Efetuaram-se as reações de nucleófilos de oxigênio (MeONa, EtONa, PhONa e t-BuOK) com o aduto de Diels-Alder cloranil-ciclopentadieno, com o objetivo de se obterem os correspondentes adutos poli-substituídos. Nas reações com MeONa e EtONa foram empregadas tanto quantidades estequiométricas como excesso destes alcóxidos. Nestes últimos casos, foram obtidos dois produtos. Um destes, quando se empregou MeONa, apresentou a mesma estrutura que o aduto cis,endo-2,5-dicloro- 3,6-dimetóxi-p-benzoquinona-ciclopentadieno. O outro produto (B), isolado na forma de óleo, apresentou dados de RMN e de composição que indicaram tratar-se do aduto trans-2,5-dicloro-3,6-dimetóxi-p-benzoquinona-ciclopentadieno ou trans-2,6- dicloro-3,5-dimetóxi-p-benzoquinona-ciclopentadieno, com os grupos OMe e Cl em posições endo e exo, respectivamente. Experiências conduzidas com EtONa levaram a produtos semelhantes. As tentativas de substituir o átomo de cloro ligado ao sistema enodiônico de B foram bem sucedidas quando se empregaram PhSNa ou MeSNa, mas falharam quando se usou o PhSO2Na. Estes produtos de substituição, B-SPh e B-SMe, foram isolados como sólidos amorfos, o que não permitiu que tivessem as suas estruturas determinadas por difração de raios-X. Outros experimentos com o aduto de Diels-Alder cloranil-ciclopentadieno envolveram o uso de PhONa, PhSO2Na e dimetilamina como nucleófilos. Enquanto no caso de PhONa e dimetilamina obtiveram-se os adutos mono-substituídos correspondentes, no caso de PhSO2Na, em metanol, obteve-se a substituição dos dois átomos de cloro do aduto de Diels-Alder cloranil-ciclopentadieno pelos grupos OMe e PhSO2. / The reactions between the chloranil-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adduct and alkoxides (MeONa, EtONa, PhONa e t-BuOK) were carried out aiming the synthesis of the corresponding poly-substituted adducts. In the case of reactions with MeONa and EtONa, equimolar and excess of such nucleophiles were employed. When MeONa was in excess, two products were obtained. One of them was proved to be the cis,endo-2,5-dichloro-3,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone-cyclopentadiene adduct. The other product (B), isolated as an oil, exhibited elemental composition and NMR data that indicate its structural identity with the trans-2,5-dichloro-3,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone-cyclopentadiene or the trans-2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxy-p- benzoquinone-cyclopentadiene adduct, lying the OMe and Cl groups in an endo and exo positions, respectively. The experiments conducted with EtONa lead to the similar products. Aiming the substitution of the chlorine atom that remains attached to the enedionic system of B, this latter compound was successfully reacted with PhSNa and MeSNa, but was unable to react with PhSO2Na.. The corresponding B-SPh and and B-SMe derivatives were isolated as amorphous solids thus precluding their use for their structural determination by X-ray crystallography. Other reactions with chloranil-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adduct included the use of PhONa, PhSO2Na and dimethylamine as nucleophiles. In the case of PhONa and However, the reaction of chloranil-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adduct and PhSO2Na, in methanol, lead to the substitution of both enodionic chlorine atoms by the OMe and PhSO2 groups.

N5-deoxyribosyl derivatives of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone formed by oxidative damage to the guanine bases in 2-deoxyguanosine and highly polymerized DNA readily undergo nucleophilic substitution at C5 in reaction with primary amines in neutral aqueous solutions at 37–70 °C, as it was found in a kinetic study using reverse-phase HPLC. The reaction of 2-amino-5-[(2′-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-4H-imidazol-4-one (dIz) with excess of ethanolamine, alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (0.2–1 M) is a pseudo-first-order process that proceeds with 45–80 % yields depending on the nature of the amine, its concentration, and the reaction temperature. In the case of ethanolamine, the corresponding bimolecular rate constant has a pre-exponential factor and activation energy of 1.1 × 105 s−1 and 47 kJ mol−1, respectively. The reaction is highly competitive with the previously described hydrolysis of dIz into 2,2-diamino-4-[(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-5(2H)-oxazolone under biologically relevant conditions. A similar reaction with the same lesion in polymeric DNA results in the release of a low-molecular-weight analog of dIz, presumably producing an abasic site as the second reaction product. Kinetic characteristics of this process make it a potentially important source of abasic sites in oxidatively damaged DNA, formed through the reaction of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone lesions with naturally abundant DNA-affinic amines and proteins. The release of low-molecular-weight analogs of dIz can potentially be employed for quantification of imidazolone lesions in oxidized DNA. The half-life of imidazolone lesions in double-stranded DNA evaluated using this approach was found to be 154 min at 37 °C.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkylamines, cyclic alkylamines, and hydroxyalkylamines with 5-substituted-1,4-naphthoquinones have been studied. It has been found that the nature of the solvent employed in the reaction influences the position of mono-substitution at either the 2- or 3-position. Although both regioisomers were produced in all the reactions, protic polar solvents favoured the formation of the 3-regioisomer, whereas non-protic solvents favoured the formation of the 2-regioisomer. It has also been found that formation of 2,3-diaminoalkyl derivatives is normally unlikely. A series of hydroxyalkylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones were also synthesised. The collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of protonated hydroxyalkylamino-1,4- naphthoquinones showed fragmentation patterns which were dependent on the nature and length of the side chain and the presence and nature of the adjacent group on the 3-position on the 1,4-naphthoquinone ring. A total of 27 novel compounds were synthesised during the course of this research, the structures of which were confirmed via 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI), IR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRESIMS and HREIMS).

Neste trabalho foram estudadas reações de substituição nucleofílica alifática de seis substratos halogenados, na presença de sais quaternários de amônio quirais (catalisadores por transferência de fase), derivados de alcalóides naturais. O sistema usado durante os trabalhos foi o sólido-líquido, sendo utilizado o tolueno como solvente do substrato halogenado. Os eletrófilos escolhidos para este trabalho foram, em sua grande maioria, compostos halogenados na posição alfa à carbonila e o nucleófilo foi o fenilmercapteto de sódio. A estrutura do substratos, as condições de reação e o tipo de catalisador foram variados visando-se avaliar qual a melhor condição de interação entre o catalisador e o substrato, usando-se como parâmetro comparativo o excesso enantiomérico obtido em cada caso. Os substratos foram também colocados para reagir na ausência de catalisador (\"branco de reação\") para avaliar a possibilidade de haver reações não catalisadas competindo com a reação enantiosseletiva. Tais reações diminuiriam a enantiosseletividade do processo, o que tomou imprescindível determinar sua extensão. Métodos de análise do excesso enantiomérico dos produtos de reação obtidos, por CLAE utilizando fase estacionária quiral e/ou RMN de 1H na presença de reagentes de deslocamento quirais, foram desenvolvidos para cada caso. Os resultados experimentais permitiram propor e discutir um modelo de associação catalisador/tiolato/eletrófilo, baseado em interações do tipo π-π e ligação de hidrogênio. / The main focus of the present work was the investigation of some aliphatic nucleofilic substitution reactions of halogenated compounds in the presence of chiral phase transfer catalyst, in a solid-liquid two phase system, using toluene as solvent. Most electrophiles were carbonylic or carboxylic derivatives bearing a halogen atom in the a-position to the carbonyl group. As for the nucleophile, sodium thiophenolate was employed in all reactions. Factors such as molecular structure of the electrophile, reaction conditions and catalyst were varied in order to optimize product enantiomeric excesses, and to gain an insight into the mode of action of the chiral catalyst in the kinetic resolution. In all cases blank experiments in the absence of the catalyst were performed, considering the possibility of a competitive uncatalyzed reaction as being responsible for lower enantiomeric excesses. Methods for determining the enantiomeric excess, based on HPLC and/or 1H-NMR, were developed for each specific product. The mechanistic and geometrical factors responsible for the kinetic resolution are analyzed in each case. The structure of the catalyst/thiolate/electrofile is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions.

Ce mémoire est consacré à la réactivité rédox de la porphine de magnésium, à l’étude de son électropolymérisation et des matériaux résultants, à sa fonctionnalisation par des nucléophiles ainsi qu’à l’étude mécanistique du couplage oxydant C-C sur une porphyrine modèle tri-méso-substituée.L’oxydation électrochimique de la porphine de magnésium au stade du radical cation, génère des oligomères en solution et des polymères à la surface de l’électrode dont la structure moléculaire dépend du potentiel imposé. La réactivité du radical cation a également été exploitée en additionnant un nucléophile (pyridine et triphénylphosphine) dans le milieu réactionnel en quantité suffisante, afin d’inhiber le processus d’oligomérisation/polymérisation et conduire exclusivement aux produits de mono-substitution. En dépit des deux types de positions libres sur l’anneau porphyrinique (positions méso et ?-pyrrolique), la réaction est idéalement régio-sélective sur la position méso.L’analyse d’un dérivé modèle, une porphyrine tri-substituée en position méso, ne possédant donc qu’un seul site méso réactif, a permis de simplifier l’étude mécanistique du couplage oxydant C-C puisque celui-ci ne peut conduire qu’à la formation du dimère simplement lié. Par ailleurs, ce dernier a été électrosynthétisé avec des rendements inégalés et compétitifs avec ceux de la voie chimique. Enfin, la substitution nucléophile anodique (phosphination, nitration et pyridination) en position méso a été élargie à des porphyrines tri-substituées de nickel, magnésium et zinc. Le complexe de magnésium nitré a été quantitativement converti en amine par hydrogénation électrocatalytique / This work deals with the redox reactivity of magnesium porphine, the study of its electropolymerization and resulting materials, of its functionalization by nucleophiles as well as the mechanistic investigation of the C-C oxidative coupling on a tris-meso-substituted porphyrin model.The electrochemical oxidation of magnesium porphine to its cation radical leads to oligomers in solution and polymers on the electrode, which molecular structure depends on the imposed potential. The reactivity of the cation radical has also been exploited by adding sufficient amount of nucleophiles (pyridine and triphenylphosphine) in the reactional in order to inhibit the oligomerization/polymerization process and to lead exclusively to the mono-substitution product. In spite of the two types of free positions on the porphyrin ring (meso and ? positions), the reaction is ideally regio-selective on the meso position. The analysis of a model derivative, a tris-meso-substituted porphyrin, thus having only one reactive site méso, rendered the mechanistic study of the C-C oxidative coupling easier since this one can only lead to the formation of the meso-meso dimer. In addition, the latter was electrosynthesized with high and competitive yields compared with those reported for the chemical way. Lastly, the anodic nucleophilic substitution (phosphination, nitration and pyridination) in meso position was extended to tris-meso-substituted porphyrins of nickel, magnesium and zinc. The nitro-porphyrin magnesium complex was converted quantitatively into amine by electrocatalytic hydrogenation

Neste trabalho foram estudadas reações de substituição nucleofílica alifática de seis substratos halogenados, na presença de sais quaternários de amônio quirais (catalisadores por transferência de fase), derivados de alcalóides naturais. O sistema usado durante os trabalhos foi o sólido-líquido, sendo utilizado o tolueno como solvente do substrato halogenado. Os eletrófilos escolhidos para este trabalho foram, em sua grande maioria, compostos halogenados na posição alfa à carbonila e o nucleófilo foi o fenilmercapteto de sódio. A estrutura do substratos, as condições de reação e o tipo de catalisador foram variados visando-se avaliar qual a melhor condição de interação entre o catalisador e o substrato, usando-se como parâmetro comparativo o excesso enantiomérico obtido em cada caso. Os substratos foram também colocados para reagir na ausência de catalisador (\"branco de reação\") para avaliar a possibilidade de haver reações não catalisadas competindo com a reação enantiosseletiva. Tais reações diminuiriam a enantiosseletividade do processo, o que tomou imprescindível determinar sua extensão. Métodos de análise do excesso enantiomérico dos produtos de reação obtidos, por CLAE utilizando fase estacionária quiral e/ou RMN de 1H na presença de reagentes de deslocamento quirais, foram desenvolvidos para cada caso. Os resultados experimentais permitiram propor e discutir um modelo de associação catalisador/tiolato/eletrófilo, baseado em interações do tipo π-π e ligação de hidrogênio. / The main focus of the present work was the investigation of some aliphatic nucleofilic substitution reactions of halogenated compounds in the presence of chiral phase transfer catalyst, in a solid-liquid two phase system, using toluene as solvent. Most electrophiles were carbonylic or carboxylic derivatives bearing a halogen atom in the a-position to the carbonyl group. As for the nucleophile, sodium thiophenolate was employed in all reactions. Factors such as molecular structure of the electrophile, reaction conditions and catalyst were varied in order to optimize product enantiomeric excesses, and to gain an insight into the mode of action of the chiral catalyst in the kinetic resolution. In all cases blank experiments in the absence of the catalyst were performed, considering the possibility of a competitive uncatalyzed reaction as being responsible for lower enantiomeric excesses. Methods for determining the enantiomeric excess, based on HPLC and/or 1H-NMR, were developed for each specific product. The mechanistic and geometrical factors responsible for the kinetic resolution are analyzed in each case. The structure of the catalyst/thiolate/electrofile is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions.

Halogenated heterocycles are common in pharmaceutical and natural products and there is a need to develop a better understanding of processes used to synthesize them. Although the halogenation of simple aromatic molecules is well understood, the mechanisms behind the halogenation of aromatic heterocycles have been more problematic to elucidate because multiple pathways are possible. Recently, new, radical-based mechanisms have been proposed for heterocycle halogenation. In this study, we examine and test the viability of possible nucleophilic substitution, SN2@X, mechanisms in the halogenation of anions derived from the deprotonation of aromatic heterocycles. All the experiments were done in a modified Thermo LCQ Plus equipped with ESI. The modifications allow a neutral reagent to be added to the helium buffer gas in the 3D ion trap. In this system, it is possible to monitor ion/molecule reactions over time periods up to 10 seconds. A variety of aromatic heterocyclic nucleophiles were chosen based on their inclusion of nitrogen and or sulfur as the heteroatoms. In addition to this, the halogenating molecules chosen included traditional halobenzenes and a new class of perfluorinated alkyl iodides. It was found that, experimentally, the SN2@X path is the likely mechanism in the halogenation of deprotonated heterocycles. With computational modeling, we have additional support for this substitution mechanism. From this original study, two more studies were developed to look at the competing nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction, SNAr. In the first of these studies, the focus was to look at how electron withdrawing substituents about an aromatic ring affect the ratio of SN2@X verses SNAr. As nucleophiles, 2-thiophenide and 5-thiazolide were used. The neutral reagents focus on trifluorobromobenzene derivatives along with pentafluorobromo- and -iodobenzene, and a two trifluoroiodobenzenes. What was found was that the ratio of the reactions depends on where the fluorines, or electron withdrawing substituents are in relation to the bromine or iodine on the ring. If the fluorines are in a close location to stabilize the resulting ionic product, SN2@X proceeds easily. However, the fluorines directly adjacent to the bromine or iodine also provide steric hinderance in the SNAr reaction. In the final project, arylation and benzylation of bromopyridines was examined. The nucleophiles used were benzyl and phenyl anions as well as 5-thiazolide, and the neutral reagents were bromopyridines, with fluorines used as an electron withdrawing groups to help stabilize the transition state. In these experiments, steric hinderance highly affected the results between the phenyl and benzyl nucleophiles. With benzylic anions, the nucleophile is able to reach the aromatic ring with less steric interference and therefore can proceed with an SNAr reaction. In addition to this, with mono and difluorinated pyridine substrates, the nitrogen in the ring activated the ring yielding nucleophilic aromatic substitution losing fluoride rather than bromide in many cases.

Ce travail est consacré à la modélisation QSPR des propriétés cinétiques et thermodynamiques des réactions chimiques à l'aide de l'approche Graphe Condensé de Réaction (CGR). Le CGR permet de coder des structures de réactifs et de produits en un seul graphe moléculaire pour lequel des descripteurs moléculaires peuvent être générés.Une base de données contenant plus de 11000 réactions collectées manuellement a été développée puis utilisée dans la modélisation. Les modèles prédictifs ont été construits pour les constantes de vitesse de réactions Diels-Alder, SN2 et E2 ainsi que pour les constantes d'équilibre des transformations tautomères. Ils sont rendus publics via un portail WEB. Une partie de la thèse concerne une étude de mécanique quantique des réactions entre des sydnones et des alcynes contraints pour lesquels la taille du jeux de données n'était pas suffisante pour produire des modèles statistiquement significatifs. / This work is devoted to QSPR modeling of kinetic and thermodynamic properties of chemical reactions using the Condensed Graph of Reaction (CGR) approach. CGR allows encoding structures of reactants and products into one sole molecular graph for which molecular descriptors can be generated. A comprehensive database containing some 11000 manually collected reactions has been developed then used in the modeling. Predictive models were built for rate constants of Diels-Alder, SN2 and E2 reaction as well as for equilibrium constants of tautomeric transformations. They are available for the users via WEB portal. A part of the thesis concerned quantum mechanics studies of reactions between sydnones and strained alkynes for which the size of the dataset was not sufficient to produce statistically meaningful models.

L'objectif central de notre thèse de doctorat visait l'utilisation d'halogénures d'aryles en tant qu'électrophiles dans des réactions de substitution nucléophile aromatique (SNAr). D'abord, nous avons cherché à former des liaisons C(aryl) hétéroatome par réaction entre des nucléophiles hétéroatomiques et des halogénures d'aryles substitués par des groupements électro-attracteurs. Les résultats de cette étude ont été comparés à des incohérences relevées dans la littérature et montrent que l'ordre de réactivité d'halogénures d'aryles communément accepté n'est pas toujours respecté. Un effet positif a été observé par l'ajout de 2,2,6,6-tétraméthyl-3,5-heptanedione pour l'arylation de phénols avec des halogénures d'aryles substitués par des groupements électro-donneurs, ce qui en fait la première méthode capable de générer des diaryléthers par cette voie réactionnelle sans ajout de catalyseurs métalliques. Ensuite, nous avons mis au point une réaction générale d'± arylation de cétones aromatiques avec des halogénures d'aryles dans des conditions réactionnelles douces. L'utilisation du t-BuOK, une base inorganique capable de transferts mono-électroniques, et de DMF comme additif permet la synthèse d'±-arylcétones avec d'excellents rendements. Cette méthode a été appliquée à la synthèse d'hétérocycles fusionnés et de (Z)-tamoxifène, des molécules montrant une activité biologique. Une étude mécanistique a montré que l'anion carbamoyle du DMF est impliqué dans une étape clé de transfert mono-électronique avec des halogénures d'aryles. Nous avons également appliqué cette méthode à la substitution nucléophile vinylique de ″-halostyrènes. Bien que des précédents de la littérature font état de mécanismes ioniques pour les réactions de ces substrats, nos résultats expérimentaux supportent un mécanisme radicalaire. Enfin, nous avons tenté de mettre au point le premier protocole permettant la synthèse de biaryles dissymétriques au départ d'halogénures d'aryles et de triarylbismuths(III) via une catalyse par des sels de cuivre. Malgré le fait que de nombreux ligands bidentates et tétradentates ont été testés, les faibles rendements obtenus font que les conditions réactionnelles demeurent à optimiser. Globalement, nous avons donc apporté une contribution en ce qui concerne la détermination de la frontière expérimentale entre la SNAr et la catalyse métallique, la fonctionnalisation en ± de cétones aromatiques et la synthèse de biaryles dissymétriques par réactions de couplages croisés de triarylbismuths catalysées au cuivre. / The primary objective of our doctoral research was centered on the use of aryl halides as electrophiles for nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). First, we tried to create C(aryl)−heteroatom bonds by reacting heteroatom nucleophiles with aryl halides substituted by electron-withdrawing groups. The results of this study were compared with inconsistencies found in the literature and show that the expected order of reactivity of aryl halides is not always observed. A beneficial effect was observed by adding 2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dione to the reaction of phenols and aryl halides substituted by electron-donating groups in what is the first method allowing the synthesis of diarylethers without added metal catalysts by this pathway. Second, we developed a general α-arylation reaction of aryl ketones with aryl halides under mild reaction conditions. Use of KOt-Bu, an inorganic base capable of single-electron transfer, and DMF as additive enables the synthesis of α-arylketones in excellent yields. This method was applied to the synthesis of fused heterocycles and (Z) tamoxifen, molecules possessing biological activity. A mechanistic study showed that the carbamoyl anion of DMF is involved in a single-electron transfer reaction with aryl halides as the key step of the mechanism. We next applied this method to the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of β-halogenostyrenes. While literature precedents suggest ionic mechanisms for reactions involving these substrates, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting a radical mechanism. Third, we tried to develop the first protocol enabling the copper-catalyzed synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls starting from aryl halides and triarylbismuthanes(III). Although many bidentate and tetradentated ligands were tested, further optimization is required in order to develop a general method, as only low yields are obtained. Globally, we have contributed to the determination of the experimental frontier between SNAr and metallic catalysis, to the α-functionnalization of aryl ketones and to the synthesis of biaryls through copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of triarylbismuths.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkylamines, cyclic alkylamines, and hydroxyalkylamines with 5-substituted-1,4-naphthoquinones have been studied. It has been found that the nature of the solvent employed in the reaction influences the position of mono-substitution at either the 2- or 3-position. Although both regioisomers were produced in all the reactions, protic polar solvents favoured the formation of the 3-regioisomer, whereas non-protic solvents favoured the formation of the 2-regioisomer. It has also been found that formation of 2,3-diaminoalkyl derivatives is normally unlikely. A series of hydroxyalkylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones were also synthesised. The collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of protonated hydroxyalkylamino-1,4- naphthoquinones showed fragmentation patterns which were dependent on the nature and length of the side chain and the presence and nature of the adjacent group on the 3-position on the 1,4-naphthoquinone ring. A total of 27 novel compounds were synthesised during the course of this research, the structures of which were confirmed via 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI), IR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRESIMS and HREIMS).