polls and government interventions in the field of nuclear energy are provided.

[pt] Nos últimos oito anos, o setor elétrico brasileiro tem sofrido profundas transformações em sua estrutura básica. Porém, ainda há muito a fazer, principalmente na área de diversificação de energia, uma vez que a matriz energética do setor elétrico está concentrada em uma só fonte - a hidráulica. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar um arcabouço analítico com os recursos e as competências necessários/desejáveis à exploração da energia nucleoelétrica no país. A investigação foi desenvolvida, usando a metodologia de estudo de caso, escolhendo como objeto de pesquisa a Eletrobrás Termonuclear - Eletronuclear. Coletados por meio de investigação documental/telematizada, formulário predominantemente estruturado e entrevistas, os dados da pesquisa foram tratados com métodos quantitativos e qualitativos. A interpretação e a análise dos dados foram realizadas com base no referencial teórico, fundamentado em revisão de literatura pertinente à área de estudo, com auxílio do modelo genérico integrativo de Macedo-Soares (2000 e 2002), em suas versões tradicional e relacional. Em seguida, utilizando o método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), realizou-se uma hierarquização das categorias de recursos e de competências apuradas, em ordem de importância, segundo a percepção dos gestores participantes da pesquisa. Os resultados evidenciaram inconsistências entre os objetivos estratégicos explicitados pela empresa, sua capacidade financeira, os fatores macroambientais políticos e os atores estratégicos. Dentre as recomendações resultantes da pesquisa, o arcabouço de recursos e competências proposto destaca as categorias mais relevantes e alerta para aquelas que requerem ações mais efetivas com vistas a viabilizar a geração de energia nucleoelétrica no Brasil. / [en] Since 1996, the basic structure of the Brazilian electric sector has been changing dramatically. However, these changes have not brought great improvement in terms of electric energy diversification, considering that the sector`s energetic matrix is basically concentrated in a single source - the hydraulic. The objective of this study is to develop an analytic framework with the necessary/desirable resources and competencies to explore the nuclear-electric energy in Brazil. The investigation was carried out through the case study methodology and had Electronuclear - Brazil`s state-owned nuclear energy producer - as object of study. Data collected through documental/telematic investigations and mainly structured interviews, were handled with qualitative and quantitative methods. The data interpretation and analysis were conducted based on the theoretical references from the literature review, with the support of the systemic and integrative model - traditional and relational versions - developed by Macedo-Soares(2000 e 2002). After that, utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process, the resources and competencies were organized in different groups and classified by priority, according to managerial perceptions. The results highlight inconsistencies between the firm`s strategy objectives, its financial resources, the political macro- environmental factors and the strategic actors. Among the recommendations made as a result of the research, the framework of resources and competencies shows the more relevant groups and emphasizes some aspects that need effective actions in order to explore the nuclear-electric energy in Brazil.

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"Representation of nuclear energy in media in the period before and after the accident in Fukushima" This master's thesis examines media representation of nuclear energy within one year before and one year after the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster. The sample of news was selected from the print edition of the two main Czech dailies - MF Dnes and Právo. The method used in the thesis is content analysis. In the first part, some of the main theories of media studies (agenda setting, stereotypes, framing, and moral panic) and mechanisms which single news are constructed by (news values, access to news, primary defining, and gatekeeping) are introduced. In the second part, shift in both the focus of the media on the issue of nuclear energy and utilizing of the selected mechanisms of construction of the news is examined. In conclusion, the thesis identifies how the representation of the nuclear energy is constructed in the above said dailies over the period given before and after the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

In der intensiv geführten Diskussion um eine nachhaltige Energiestrategie spielt international die Kernenergie eine zentrale Rolle. Sie wird als ein substanzieller Bestandteil in einem ausgewogenen Energiemix gesehen. Kernenergie ist sicher, zuverlässig, ressourcenschonend und CO2-frei. Fast alle technisch hoch entwickelten Länder planen bzw. realisieren den Neubau von modernen Kernkraftwerken. Die technologisch auf diesem Gebiet führenden Nationen haben sich zu einer Interessengemeinschaft zusammengeschlossen, die es sich zum Ziel gestellt hat, die Kernkraftwerke der nächsten Generation zu entwickeln. Deutschland ist noch nicht dabei. / The intensive discussion regarding a sustainable energy strategy is focused centrally on the international role of nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is considered a substantial component in a balanced energy mix. It is safe and reliable, saves resources and produces no CO2. Almost all technologically highly developed countries are planning or building new modern nuclear power stations. The technology leaders in this field have formed a pool aimed at developing nuclear power stations of the next generation. Germany has not yet joined this pool.

The nuclear fuel cycle is modelled as a cyclic, multi-stage production-to-inventory system. The objective is to meet a known deterministic demand for energy while minimizing acquisition, production, and inventory holding costs for all stages of the fuel cycle. The model allows for cyclic flow (feedback) of materials, material flow conversion factors at each stage, production lag times at each stage, and for escalating costs of uranium ore. It does not allow shortages to occur in inventories. The model is optimized by the application of the calculus of variations and specifically through recently developed theorems on the solution of functionals constrained by inequalities. The solution is a set of optimal cumulative production trajectories which define the stagewise production rates. Analysis of these production rates reveals the optimal nuclear fuel cycle costs and that inventories (stockpiles) occur in uranium fields, enriched uranium hexafluoride, and fabricated fuel assemblies. An analysis of the sensitivity of the model to variation in three important parameters is performed. / Ph. D.

Molten salts are high-temperature heat transfer fluids intended for cooling and/or storage purposes in a variety of energy applications. The current work seeks to ultimately study the thermophysical properties of fluoride and chloride salts, which are commonly considered for use in advanced nuclear reactors. Thermophysical properties like thermal conductivity are fundamental to ensuring safe, efficient, and competitive designs for advanced commercial nuclear reactors. Measurement challenges with liquid salts such as electrical conduction, corrosion, convection, and thermal radiation have hindered traditional approaches in their attempts to accurately quantify these properties at high temperatures. Here, a needle probe is developed, which modifies principles from existing instrumental techniques in order to experimentally measure the thermal conductivity of molten salts with reduced error. An analytical heat transfer model is developed to characterize 1D radial heat flow in a multilayered cylindrical system. This includes a thin layer of salt located between the needle probe and a crucible to limit natural convection. After being validated with finite-element methods, the needle probe is used to measure the thermal conductivity of several reference liquids, whose thermophysical properties are well-established at low temperatures. These seven samples are water, sodium nitrate (molten salt), potassium nitrate (molten salt), toluene, ethanol, propylene glycol, and galinstan. The needle probe was able to accurately measure thermal conductivity between 0.40-0.66W/mK for these samples with 3.5-10% uncertainty. Three eutectic halide molten salts (presented by molar composition) were selected for high-temperature testing. These include the ternary fluorides LiF(46.5%)-NaF(11.5%)-KF(42%) and NaF(34.5%)-KF(59%)-MgF2(6.5%), as well as the binary chloride NaCl(58.2%)-KCl(41.8%). Because testing temperatures range between 500-750C, the governing model is adapted to account for radiative heat transfer through the salt sample in parallel with conductive heat transfer. Improvements to the experimental apparatus are also made. For all three salts, the needle probe accurately measured thermal conductivity between 0.490-0.849W/mK with total uncertainty generally being less than 20%. A linear fit to the data demonstrates a clear negative relationship between thermal conductivity and an increase in temperature, which agrees with theoretical and computational predictions. These results indicate that the needle probe successfully handles the assortment of measurement challenges associated with high-temperature molten salts and provides reliable data to create correlations for thermophysical property databases.

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