Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Herrmann.pdf: 621996 bytes, checksum: 8bfc3d047c704a58a12b63a71c9d3c9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-16 / Swine wastewater (SWW) has high organic load becoming an important source of macro and micronutrients to plants, promoting the improvement of soil quality and development in several tilth. however when done without agronomic and environmental standard, can cause problems in soil, leaching of nutrients, prejudice to water resources and toxicity to plants. The objective of this work, was to evaluate the chemical in soil and leachat regarding association of swine wastewater and mineral fertilization(MF) in farming black oat. Conducted an experiment using applications of SWW associated or not with MF, the treatments consisted of rates 0, 100, 200 and 300 m3ha-1 in the absence or presence MF, under field conditions. Were collected and analysis of soil and leachate in two seasons. It was observed effect associated with the wastewater and mineral fertilization on phosphorus in soil, isolated effect of mineral fertilization on the magnesium, potassium and electrical conductivity in soil and isolated effect of wastewater in the levels of pH, calcium, sodium, copper, zinc, nitrite + nitrate in soil and effect on sodium content in leachate / A água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) possui carga orgânica elevada se tornando fonte importante de macro e micronutrientes às plantas, promovendo a melhoria da qualidade do solo e do desenvolvimento em diversas culturas. Porém quando feita sem critérios agronômicos e ambientais, pode causar problemas no solo, lixiviação de nutrientes, prejuízos aos recursos hídricos e toxicidade às plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos químicos em solo e lixiviado frente a associação de água residuária da suinocultura e adubação mineral (AM) no cultivo de aveia-preta. Realizou-se um experimento em lisímetros de drenagem usando aplicações de ARS associadas ou não a AM, os tratamentos consistiram em doses de 0, 100, 200 e 300 m3ha-1 com ausência ou presença de AM, em condições de campo. Foram realizadas coletas e análises de solo e lixiviado em duas épocas. Observou-se efeito associado da água residuária e adubação mineral no teor de fósforo no solo, efeito isolado da adubação mineral nos teores de magnésio, potássio e condutividade elétrica no solo e efeito isolado da água residuária nos teores de pH, cálcio, sódio, cobre, zinco, nitrito + nitrato no solo e efeito no teor de sódio no lixiviado

An increasing demand for food, and in particular animal products, is putting high pressure on natural resources, often at places distant from the consumption. Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential nutrients in food production but an excessive use can cause environmental impacts such as eutrophication that can harm ecosystems services vital to local communities. This study developed sub-national spatially explicit N and P footprints that were extended with an assessment of nutrient leaching risk and risk of impact on biodiversity. The consumption of N and P in Brazilian soybean production at municipal level was estimated for the whole of Brazil as well as for UK soybean demand. This was then combined with the risk of nutrient leaching (Nrisk and Prisk) and species richness (Nbio and Pbio). The results showed high Nbio and Pbio in Mato Grosso, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul. The same analysis of the effects of UK soybean demand showed a higher risk of impacts in Rondônia and less in Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul compared to total Brazilian soybean production. A municipal case study showed that the demand of Brazilian soybean in the UK, EU, and China generated different spatial patterns of impact risks at municipal level. Spatially explicit footprints that also encompass risks of impacts are important for being able to identify the responsible consumer and parts of the supply chain where sustainability interventions will be most effective. There are several opportunities for future development within this research field as data availability is continuingly increasing.

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Increasing human populations are placing greater strain on water resources, prompting the use of treated wastewater effluent for irrigation in some areas, including the desert regions of the Western United States. To determine the potential effects of using secondary effluent for irrigation, we applied wastewater effluent and irrigation waters to natural and artificially constructed calcareous soils in greenhouse and field lysimeters, and in soil columns. The leachate from one field lysimeter contained increased fecal coliform counts than the effluent. Leachate coliform counts were decreased or not significantly changed in two field lysimeters. Electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), chloride and nitrate concentrations also increased significantly in the leachate of the three field lysimeters however. Samples collected from the greenhouse lysimeters showed a significant decrease in all categories except EC, was not significantly changed. Soil column drainage samples showed a decrease in coliform counts, and increase in EC and chloride levels while SAR and nitrate levels varied with clay content. Preferential flow of coliform bacteria and high EC and SAR values could indicate long term effects that may affect the sustainability of the practice.

Cities have the potential to change the way resources and nutrients are utilized as they are centers of consumption and waste production. Losses of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus (P) to water ways, called eutrophication, is a major water quality issue that marine ecosystems face (Bennett et al., 2001; Smith & Schindler, 2009). Urban agriculture (UA) provides a chance for some nutrient reuse within city boundaries, but there exists a gap in knowledge regarding how soil properties influence P movement patterns within UA contexts. To explore the relationships between P leachate and soil characteristics from urban gardens, I created generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) using data from 8 gardens in Linköping, Sweden, over a period of 2 years. Though leachate data and soil traits varied between gardens, values from the urban gardens generally did not vary extensively compared to those from field studies or rural agriculture. As hypothesized, plant-available P from the ammonium lactate soil P test (P-AL) and degree of P saturation (DPS) were both important, although why they were significant to their respective water quality variables was unclear. Moreover, spatial correlations were also not as influential as expected in P leaching. Additionally, other important soil characteristics (pH, clay, plant-available iron (Fe-AL), and plant-available aluminum (Al-AL)) seemed to relate to P adsorption and release, indicating a need for future research in that direction.

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Deep row incorporation (DRI) is a biosolids recycling method that is especially appropriate for reclaiming disturbed land because of the extremely high application rates used. Nutrient additions in excess of the vegetation requirements, especially in coarse-textured soils, can potentially impair water quality. Increasing C and N additions with biosolids DRI can also generate emissions of greenhouse gases N₂O and CH₄ and decrease the value of C sequestration. Objectives of this research were: (i) compare the effects of DRI biosolids type and rate and annual conventional fertilizer application on N and P leaching losses; (ii) determine the effects of aging on the N, C and P dynamics in the DRI biosolids seams; (iii) compare the effects of biosolids type and conventional N fertilization on N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂ emissions; and (iv) compare the effects of DRI biosolids and conventional N fertilization on hybrid poplar biomass dynamics, C, N and P sequestration. The following eight treatments were established to achieve objectives (i) and (iv): 0 (control), 167, 337, 504 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as conventional fertilizer; 213 and 426 Mg ha⁻¹ anaerobically digested (AD) and 328 and 656 Mg ha⁻¹ lime stabilized (LS) biosolids applied in trenches. The amount of N lost from the DRI biosolids was 261–803 kg N ha⁻¹, while the fertilizer treatments were not different from 0 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ control. Orthophosphate and TKP leached in negligible amounts. Deep row biosolids incorporation did not pose P leaching risks but did result in high N leaching below the biosolids seams. Aboveground biomass production in the biosolids treatments was not different from the control treatment and ranged from 2.1±0.3 to 4.0±0.5 kg tree⁻¹. The fertilizer treatments produced significantly less biomass than the control and the biosolids treatments. Hybrid poplars sequestered up to 3.20±0.54 Mg C ha⁻¹, 71±12 kg N ha⁻¹, and 11.0±1.8 kg P ha⁻¹. The planting density capable of the N uptake in order to avoid N leaching was estimated at 3912 to 11363 trees ha⁻¹. Our results suggest increased hybrid poplar planting density and decreased application rates of DRI biosolids may decrease the risk of groundwater contamination with N. Three treatments were compared to address objective (ii): 426 Mg ha⁻¹ AD and 656 Mg ha⁻¹ LS biosolids. Organic C losses were 81 Mg ha⁻¹ and 33 Mg ha⁻¹ for LS and AD biosolids, respectively. Total N lost over the course of two years was 15.2 Mg ha⁻¹ and 10.9 Mg ha⁻¹ for LS and AD biosolids, respectively, which was roughly 50% of the N applied. No significant losses of P were detected. Most of the P was Al- and Fe-bound in the AD biosolids and Ca-bound in the LS biosolids. Our results indicated that recommended rates of DRI biosolids in coarse textured soils should be based on crop N requirements and N mineralization considerations, and P mobility from biosolids of the type used should not pose a water quality risk. Four treatments were compared to address objective (iii): 426 Mg ha⁻¹ AD and 656 Mg ha⁻¹ LS biosolids; 0 (control) and 504 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ as conventional fertilizer. Contributions from CH₄ and CO₂ emissions to the radiative forcing were very small compared to N₂O. More N₂O was produced in the DRI biosolids treatments than in the conventional fertilizer treatments, and N₂O production was higher in AD than in LS. Expressed as global warming potentials, N₂O emissions from AD (101.5 Mg C ha⁻¹) were 4.6 times higher than from LS and 14.5-16.1 times higher than from the fertilizer treatments. High N₂O emissions from deep row incorporated biosolids reduce the C sequestration benefits of the DRI method. / Ph. D.

The Midwestern United States is a nationally and globally important producer of agricultural products and uses intensive practices to achieve high grain yields. However, intensive agriculture is a major contributor of nitrogen and phosphorus export to the Mississippi River and the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. Cover cropping is a recommended conservation practice for providing soil cover throughout the winter and taking up nutrients that may otherwise be lost in bare fallow systems, but the associated costs limit widespread adoption of this practice. Double cropping, which involves growing two crops in one year, is functionally similar to cover cropping and can be harvested for an additional income, but the water quality impacts of applying fertilizer to maximize yields and the systemic impacts of intensification with another crop on corn-soybean rotations are not well understood. This two-year, plot scale study in Carbondale, Illinois was designed to assess nutrient leaching, referring to nitrate-N, ammonium-N, and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), nutrient availability, and crop yields when using bare fallow, cereal rye (Secale cereale) cover crops, or winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) double crops with varying nitrogen fertilizer rates and timings in the winter seasons of corn-soybean rotations. Four blocks with randomly assigned treatments comprised of two treatment factors were used. These treatment factors included rotations with either bare fallow or cover crops in alternate winters and winter wheat fertilizer management intensity with a high fertilizer treatment level, grower recommended rates applied at planting, tillering, and jointing, a medium fertilizer treatment level, grower recommended rates applied at tillering and jointing, a low fertilizer treatment level, with reduced nitrogen rates applied at tillering and jointing, and a no fertilizer treatment level, which was used as either corn-soybean or corn-cover crop-soybean-cover crop control. Additional nutrient inputs from fertilizers in the winter wheat seasons did not significantly increase nitrate-N, ammonium-N, or DRP leaching in the 2021-2022 winter wheat sampling season and nitrate-N and ammonium-N leaching was significantly less in some or all the winter wheat plots compared to the control plots. Winter wheat yields and nitrogen uptake in 2022 were significantly greater in medium fertilizer plots while yield-based nitrogen leaching and partial nitrogen balances were significantly greater in high fertilizer treatments, indicating that delayed fertilization in winter wheat can improve nitrogen use efficiency and yields. Soybean yields were significantly greater in plots without winter wheat due to a longer growing season, but plant available ammonium-N concentrations, which were greater in winter wheat plots, also had a significant negative relationship with soybean yields, indicating that this may have impeded biological nitrogen fixation. Using cover crops in alternate winters reduced nitrate-N leaching by 106% and plant available nitrate-N concentrations by 107% in the season as well as the subsequent corn season by 66% and 90%, respectively, compared to the bare fallow plots, and the decreased plant available nitrate-N concentrations in cover crop plots caused a 6% yield penalty in the corn harvest. Despite yield penalties to cash crops from winter crops, the use of double crops was the only factor that significantly impacted total crop yields. The use of cover crops in alternate winters was the most significant factor in nutrient leaching, demonstrating that these practices can be used to increase total crop yields without contributing significantly to nutrient export. For farmers concerned with the costs of cover cropping, double cropping is a practice that can provide some of the same ecosystem services while also providing an additional financial incentive.

Agricultural management practices geared towards reducing nutrient leaching are in focus for the research presented in this thesis. Critical measures for reducing diffuse pollution from the agricultural sector depend on decisions of individual farmers. It is useful to take stock of what different stakeholders are actually doing to reduce nutrient leaching and analyze their reasoning before defining a new administrative process. Stakeholder perceptions about potentials and problems concerning management of agricultural practices are analyzed with a systems approach using various analytical methods, and put in relation to the implementation of EC Water Framework Directive in Sweden. The methods used include surveys, focus group interviews, model comparison, sensitivity analyses and analyses of climate change implications. The results indicate a general positive attitude among stakeholders towards the main characteristics of the newly introduced directive. They also reveal that a move towards a pro-active process was perceived as an additional positive factor for the improvement of water quality, where specific activities and measures are carried out according to planning based on local assessments. The respondents pointed out that a national approach would put necessary pressure on local politicians to define environmental objectives and provide resources to fulfil them. The current findings indicate that decision making for farmers is a complex procedure and that the different factors need to be addressed in order to obtain a change in agricultural practices. Consistent legislation that is clear about power and rights is fundamental for cooperation to function when volunteerism and enthusiasm are absent. Environmental and socio-economic conditions change constantly, and administration has to be flexible to be able to adapt. Having access to and being able to use relevant data is only one important factor for stakeholder involvement. To give farmers the opportunity to further develop production towards reduced nutrient losses, appropriate information provided in all the right arenas is crucial.