Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-97). Also available on the Internet.

No description available.

The overall objective of this study was to identify novel proteins of the nuclear matrix in order to contribute to a better understanding of nuclear structure and organization. To accomplish this, a monoclonal antibody specific for the nuclear matrix was used to screen a human λgt11 expression library. Several cDNAs were isolated, cloned, sequenced, and shown to represent NuMA, the nuclear mitotic spindle apparatus protein. Further characterization of the gene and RNA was undertaken in an effort to obtain information about NuMA. The NuMA gene was present at a single site on human chromosome 11q13. Northern and PCR analysis of NuMA mRNA showed a major 7.2 kb transcript and minor forms of 8.0 and 3.0 kb. The minor forms were shown to be alternatively spliced although their functional significance is not yet understood. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that NuMA oscillates between the nucleus and the microtubule spindle apparatus during the mitotic cell cycle. NuMA appeared as a 200-275 kDa protein detectable in all mammalian cells except human neutrophils. To determine whether NuMA's changes in intracellular distribution correlated with post-translational modifications, the protein's phosphorylation state was examined through the cell cycle using highly synchronized cells. NuMA was a phosphoprotein in interphase and underwent additional phosphorylation events in mitosis. The mitotic phosphorylation events occurred with similar timing to lamin B (G2/M transition) and were concomitant with NuMA's release from the nucleus and its association with the mitotic spindle. However, the mitotic phosphorylation occurred in the absence of spindle formation. Dephosphorylation of NuMA did not correlate with reassociation with the nuclear matrix but occurred in two distinct steps after nuclear reformation. Based on the timing of these events, phosphorylation may playa role in nuclear processes. In conclusion, the work in this dissertation identified NuMA, a nuclear matrix protein and showed that it is phosphorylated during the cell cycle and may be important for nuclear events such as nuclear organization, transcription, or initiation of DNA replication at G1/S.

Les chromosomes sont organisés en plusieurs niveaux hiérarchiques de repliements de la chromatine. Cette organisation spatiale de la chromatine dans le noyau a été impliquée dans la régulation de nombreux processus cellulaires comme la réplication ou la transcription. En effet, différentes expériences suggèrent que la chromatine est organisée en boucles, dont les bases seraient maintenues attachées ensemble, formant une structure qui serait un soutien structurel de la chromatine.Mon projet de thèse a visé à identifier les séquences d'ADN constituant la base de ces boucles de la chromatine par hybridation sur puces. Notre étude a été réalisée sur des MEF asynchrones et synchronisées en G0/G1 afin d'établir la dynamique des MARs au cours du cycle cellulaire.Nos résultats montrent que les MARs constituent des grands domaines, qui sont associés de façon significative avec les domaines d'ADN liées à la Lamine B1 et les domaines tardifs du timing de réplication. L'analyse des MARs ayant été réalisée sur des MEFs synchronisées en G0, les domaines de timing seraient donc déjà définis en G0/G1. L'analyse de plusieurs marques des histones suggère que les MARs sont associées à la chromatine transcriptionnellement inactive. En parallèle, nous avons réalisé une analyse protéomique de la matrice. Celle-ci a permis de valider notre approche expérimentale mais nous a aussi donné l'opportunité de caractériser la matrice nucléaire d'un point de vue protéique.L'ensemble de nos résultats révèle que les séquences d'ADN liées à la matrice nucléaire constituent une zone de répression, tant au niveau transcriptionnel que réplicatif. / Chromosomes are organised into several hierarchical levels of chromatin compaction. This spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus has been involved in regulating many cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription. Indeed, different experiments suggest that chromatin is organized in loops, whose bases are kept attached together, forming a structure, often called the nuclear matrix, acting as a structural support of the chromatin. My project was to identify the DNA sequences that belong to the bases of these chromatin loops. Matrix-attached regions (MARs) were mapped by hybridization on microarrays. This study was performed on asynchronous as well as G0/G1-phase synchronized MEFs to establish the dynamics of MARs during the cell cycle. MARs were found in megabase-sized domains, with sequences significantly related to previously-published Lamin B1 associated domains and replication timing domains. Since our analysis of MARs was performed on G0-synchronized MEFs, our data strongly suggest that the timing domains might already be defined in G0/G1. Analysis of several histone marks suggested that MARs were associated with transcriptionally-repressed chromatin. In parallel, we also performed a proteomic analysis of our matrix preparations, and found known "matrix-attached" proteins, thus validating our experimental approach, plus other components that permitted a better characterization of the nuclear matrix. Taken together, our results show that DNA sequences bound to the nuclear matrix constitute a repressive zone, at the transcription and replication levels.

by Yam Hin Fai. / "June 1998." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-151). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese.

Yun Jing-ping. / "March 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-226). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Yang Lei. / Publication date from spine. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-126). / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abbreviations --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.86 / References --- p.110 / Appendix --- p.120 / Publications --- p.125 / Illustrations --- p.127

The nuclear matrix (NM) is proposed to be a permanent network of core filaments underlying thicker fibres, present regardless of transcriptional activity. It is found to be both RNA and protein rich; indeed, numerous important nuclear proteins are components of the structure. In addition to mediating the organisation of entire chromosomes, the NM has also been demonstrated to tether telomeres via their TTAGGG repeats. In order to examine telomeric interactions with the NM, a technique known as the DNA halo preparation has been employed. Regions of DNA that are tightly attached to the structure are found within a so-called residual nucleus, while those sequences forming lesser associations produce a halo of DNA. Coupled with various FISH methodologies, this technique allowed the anchorage of genomic regions by the NM, to be analysed. In normal fibroblasts, the majority of chromosomes and telomeres were extensively anchored to the NM. Such interactions did not vary significantly in proliferating and senescent nuclei. However, a decrease in NM-associated telomeres was detected in quiescence. Since lamin A is an integral component of the NM, it seemed pertinent to examine chromosome and telomere NM-anchorage in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) fibroblasts, which contain mutant forms of lamin A. Indeed, genome tethering by the NM was perturbed in HGPS. In immortalised HGPS fibroblasts, this disrupted anchorage appeared to be rescued; the implications of this finding will be discussed. This study also suggested that telomere-NM interactions are aberrant in X-linked Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (X-EDMD), which is caused by mutant forms of emerin, another NM-associated protein. The positioning of selected genes in control and X-EDMD cell lines was examined in un-extracted nuclei using 2D and 3D FISH. Subtle shifts in the organisation of these genes were detected in diseased cells; however, their expression levels remained unaltered. Furthermore, in order to examine the architectural integrity of the nuclear lamina in lamin A and emerin mutant cell lines, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed. This work revealed that such structures were indeed compromised in disease. The findings presented in this thesis highlight the importance of lamin A and emerin in mediating the organisation of the genome and taken together, promote the hypothesis that dysfunctional NM dynamics may well contribute to disease pathology.

Stowaway/matrix attachment regions (S/MARS) are sequences of DNA that anchor chromatin to the nuclear matrix, function in gene expression, chromatin organization, and conformation. Current identification tools in Eukaryotes rely on a small population of known S/MARs for search criterion. This study presents bioinformatics prediction of S/MARs across various genomes using the program Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), providing an opportunity to identify putative S/MARs for further characterization and a novel application of BLAST for S/MAR identification. Two wheat S/MARs were used to identify homologous sequences, within the true grasses, or Gramineae. The evidence suggests that S/MARs are prolific in Gramineae species, specifically in the related subspecies Triticeae. In addition, stowaway-like sequences associated with predicted S/MARs within Gramineae species are present, found to be in association with predicted S/MARs in Gramineae, and proposed to be the product of an unknown duplication mechanism and bear no significant association with S/MARs. / Department of Biology

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmacology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-162). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;