SUMO is a small ubiquitin-like modifier. The fluorescent fused SUMO (active for sumoylation) localized in the nucleus, while C-terminal truncated SUMO (inactive for sumoylation) diffused in the cytoplasm. Daxx is a SUMO target protein, locates predominantly in the nucleus. It has been identified as a component of the PODs. During extracellular stimulation, Daxx could be recruited to the cytoplasm with the existence of Ask1. Therefore, it is a shuttle protein. Daxx should contain nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) motifs. To identify the NES and NLS motifs on Daxx, Daxx were truncated into four segments. Several amino acids on the predicted NES and NLS motifs were mutated. Our results showed that the truncated Daxx fragments D1 (containing NES) and D4 (containing NLS2) could be translocated into nucleus independently. However, either NES or NLS2 mutants disrupted their translocation into nucleus. It indicated that both NES and NLS2 motif of Daxx were involved in the nuclear transport. Nevertheless the co-transfection of SUMOs and Daxx showed that the interactions between SUMO active form and Daxx mutants and between inactive SUMO and Daxx wild type rescued the nuclear transport function of Daxx mutants and inactive SUMO. Therefore, SUMO may play a role in the nuclear transport of Daxx by either sumoylation or interaction with Daxx in cytoplasm, and Daxx may recruit inactive SUMOs into nucleus by interaction.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis advisor: Junona Moroianu / The L2 minor capsid protein of human papillomavirus is one of two structural proteins that comprise the icosahedral shell. Two potential, leucine-rich nuclear export signals (NESs) had been identified in the HPV16 L2 sequence, one in the n-terminus (51MGVFFGGLGI60) and one in the c-terminus (462LPYFFDSVSL471). DNA primers for mutant L2 proteins were designed to specifically target these two potential NES regions. Two primers had mutations in the n-terminal located NES (nNES), while the other two primers had mutations in the c-terminal NES (cNES). L2 nuclear retention mutants, RR297AA (“MS4”) and RTR313AAA (“MS5”), served as the templates for these NES mutations. Using mutagenesis, the desired secondary mutations were introduced into the mutant L2 genes in order to create four, distinct mutants: RR297AA + P463_ (“MS4 T1”), RR297AA + V469_ (“MS4 T2), RTR313AAA + P463_ (“MS5 T1”), and RTR313AAA + V469_ (“MS5 T2”). In contrast to the pancellular localization of the MS4 and MS5 L2 mutants, the “MS4 T1,” “MS4 T2,” “MS5 T1”, and “MS5 T2” mutants were all localized nuclearly. These results suggest that deletion of the cNES inhibits nuclear export of the HPV16 L2 minor capsid protein. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Biology Honors Program. / Discipline: Biology.

Human β-catenin is a dual-functioned protein responsible for regulating cell-cell adhesion and gene transcription. To activate gene transcription, β-catenin must be shuttled into the nucleus where it interacts with various co-activators to activates gene transcription. Various studies have identified proteins that bind to specific amino acid sequences in β-catenin for proper gene transcription regulation. Compared to the single beta-catenin in most animals, C. elegans surprisingly contains four β-catenins. Though structurally similar, these beta-catenins became distinct during nematode evolution, resulting in four β-catenins that differ in functions. SYS-1 is one such β-catenin that loses its adhesion ability and is specialized in activating transcription of genes in the nucleus. Across different animals, β-catenin shares similar amino acid sequences and structure. SYS-1, while it shares the similar structure to other β-catenins, is the most divergent C. elegans beta-catenin when comparing amino acid sequences. In addition, while SYS-1 interacts with homologs of proteins that bind to and regulate human β-catenin, the binding sites of those proteins to SYS-1 is unknown. Here, we identify novel sites for beta-catenin’s gene transcription role within SYS-1 that greatly differed from human β-catenin. We also identify a novel mechanism for beta-catenin nuclear import, which is still largely unknown in any system, by identifying a candidate importer that associates with SYS-1 is required for SYS-1 dependent cell fate. In summary, though SYS-1 has a well-conserved function dictating cell fate in response to developmental signals, it has evolved novel regulatory, functional and localization mechanisms and therefore serves as a model for the plasticity nuclear importer that helps shuttle SYS-1 into the nucleus identified specific regions in SYS-1 that is involved in activating transcription which will result in cell fate changes.

Resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a major obstacle in the treatment of leukemia and multiple myeloma. We have previously found that myeloma and leukemic cells in transition from low-density log phase conditions to high-density plateau phase conditions exhibit a substantial export of endogenous topoisomerase II alpha from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In order for topoisomerase-targeted chemotherapy to function, the topoisomerase target must have access to the nuclear DNA. Therefore, the nuclear export of topoisomerase II alpha may contribute to drug resistance, and defining this mechanism may lead to methods to preclude this avenue of resistance. In the current report, we have defined nuclear export signals for topoisomerase II alpha at amino acids 1017-1028 and 1054-1066, using FITC labeled BSA-export signal peptide conjugates microinjected into the nuclei of HeLa cells. Functional confirmation of both signals (1017-1028 and 1054-1066) was provided by transfection of human myeloma cells with plasmids containing the gene for a full-length human FLAG-topoisomerase fusion protein, mutated at hydrophobic amino acid residues in the export signals. Of the six putative export signals tested, the two sites above were found to induce export into the cytoplasm. Export by both signals was blocked by treatment of the cells with leptomycin B, indicating that a CRM-1 dependent pathway mediates export. Site-directed mutagenesis of two central hydrophobic residues in either export signal in full-length human topoisomerase blocked export of recombinant FLAG-topoisomerase II alpha, indicating that both signals may be required for export. Interestingly, this pair of nuclear export signals (1017-1028 and 1054-1066) also defines a dimerization domain of the topoisomerase II alpha molecule.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse de doctorat portent sur létude de la distribution cellulaire dynamique des facteurs essentiels dépissage de la famille SR dArabidopsis thaliana. Le processus dexcision/épissage du pré-mRNA consiste en la reconnaissance précise des introns au niveau des sites dépissage, en leur excision et en la ligature des exons. Les facteurs d'épissage SR possèdent un domaine particulier riche en dipeptides sérines et arginines répétés et également un ou deux domaines hautement conservés de liaison au RNA. Ils sont impliqués dans la reconnaissance et le choix des sites dépissage ainsi que dans lassemblage du spliceosome. Au cours de cette thèse de doctorat, nous avons montré la distribution subcellulaire dynamique des protéines SR d'Arabidopsis (RSp31, RSZp22, RSp34 et RSZ33) fusionnée à la GFP, et ce dans divers systèmes expérimentaux (cellules foliaires de tabac et dArabidopsis, cellules BY-2). Celles-ci se localisent au sein du noyau et se concentrent en certains sites nucléaires précis dénommés speckles. Nous avons aussi observé que lune dentre-elles, RSZp22, peut se localiser au sein du nucléole suivant les conditions cellulaires, ce qui suggérait un rôle possible de cette protéine dans le transport du mRNA. Nous avons étudié le rôle des différents domaines structuraux des protéines SR dans leur distribution cellulaire en réalisant des délétions partielles des protéines RSp31 et RSZp22 et en analysant la localisation des protéines mutantes. Par co-expression de différents couples de protéines SR fusionnées à deux variantes de protéines fluorescentes (la GFP et la mRFP1 ou monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein 1), nous avons également montré une co-localisation générale des protéines SR végétales, à lexception de RSZp22 qui est la seule à présenter cette localisation nucléolaire. Nous avons aussi analysé la redistribution des protéines SR après traitement par divers inhibiteurs de la phosphorylation et déphosphorylation et également de la transcription. Aussi, l'utilisation de diverses méthodes de microscopie confocale (comme le FRAP ou Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching ou encore le FLIP ou Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching) nous a permis de montrer que les protéines SR dArabidopsis sont hautement dynamiques au sein du noyau. Enfin, nous avons observé grâce à la technique du FLIP que RSZp22 est capable de faire la navette entre le noyau et le cytoplasme et que ce transport nucléo-cytoplasmique dépend de la voie dexportation via le récepteur CRM1/exportine1 [1-3]. 1. Docquier, S., et al., Nuclear bodies and compartmentalization of pre-mRNA splicing factors in higher plants. Chromosoma, 2004. 112(5): p. 255-66. 2. Tillemans, V., et al., Functional distribution and dynamics of Arabidopsis SR splicing factors in living plant cells. Plant J, 2005. 41(4): p. 567-82. 3. Tillemans, V., et al., Insights into Nuclear Organization in Plants as Revealed by the Dynamic Distribution of Arabidopsis SR Splicing Factors. Plant Cell, 2006. 18(11): p. 3218-34.

No description available.

The work in this thesis addresses the general problem of how ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus to mature in the cytoplasm. There are three parts in this dissertation. In the first part, I asked questions about the specificity for export receptors in the nuclear export of the large (60S) ribosomal subunit in yeast. In principle, I tethered different export receptors that are known to work in various unrelated export pathways to the ribosome by fusing them to the trans-acting factor Nmd3. Interestingly, all the chimeric receptors were able to support export, although to different degrees. Moreover, 60S export driven by these chimeric receptors was independent of Crm1, an export receptor that is essential for 60S export in wild-type cells. The second question I addressed in this project was whether or not a nuclear export signal could be provided in cis on ribosomal proteins (Rpls) rather than in trans by a transacting factor. The nuclear export signal (NES) of Nmd3 was fused to different ribosomal proteins and tested for support of 60S export. Several Rpl-NES fusion constructs worked to promote 60S export. Rpl3 gave the best efficiency. In conclusion, these results imply unexpected flexibility in the 60S export pathway. This may help explain how different export receptors could have evolved in different eukaryotic lineages. In the second part of my thesis, I identified the assembly pathway for the base of the ribosome stalk. The stalk is an important functional domain of the large ribosomal subunit because of its requirement for interaction with translation factors. Mrt4 is a nuclear paralog of P0, which is an essential part of the stalk. Here, I identified Yvh1 a novel ribosome biogenesis factor that is required for the release of Mrt4. Yvh1 is a conserved dual phosphatase, but the C-terminal zinc-binding domain rather than the phosphatase function was required for its activity to release Mrt4. Mrt4 localizes in the nucleus and nucleolus in the wild-type cells, but was persistent on cytoplasmic 60S subunits in yvh1[Delta] cells. The persistence of Mrt4 on the 60S subunits blocked the loading of P0 and assembly of the stalk. I also found the binding of Yvh1 depended on Rpl12, a protein that binds together with P0 to form the base of the stalk. Deletion of Rpl12 phenocopied yvh1[Delta]. These data identified the function of Yvh1 as a release factor of Mrt4. I also showed that the function of Yvh1 is conserved in human cells. In my final project, I analyzed the interdependence and order of the known cytoplasmic maturation events of the 60S subunit. 60S subunits require several maturation steps in the cytoplasm before they become competent in translation. There are four major steps involving two ATPases, Drg1 and Ssa1, and two GTPases, Efl1 and Lsg1. In my study, I ordered these steps into one serial pathway. Drg1 releases Rlp24 in the earliest step of 60S maturation in the cytoplasm. Truncation of the C-terminus of Rlp24 blocked cytoplasmic maturation of the large subunit by preventing the recruitment of Drg1 and led to a secondary defect in the release of Arx1 because of a failure to recruit Rei1. Deletion of REI1 mislocalized Tif6 from the nucleus and nucleolus to the cytoplasm and deletion of ARX1 suppressed the Tif6 mislocalization, indicating that the release of Arx1 was required for Tif6 release downstream. I found that mutation of efl1 or sdo1, the known release factors for Tif6, also blocked Nmd3 release. Tif6-V192F, which could bypass the growth defects of efl1 or sdo1 mutants, suppressed the defect of Nmd3 recycling. These results showed that the release of Tif6 was a prerequisite for Nmd3 release. Thus, the release of Nmd3 is downstream of the Tif6 release step. In conclusion, I have ordered the events of cytoplasmic maturation with Drg1 as the first step after ribosome export, followed by Rei1/Jji1 and then Sdo1/Efl1. The release of Nmd3 by Lsg1 appears to be the last step of ribosome maturation in the cytoplasm. Thus, the two ATPases Drg1 and Ssa work first and then the two GTPases Efl1 and Lsg1 work in a linear pathway of 60S maturation in the cytoplasm. / text

L’épissage alternatif et l’export nucléaire de l’ARN pré-génomique 35S du virus de la mosaïque du chou-fleur (CaMV) ont fait l’objet de peu d’études. Quatre isoformes épissées de l’ARN 35S ont déjà été décrites. Nos résultats montrent que l’épissage alternatif est plus complexe vu que plus d’une douzaine d’isoformes d’ARN 35S sont générées par ce mécanisme. Ce processus ne semble pas avoir pour fonction d’augmenter la complexité du protéome viral. Le rôle de l’épissage alternatif apparait encore difficile à appréhender puisque l’inactivation des sites d’épissage est systématiquement contrecarrée par l’utilisation de sites cryptiques. Pour maintenir l’intégrité du génome viral, des molécules d’ARN 35S préservées de l’épissage sont exportées vers le cytoplasme. L’essentiel de nos travaux sur ce sujet a porté sur le développement d’approches destinées à l’étude de la voie d’export nucléaire de l’ARN 35S, et des séquences et protéines virales potentiellement impliquées dans ce processus. / Alternative splicing and nuclear export of the pregenomic 35S RNA are two steps of the infectious cycle of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) that are poorly understood. Four 35S RNA spliced isoforms were described in previous reports. Our results show that at least twelve spliced 35S RNA isoforms are generated upon infection. Alternative splicing is important for CaMV infectivity but apparently, it does not expand CaMV proteome. Its role is difficult to assess because inactivation of splice donor or acceptor sites is constantly rescued by the use of cryptic sites. In order to maintain CaMV genomic integrity, unspliced 35S RNA must be exported to the cytoplasm. Our work has been mainly focused on developing experimental tools dedicated to study the 35S RNA nuclear export pathway as well as viral sequences and proteins potentially involved in this process.