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Evaluation of oil cakes from Amarula (Sclerocarya birrea), Macadamia (Integrifolia) and Baobab (Adansonia digitate L.) as protein supplements for ruminant dietsPhenya, Johannes Solomon Mogotsi 10 1900 (has links)
The current research was done to evaluate the nutritive values and the ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) from three non-conventional oil cakes, viz: amarula (Sclerocarya birrea) (AOC), macadamia (Integrifolia) (MOC) and baobab (Adansonia digitate L.) (BOC). The oil cakes were collected from biodiesel producers in Limpopo Province, transported to the ARC-Animal Production campus, where proximate and ruminal nutrient degradation analysis were conducted. Triplicates samples from each oil cake were analyzed for the nutritive values, mineral and amino acids contents. Three rumen cannulated mid-lactating (days in milk; DIM: 180±5) Holstein cows weighing 667±43 kg body weight were allocated to determine the in situ ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation. The cows were offered a totally mixed ration (TMR) (60 concentrate: 40 forage ratio) that was compounded according to their daily nutrient requirements, and were milking was done twice per day at 12 hrs intervals. The three oil cake samples were ground using a 2-mm screen after which sub-samples (6.5 g) were put in 10 x 20 cm; 50 μm pore size polyester bags to achieve 15 mg/cm² (ratio of the sample size to surface area). The bags were then fistulated in each cow’s rumen in triplicate for a period of 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, or 48 hrs. After being incubated, the bags were removed from the rumen and washed with cold (4°C) water in 20-L buckets. Following immersing in cold water, the bags were machine washed until clean water was obtained. The bags were then dried at 60 °C in an oven for 48 hrs. The dried bags were individually weighed, and the content of each bag were removed and stored into glass vial until analysis. The remaining two duplicate sets of each sample were rinsed using cold water in order to determine solubility at 0 hrs. The AOC had higher (P<0.05) ether extract (EE) and CP content than both BOC and MOC. Macadamia oilcake (MOC) and BOC had higher (P<0.05) fractions of fibre (NDF, ADF and ADL) compared to the AOC. The AOC had greater (P<0.05) content of essential amino acids than in the BOC and MOC. Additionally, AOC had a high (P<0.05) phosphorus, but low calcium and potassium concentration. While AOC had high effective degradability of DM, it also had high water soluble as well as DM and CP rapidly degradable fractions. Effective degradation of CP was higher in AOC and BOC than in MOC. However, BOC had a high insoluble but degradable fraction of CP. Further work to determine the toxicology of these non-conventional oil cakes and animal feeding experiments is needed / Agriculture and Animal Health / MSc. Agriculture
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The impact of home gardens on dietary diversity, nutrient intake and nutritional status of pre-school children in a home garden project in Eatonside, the Vaal triangle, Johannesburg, South Africa.Selepe, Bolyn Mosa. January 2010 (has links)
Urban agriculture is a strategy poor urban, informal settlement residents adopt to reduce
poverty and improve food security and child nutrition. It is widely asserted in the literature
and development circles that household vegetable gardens can provide a significant
percentage of recommended dietary allowances of macro- and micro-nutrients in the diets of
pre-school children. These children are vulnerable in terms of food access and nutrition. The
first five years of a child’s life are crucial to psychological well-being. This study set out to
determine the impact of home gardens on access to food, dietary diversity and nutrient intake
of pre-school children in an informal settlement in Eatonside, in the Vaal Region,
Johannesburg, South Africa.
The home gardening project was undertaken in five phases, namely the planning phase; a
baseline survey (including quantitative food intake frequencies, 24-hour recall, individual
dietary diversity questionnaires and anthropometric measurements); a training programme on
home gardens; planting and tending the gardens and evaluating the impact of home gardens
on access to food, dietary diversity and nutrient intake of pre-school children.
Children aged two to five years (n=40) were selected to participate in the study. The sample
population consisted of 22 boys and 18 girls. The children were categorised into three groups
at the start of the project: children of 24-35 months (four boys and one girl), 36-47 months
(four boys and five girls) and 48-60 months (14 boys and 12 girls). All but 10 per cent of the
children’s consumption of foods in the food groups increased. At the start of the project, low
consumption rates were observed for white tubers and roots, vitamin A-rich fruit, other fruit
and fish. After the gardening project, the number of children consuming vegetables increased
considerably. There was an increase in the intake of food groups over the period of the
project. The number of children consuming vitamin A-rich increased the most, with all
children (45 per cent improvement) consuming vitamin A-rich vegetables at the end of the
project, compared with just over half at the start of the project. The consumption of
vegetables increased with 78 per cent of the children consuming beans and 33 per cent
beetroot. Most children (95 per cent) consumed cabbage, carrots and spinach post-home
gardening. Seventy eight percent of children consumed beans by the end of the project, but
only a third of the children had consumed beetroot during the post-project survey period.
Intakes of all nutrients considered in the study improved by the end of the project, except for
energy and calcium, which dropped marginally, but both remained at around 50 per cent
below requirements.
Twenty five percent of boys (24-35 months) were underweight and below the 50th percentile
at the pre- and post-project stages. The same boys were severely stunted (on average -4.41
standard deviations below the third percentile). Of the boys aged 36-47 months, 25 per cent
were stunted pre-project, but by the end of the project, this number had decreased to 50 per
cent. Twenty one per cent of the older boys (48-60 months) were within their normal height
for age.
Twenty five per cent of girls were underweight (36-47 months). A slight change was
observed in the 36-47 month group, where the mean changed from -0.14 standard deviations
(below 50th percentile) pre-project to -0.5 (below 50th percentile) post-project. All girls aged
24-35 months were below -2 standard deviations pre-project. After the home gardening
project, the figure dropped to 50 per cent. For girls aged 36-47 months, 25 per cent were
below -3 standard deviations after the project, compared with 20 per cent pre-project. Height-for-
age for girls aged 36-47 months dropped by 10 per cent below -2 standard deviation post-home
gardening. Girls from 24 to 35 months were severely stunted [-3.02 (below 3rd
percentile) pre- and -2.31 (below 5th percentile) post-project]. Stunting was observed in 36-47
months girls who had means of -2.39 (below 3rd percentile) and 1.86 (below 25th percentile)
both pre-and post-gardening respectively and were at risk of malnutrition. The older girls
were well nourished with means of height-for-age at -0.88 (below 50th percentile) pre-project
and -0.92 (below 50th percentile) post-project.
Home-gardening improved food access, dietary diversity, energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat,
fibre, vitamin A and iron intakes, but did not make a significant impact on the malnutrition
of the children in the project or ensure adequate intakes. Home gardens had a positive
impact on height-for-age scores; but had no significant impact on mean weight-for-age and
height-for-weight z-scores of the pre-school children. Increases in carbohydrate and fat
intakes were shown to have the only significant impact on the children’s nutritional status
and only with regard to improving height-for-age scores. The results show that the gardens
did not have the expected impact on children’s nutrition, but confirm that increases in
incomes from gardening are likely to have a greater impact through savings from consuming
produce grown and selling produce to buy energy-dense foods for the children. This needs
to be considered in nutrition interventions. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
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The tuck shop purchasing practices of grade 4 learners at selected primary schools in Pietermar[it]zburg, South Africa.Wiles, Nicola Laurelle. 12 November 2013 (has links)
Aim: To determine whether the tuck shop purchasing habits of Grade 4 learners were
contributing towards the development of childhood overweight and obesity.
Objectives: To assess the nutritional quality of the food and beverages available for learners to
purchase; items regularly purchased from the tuck shop as well as factors influencing the
learner’s decision to purchase these items; the anthropometric and socio-demographic
characteristics of grade 4 learners as well as their nutrition knowledge related to the tuck shop items purchased.
Method: A survey administered to 11 tuck shop managers, a questionnaire administered to 311
Grade 4 learners and two single-sex focus groups of 5 learners each were conducted.
Results: Fifty six percent of the sample were female (n=173) and 44% were male (n=138).
Twenty seven percent of the study sample was overweight (n = 83) and 27% were obese (n = 85).
Eighty six percent of learners (n = 266) claimed to buy from their school tuck shop. Twenty two
percent of learners purchased from their tuck shop at least three times per week (n =58). Learners
who purchased from the tuck shop had a significantly higher BMI than those who did not (p = 0.020). Learners who purchased from the tuck shop spent on average R8,38 per day with a
minimum of R1 and a maximum of R40 (standard deviation R5.39). The most popular reasons
for visiting the tuck shop included “this is my favourite thing to eat or drink” (66.5%, n = 177)
and “I only have enough money to buy this item” (47.0%, n = 125).
Savoury pies were the most popular "lunch" item for all learners for both food breaks (45%, n = 5 schools and 27.3%, n = 3 schools) selling the most number of units (43) per day at eight of the
eleven schools (72.7%). Iced popsicles were sold at almost every school, ranked as the cheapest
beverage and also sold the most number of units (40.7). Healthy beverages sold included canned
fruit juice and water, while healthy snacks consisted of dried fruit, fruit salad, bananas, yoghurt
and health muffins. The average healthy snack contained almost half the kilojoules of its
unhealthy counterpart (465kJ vs 806kJ). Nutritional analyses of the healthy lunch options
revealed total fat contents that exceeded the DRI and South African recommended limit.
Perceived barriers to stocking healthy items included cost and refrigeration restrictions. The average score for the food groups was only 33% indicating that learners were not familiar
with the Food Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG). Further analyses showed that the total
knowledge scores of those learners that reported to buy from the tuck shop frequently, was
significantly lower when compared to the total knowledge scores of those learners who bought
from the tuck shop less frequently (13.0 ± 3.9 and 11.6 ± 3.1, respectively; p < 0.05). Logistic
regression analysis confirmed that the total knowledge of a learner could be used to predict
whether he or she is more likely to make purchases from the tuck shop (significance = 0.017).
Focus group results revealed that learners are aware of “healthy” and “unhealthy” tuck shop
items. Most learners stated that they would continue to purchase items from their tuck shop if all “unhealthy” items were removed.
Conclusion: Primary school tuck shops of well resourced schools in Pietermaritzburg are
contributing to childhood overweight and obesity through a combination of factors. These
include the poor nutritional quality of the items stocked at the tuck shop as well as the poor tuck
shop purchasing practices. Much consultation is required amongst dieticians, school principals
and privatised tuck shop managers to overcome barriers to stocking healthy items. School
management and government have an important role to play in imposing restrictions on the sale
of unhealthy items; along with improving the quality of the nutrition education curriculum to
ensure that learners are able to translate their knowledge into healthier purchasing practices. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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Nutrient intakes, dietary diversity, hunger perceptions and anthropometry of children aged 1-3 years in households producing crops and livestock in South Africa : a secondary analysis of national food consumption survey of 1999.Bolaane, Lenkwetse. January 2006 (has links)
Children less than five years of age are at a risk of growth failure worldwide. The
South African National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) of 1999 showed that
25.5% of children aged 1 - 3 years were stunted. Poor growth of young children in
developing countries (South Africa included) has been associated with multiple
micronutrient deficiencies because of the use of starchy plant-based complementary
foods with little variety, especially among resource poor households. Dietary
diversification through the use of crop and livestock production has been
recommended as a strategy to improve the micronutrient intake and food security of
households in resource poor settings.
This study was a cross sectional secondary analysis of the South African NFCS of
1999 data, designed to investigate the impact of crop and livestock production on
nutrient intake, dietary diversity, intake of selected food groups, hunger perceptions
and anthropometric status of children aged 1 - 3 years in South Africa. Children
from households producing crops only (n=211), crops and livestock (n=110),
livestock only (n=93) and non-producers were compared at the national, in rural
areas and among households with a total income of less than R12 000.00 per
household per year.
In rural areas and among households with a total income of less than R12 000.00 per
household per year, children in the crops and livestock group had higher nutrient
intakes for energy, vitamin 86, calcium and folate than the other groups (p<0.05),
while the crops only group had higher nutrient intakes for vitamin A and vitamin C.
The majority of children in all the four study groups had less than 67% of the RDAs
for vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron and zinc. In addition , children in all the
groups had a median dietary diversity score of four out of 13 food groups. In rural
areas and among low income households, higher percentages (over 60%) of children
in the crops only group consumed vegetables while the non-producers group was the
lowest (47.7%). The non-producers group had the highest percentages of children
consuming meat and meat products and the crops and livestock and livestock only
groups had the lowest percentages. In both rural areas and among households withlow income, the majority of the households in all the study groups were experiencing
hunger. In rural areas, one in five households were food secure.
Crop and livestock production improved the nutrient intake and the intake of
vegetables of children in rural and poor households. However, nutrient intakes were
not adequate to meet the recommended nutrient levels. The high levels of food
insecurity require support of these households to increase crop and livestock
production and, integration of nutrition education to increase the consumption of the
produced products. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Impact assessment of the integrated nutrition programme on child malnutrition in South Africa.Musvaire, Rufaro. January 2009 (has links)
The Integrated Nutrition Programme (INP) was implemented in 1995 to target child malnutrition
in South Africa. This study assessed the impact of the INP on child malnutrition by province and
age group using secondary data. Data from three national nutrition surveys, conducted in 1994,
1999 and 2005, were used to describe trends in child stunting, underweight, wasting, vitamin A
deficiency and iron deficiency. The relationship between the prevalence of the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in prenatal women and child nutritional status; challenges and
constraints to implementing the INP at provincial level; and government responses to nutrition
recommendations by lead experts in the 1994 and 1999 surveys were also investigated.
Child nutritional status varied across provinces. In some provinces such as the Northern Cape,
stunting, underweight and wasting remained consistently high. Stunting decreased in the Eastern
Cape, but rates of wasting increased between 1994 and 2005. On the other hand, Gauteng and
the Western Cape generally had lower rates of malnutrition compared to the other provinces.
This may be due to these provinces being the most economically active in the country thus more
opportunities for employment and higher purchasing power of foods rich in micronutrients. By
2005, vitamin A deficiency had doubled in most provinces despite mandatory food fortification
being implemented in 2003. KwaZulu-Natal had the highest rates of vitamin A deficiency, while
Limpopo had the highest rates of iron deficiency. By 2005, malnutrition had decreased in
children aged seven to nine years, but had increased in those aged one to three years. There was
a significant positive correlation (p<0.01) between the prevalence of HIV in prenatal women and
vitamin A deficiency nationally. The prevalence of HIV in prenatal women was positively
correlated (p<0.05) with rates of wasting in children aged one to three years.
Limited skills, inadequate monitoring and evaluation, and limited infrastructure were common
challenges and constraints to implementing the INP at provincial level. The effect of HIV on
human resources and the higher demands of HIV infected patients also posed a challenge to
provinces as they implemented the INP. Government responded to most recommendations made by
nutrition experts. Supplementation,food fortification, growth monitoring and nutrition promotion
programmes were implemented. Based on the data, it would appear that INP activities targeted at
school-going children were more effective than those targeting children under-five. Although food
fortification was implemented in 2003, the vitamin A content of fortified products might not have
met legislative requirements. Additionally, because vitamin A is unstable to heat and light, if
vitamin A fortified foods are cooked or stored this may also influence the bioavailability of
vitamin A. Maternal HIV status might have attenuated child nutrition outcomes due to the negative
effect of HIV on related health conditions such as child caring and feeding practices. Some of
the challenges and constraints at provincial level might have negatively affected the
implementation of the INP and consequently its impact. Although government responded to most
recommendations made by nutrition experts, ongoing monitoring and evaluation of child
nutritional status were not adequately done, which might have also negatively affected INP
outcomes. In addition, factors in the macro-environment such as food inflation and access to
basic sanitation, could have lessened the impact of the INP on child malnutrition.
Interventions directed at malnutrition in children under-five need to be prioritised. There needs
to be rigorous monitoring of micronutrient content, especially vitamin A, of fortified foods.
Future studies need to include assessment of nutritional status in HIV affected and infected
children to help identify specific needs and develop appropriate policies. Frequent nutrition
surveillance to assess key child malnutrition indicators is required. / Thesis (M.Sc.) - University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.
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Prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme : how "informed" is the literate mother's decision regarding infant feeding options in the Gert Sibande district, Mpumalanga province, South AfricaDavis, Annemarie, Labadarios, D., Marais, D., Cotton, M. F. 12 1900 (has links)
225 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages i- xxiii and numbered pages 1-203. Includes bibliography, list of abbreviations, list of definitions, list of tables and figures and list of appendices. / Digitized at 330 dpi color PDF format (OCR), using KODAK i 1220 PLUS scanner. / Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: "A comprehensive package of care for the Prevention of Mother- To-Child Transmission
(PMTCT) of HIV" states that all mothers participating in the PMTCT Programme should
receive education that will enable them to make informed decisions about infant feeding
options. Rapid, same-day HIV testing and results that are available immediately, enable
health care workers to be responsible for providing pre- and post-test counselling (which
includes infant feeding options) on the same day. This could place a tremendous
workload and time pressure on the health care workers.
The aim of this study was to determine how "informed" is the literate mother's decision
regarding infant feeding options, who participated in the PMTCT Programme, in the Gert
Sibande District, Mpumalanga, South Africa.
Method:
Data was collected from health care workers and mothers on the PMTCT Programme at
23 PMTCT sites in the Gert Sibande District, with the help of 6 field workers and the
PMTCT site manager at each PMTCT site, by means of once-off, self-administered
questionnaires, which had been previously tested and validated.
Results:
Health care workers' attitude towards the PMTCT Programme was positive, although
some (14%) indicated that what was expected of them was not achievable in their
working environment. The most prominent change relating to the personal preferences of
health care workers regarding infant feeding options for HIV-infected mothers, after
attending the 5-day PMTCT course, was from formula-feeding to breast-feeding. Most
(65%) indicated it was possible to stay neutral in a counselling session regardless of
personal preference for infant feeding and 60% of those who could not stay neutral, still
thought it was in the mother's best interest to be counselled by them. Most (98%) agreed
mothers had the right to make informed decisions and 80% agreed mothers were able to make such a decision. Most (67%) health care workers indicated that not enough staff
was stationed at PMTCT sites, only 53% used the feeding option cards when counselling
mothers and indicated that more educational material was needed. Sixty one percent of
the health care workers demonstrated the preparation of the formula to the mothers and
allowed the mothers to demonstrate back to them. Between 49-82% and 37-56% of the
health care workers knew the correct answers to knowledge questions relating to breastfeeding
and formula-feeding, respectively. Not one health care worker, nor mother, knew
all the steps in preparing a formula feed. Most (80%) mothers made decisions based on
information provided to them by health care workers and only a small (13%) percentage
were influenced by the community to practise a different feeding option than what they
had chosen. Conclusions: The attitude, personal preferences, knowledge of and resources available to health care
workers, influenced the decision made by mothers regarding infant feeding options and
seeing that most mothers made their decision, based on information provided by health
care workers, it is concluded that mothers can only make an informed decision about
infant feeding options if they are advised appropriately by well trained, equipped and
informed health care workers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: "A comprehensive package of care for the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission
of HIV", vermeld dat moeders, wat deelneem aan die Voorkoming van Moeder-Tot-Kind
Oordrag (VMTKO) progam, voorligting behoort te ontvang ten opsigte van
voedingsopsies vir hul babas, sodat hulle in staat sal wees om 'n ingeligte keuse te maak.
Gesondheidswerkers is verantwoordelik om voorligting voor en na die HIV toets te gee,
wat die voedingsopsies vir babas insluit, op dieselfde dag. Dit kan 'n ontsaglike
werkslading op die gesondheidswerkers plaas.
Die doel van die studie was om te bepaal hoe "ingelig" is die geletterde moeder se keuse
ten opsigte van voedingsopsies, wat deelneem aan die VMTKO program, in die Gert
Sibande distrik, Mpumalanga, Suid-Afrika.
Metode: Die data is ingesamel by 23 VMTKO-klinieke en -hospitale in die Gert Sibande distrik
onder gesondheidswerkers en moeders op die VMTKO-program, met behulp van 6
veldwerkers en VMTKO-bestuurders, deur middel van eenmalige, selfvoltooide
vraelyste, wat van tevore getoets en gevalideer was.
Resultate: Die gesondheidswerkers se houding teenoor die VMTKO-program was positief, alhoewel
14% aangedui het dat wat van hulle verwag word nie prakties of moontlik is in hul
werksomgewing nie. Die prominentste verandering rakende die persoonlike voorkeure
van die gesonheidswerkers teenoor voedingsopsies vir HIV -geinfekteerde moeders, na
die 5-dag VMTKO kursus, was van formulevoeding na borsvoeding. Meeste (65%) het
aangedui dit is moontlik om neutraal te bly gedurende 'n voorligtingssessie, ten spyte van
persoonlike voorkeure vir voedingsopsies en 60% van die wat nie neutraal kon bly nie,
het steeds gedink dit is in die beste belang van die moeder om deur hulle voorgelig te
word. Meeste (98%) het saamgestem dat dit die moeder se reg is om 'n ingeligte keuse te maak en 80% het saamgestem dat die moeder wel in staat is om so 'n besluit te neem.
Meeste (67%) gesondheidswerkers het aangedui dat personeel tekorte bestaan by die
VMTKO klinieke en hospitale. Slegs 53% gebruik die voedingsopsie kaarte gedurende 'n
voorligtingsessie met die moeder en het aangedui dat meer voorligtingsmateriaal benodig
word. Een en sestig persent van die gesondheidswerkers het die voorbereiding van die
formulevoeding aan die moeders gedemonstreer en het moeders toegelaat om ook die
demonstrasie te doen. Nege en veertig tot twee en tagtig persent en 37-56% van die
gesondheidswerkers kon die korrekte antwoorde verskaf vir vrae oor borsvoeding en
formulevoeding, afsonderlik. Nie een gesondheidswerker of moeder kon al die stappe vir
die voorbereiding van die formulevoeding noem nie. Meeste (80%) moeders maak keuses
gebaseer op inligting wat aan hulle verskaf word deur die gesondheidswerkers en slegs 'n
klein persentasie (13%) word beinvloed deur familielede om die teenoorgestelde
voedingsopsie te praktiseer as wat hulle gekies het.
Gevolgtrekking: Die houding, persoonlike voorkeure, kennis van en hulpbronne beskikbaar aan die
gesongheidswerkers, beinvloed die besluit wat moeders neem ten op sigte van
voedingsopsies en aangesien die moeders hulle besluit baseer op inligting wat deur die
gesondheidswerkers aan hulle gegee word, word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat moeders
slegs 'n ingeligte keuse aangaande voedingsopsies kan maak indien hulle voorligting
ontvang deur goed opgeleide en ingeligte gesondheidswerkers.
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A profile of children in the Avian park and Zweletemba settlements in the Breede Valley local municipality of the Western Cape Province, South AfricaKoornhof, Hilletjie Elizabeth 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objectives: To describe the mothers/ primary caregivers’ (PCGs) and children’ anthropometric status; their household food security and poverty in relation to type of housing; and compare households receiving and not receiving a Child Support Grant (CSG) in relation to mothers/ PCGs’ anthropometric status, their dietary diversity, age, employment, educational level, monthly household income, size, food security and children’s anthropometric status.
Design: Cross sectional, descriptive study.
Subjects: Mothers/ PCGs (443) and their children from 211 households in Avian Park and 242 Zweletemba in Worcester, Western Cape Province.
Methods: Data collected by interviewer administered questionnaires included socio-demographic data, Lived Poverty Index, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and dietary diversity score (DDS). Anthropometric measurements included weight, height and waist circumference (WC) of mothers/ PCGS and weight, height and mid-upper-arm circumference of children. Households living in formal (brick houses, town houses, flats) and informal (squatter shacks, huts) houses, and households receiving CSGs and those without CSG, were compared using X2-test for categorical data and the independent t-test for continuous data.
Results: Prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting in children was 20.7%, 5.6% and 1.2% respectively. Overweight and obesity occurred in 27% and 37% of mothers/PCGs respectively and together with a mean WC (89.5 cm; SD 16.7) indicated an increased risk for non-communicable diseases. Food security existed in 63.1% households. Formal households were more food secure than informal households (68% versus 50%; p=0.0004) and fewer mothers/ PCGs of formal households had a DDS < 4 (52.2% versus 64.7%; p = 0.0157). The healthier socio-economic situation in formal households compared to informal households was shown by the higher monthly income (R3 479 versus R2 316; p = 0.0009) and Household Asset Index (2.24 versus –5.31; p <0.0001).
Age, marital status, education level and employment status of mothers/primary caregivers in CSG households and non-CSG households were similar. Household size was larger (p<0.0001) in CSG (median = 5 persons) versus non-CSG households (median = 4 persons); CSG households had more people per room (2.7 [SD 1.5] versus 2.3 [SD 1.2]; p=0.0037). CSG households had lower monthly income than non-CSG households (R2 723 [SD R3 297] versus R4 520 [SD R6 464]; p=0.0033). Mean HFIAS scores showed more food insecurity in CSG households than non-CSG (3.55 versus 2.37; p= 0.0178), but dietary diversity was similar. Stunting in children was higher in CSG (34.9%) versus non-CSG (22.7%) households. CSG mothers/PCGs had larger (p = 0.021) waist circumferences (90.0 cm; SD = 16.8) than non-CSG mother/PCGs (88.5 cm; SD = 16.5)
Conclusion: Childhood malnutrition and maternal overweight /obesity co-existed. Dietary diversity of all mothers/ PCGs was low. The assessment of type of housing and social security showed children in informal housing households had a poorer socio-economic situation and children in CSG households also experienced more monthly income poverty and household food insecurity. The level of stunting was higher in CSG households. Improving low dietary diversity should be a priority in interventions addressing food insecurity, taking into consideration this may be more difficult to achieve in informal households and CSG households. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel: Om die antropometriese status van moeders/ primêre versorgers en hul kinders; hul huishoudelike voedselsekerheid en armoede met betrekking tot tipe behuising waarin hul woon, te beskryf; asook om huishoudings wat ‘n kindersorgtoelaag ontvang te vergelyk met die daarsonder in terme van die antropometriese status van moeders/ primêre versorgers, hul dieetdiversiteit, ouderdom, indiensneming/ werkstatus, opvoedkundige vlak, huishoudelike maandelikse inkomste en grootte, voedselsekerheid en die antropometriese status van hul kinders.
Ontwerp: ‘n Beskrywende, deursnit studie.
Deelnemers: Moeders/ primêre versorgers (447) en hul kinders van 211 huishoudings in Avian Park en 242 in Zweletemba.
Metodes: Data-insameling is gedoen met onderhoudvoerder geadministreerde vraelyste insluitend sosio-demografiese inligting, die belewing-van-armoede-indeks, huishoudelike voedselonsekerheid-en-toegangskaal en dieetdiversiteitstelling. Antropometriese metings van moeders/ primêre versorgers het behels gewig, lengte en middelyfomtrek en gewig lengte en bo-armomtrek van kinders. Huishoudings woonagtig in formele (baksteenhuise, meenthuise, woonstelle) en informele huise (plakkershutte), en huishoudings wat die kindersorgtoelaag ontvang en nie, is vergelyk met behulp van die X2-toets vir kategoriese data en ‘n onafhanklike t-toets vir aaneenlopende data.
Resultate: Die voorkoms van dwerggroei, ondergewig en uittering in kinders was onderskeidelik 20.7%, 5.6% en 1.2%. Oorgewig en vetsug het onderskeidelik voorgekom by 27% en 37% van moeders/ primêre versorgers en hul gemiddelde middelyfomtrek was 89.5 sentimeter (SA 16.7), wat aanduidend is van ‘n verhoogde risiko vir nie-oordraagbare siektes. Voedselsekerheid het voorgekom in 63.1% van huishoudings. Formele huishoudings het meer voedsekerheid ervaar as informele huishoudings (68% versus 50%; p=0.0004) en minder formele huishouding moeders/ primêre versorgers het ‘n dieetdiversiteitstelling < 4 (52.2% versus 64.7%; p = 0.0157) gehad. Beter sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede van formele huishoudings in vergelyking met informele huishoudings was sigbaar in hul hoër maandelikse inkomste (R3 479 versus R2 316; p = 0.0009) en huishoudelike bates-indeks (2.24 versus –5.31; p <0.0001).
Die ouderdom, huwelikstatus, opvoedkundige vlak en werkstatus van moeders/ primêre versorgers in huishoudings wat ‘n kindersorgtoelaag ontvang en die huishoudings daarsonder was soortgelyk. Huishoudingsgrootte was groter (p<0.0001) in kindersorgtoelaag- (mediaan = 5 persone) versus geen-kindersorgtoelaaghuishoudings (mediaan = 4 persone); In kindersorgtoelaaghuishoudings het meer persone ‘n kamer gedeel (2.7 [SA 1.5] versus 2.3 [SA 1.2]; p=0.0037). Die maandelikse inkomste in kindersorgtoelaaghuishoudings was laer as in dié daarsonder (R2 723 [SA R3 297] versus R4 520 [SA R6 464]; p=0.0033). Die huishoudelike voedselonsekerheid-en-toegangskaal-tellings het meer voedselonsekerheid (p = 0.0178) getoon in kindersorgtoelaaghuishoudings as in huishoudings daarsonder (3.55 versus 2.37; p= 0.0178), maar hul dieetdiversiteit was dieselfde. Dwerggroei was meer in kindersorgtoellaagkinders (34.9%) versus geen-kindersorgtoelaagkinders (22.7%). Die gemiddelde middellyfomtrek van kindersorgtoellaagmoeders/ -primêre versorgers was groter (t-toets: p = 0.021) (90.0 cm; SA = 16.8) as die van moeders/ primêre versorgers wat nie ‘n kindersorgtoelaag (88.5 cm; SA = 16.5) ontvang het nie.
Samevatting: Wanvoeding in kinders, tesame met oorgewig en obesiteit in moeders/ primêre versorgers is waargeneem Die dieetdiversiteit van die moeders/ primêre versorgers was laag. Die ontleding van die rol van behuising en sosiale sekerheid het getoon dat die sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede van kinders woonagtig in informele behuising, asook die waarvoor moeders/ primêre versorgers ‘n kindersorgtoelaag ontvang het, is blootgestel aan meer inkomste-armoede en voedselonsekerheid in hul huishoudings. Die verbetering van lae dieetdiversiteit moet ‘n prioriteit wees in intervensieprogramme om voedselsekerheid aan te spreek, met inagneming dat die bereiking daarvan moeilker mag wees om in informele en kindersorgtoelaag-huishoudings.
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Attitude towards the cultivation and utilisation of indigenous leafy vegetables in rural communitiesMungofa, Nyarai 12 1900 (has links)
Food insecurity remains a major challenge affecting the rural poor households in South Africa. The consumption of green leafy vegetables is important to address micronutrients deficiency in rural communities and, at the same time, it contributes to fibre intake. This study investigated the people’s attitude towards the cultivation and utilisation of ILVs in rural communities. A cross-section survey study was conducted among 1 000 respondents in randomly selected households in communities. The majority of respondents were not willingly consuming ILVs. This is because most consumers were black and of the low-income group. ILVs that are consumed grow mainly in the wild. The regular consumption of these vegetables as indicated in this study is interesting, as this will help in mitigating micronutrient deficiency. Furthermore, these vegetables could be incorporated in formulated food to improve iron and zinc, especially in infant foods formulation. Based on the findings of this study it would be important to find ways of encouraging cultivation of ILVs for both nutrition and as income generating activities. / Life and Consumer Science / M.CS.
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Exploring the influence of demographic factors on mothers’ nutritional knowledge through the use of Food Based Dietary GuidelinesMajija, Yolisa Christina 04 1900 (has links)
Text in English with abstracts in English, isiXhosa and isiZulu / Mother’s nutrition knowledge, one of the guiding factors in developing children’s healthy eating patterns, has received relatively little research attention. This study determines the influence of demographic factors on mothers’ nutritional knowledge in Mthatha in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Quantitative, exploratory descriptive survey used group administrative questionnaire. Closed and open ended questions solicited data in 350 purposely and conveniently selected respondents. SSPS 26.0 Version analysed the data and Factor Analysis summarized for easy interpretation. Although SA FBDG are based on the current consumption of locally available foods, respondents were largely unaware of this tool. Mothers receive informal education on Dietary Guidelines from health centres, but no one knows the extent to which they understand and apply the information. There is general lack of correlation between nutrition knowledge and its application. Mothers require nutrition education and practical application of FBDG to improve their and children’s nutrition security. / Luncinane kwaye alukho nzulu uphando olukhe lwenziwa ngolwazi lomzalikazi ngendlela yokondla. Olu lwazi yenye yeenqobo zokukhokela isiqhelo sokutya ngokunempilo. Esi sifundo senziwe eMthatha, kwiMpuma Koloni yoMzantsi Afrika kwaye siqwalasela ifuthe leempawu zesimo soluntu kulwazi lomzalikazi ngendlela yokondla. Uphando lwenziwe ngokuqwalasela ulwazi olufunyenwe kubantu abaninzi ngokunika amaqela abantu uludwe lwemibuzo. Imibuzo enempendulo ethe gca (evalekileyo) okanye enempendulo exhomekeke kwizimvo zomntu (evulekileyo) yabuzwa kubantu abangama-350 ababekhethwe ngobuchule. Iinkcukacha
zolwazi zahlalutywa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beSSPS 26.0 lwaze uhlalutyo olwaziwa ngokuba yiFactor Analysis lwashwankathela ukuze ulwazi olufunyenweyo lutolikeke lula.
Nangona isikhokelo sendlela yokutya esaziwa ngokuba yiSouth Africa food-based dietary guidelines (SA FBDG) sisekelwe kukutya okufumanekayo endaweni, abathathi nxaxheba abaninzi kolu phando babengazi nto ngesi sikhokelo. Abazalikazi bafumana imfundo engekho sesikweni ngesikhokelo sendlela yokutya kumaziko empilo, kodwa akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bayiqonda kangakanani, beyilandela kangakanani loo nto bayifundiswayo. Kukho ukungahambelani okuxhaphakileyo eluntwini phakathi kolwazi ngendlela yokutya nokulusebenzisa olo lwazi. Abazalikazi badinga ukufundiswa ngendlela yokutya nokusebenzisa isikhokelo iFBDG ukuze baphucule indlela yokutya bona nabantwana babo ngokukhuselekileyo. / Lusathole ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu kwezocwaningo ulwazi lukamama mayelana nokudla okunomsoco, okungenye yezinto eziqondisayo ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokudla okunempilo
ezinganeni. Lolu cwaningo luzocubungula futhi luhlonze umthelela wezimo zenhlalo ezigabeni zabantu abahlukahlukene olwazini lomama mayelana nokudla okunomsoco eMthatha esifundazweni saseMpumalanga Koloni eNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningokuhlola (isaveyi)
olukhwantithethivu (olugxile emananini kanye nobuningi) oluhlolisisayo futhi oluchazayo, lwasebenzisa iphephamibuzo eligcwaliswa ngababambiqhaza abayiqembu. Imibuzo evalekile kanye nemibuzo evulekile yasetshenziswa ukuthola idatha kubabambiqhaza bocwaningo abangama-350 ababekhethwe ngabomu ukufezekisa izinhloso zocwaningo. I-SSPS 26.0 Version yahlaziya idatha kanti futhi i-Factor Analysis yafingqa idatha ukuze ihumusheke kalula.
Nakuba imihlahlandlela yokudla okunomsoco yaseNingizimu Afrika (SA FBDG) isuselwe ekudliweni kokudla okutholakala kuleli lizwe njengamanje, ababambiqhaza babengenalo ulwazi lokuthi kukhona imihlahlandlela enjengalena. Omama bayafundiswa, ngendlela
engahlelekile, ezizindeni zezempilo mayelana neMihlahlandlela Yokudla Okunempilo, kodwake akekho owaziyo ukuthi baluqonda kangakanani ulwazi abaluthola lapho, futhi balusebenzisa kangakanani. Kuvamise ukuthi kungabi khona ukuhambisana nokuxhumana phakathi kolwazi oluphathelene nokudla okunomsoco kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo.
Omama bayakudinga ukufundiswa mayelana nokudla okunomsoco futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imihlahlandlela yama-FBDG isetshenziswa ngendlela ephathekayo futhi ebonakalayo ukuze bakwazi ukwenza ngcono ukutholakala kokudla okunomsoco, kubona omama ngokwabo
kanye nezingane zabo. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M.C.S.
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Tsweletswele: problems and prospects for development in a peri-urban closer settlement in Ciskei / Development Studies Working Paper, no. 13Bekker, S B, Fincham, Robert John, Manona, C W, Whisson, Michael G January 1983 (has links)
In Ciskei, the development of urban housing and local authority structures has not been able to keep up with this immigration. As a result, a number of communities have sprung up in the tribal Authority areas close to this conurbation of some half a million people. These communities are neither urban nor rural, and comprise people with rural farmworker backgrounds who obtain their main source of income from employment in urban areas. In contradistinction to their true rural cousins, the breadwinners in these communities do not need to become migrants living and working far from home. Rather, they work during the week in an urban location close to home, and return on weekends to their families and children. This volume reports on one such community. The settlement of Tsweletswele is new, situated in a Tribal area, and within thirty kilometres of East London. Its residents who came from farms in the region work in East London. Their level of living is low, their access to state services minimal, and their tenure in the settlement uncertain. This report aims quite simply to establish what strategies these people choose to survive in their settlement. Subsequently, a set of recommendations are made which are aimed at improving the levels of living in the community, the delivery of essential services, and the tenure arrangements in the settlement / Digitised by Rhodes University Library on behalf of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER)
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