by Luo Hsiang Ying. / Thesis submitted in: June 1998. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-106). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments / Summary / List of Abbreviations / List of Tables / List of Figures Introduction and aim of the study --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- The nutritional status of vegetarian children-a literature review --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Vegetarianism- past and present --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Definitions and Classification of vegetarian --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Vegetarianism-past and present --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Potential benefit of vegetarian diet to health --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Nutritional considerations --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Energy --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Protein --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Calcium --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Iron --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Vitamin --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- "Sources of ""important nutrients in vegetarian diet" --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Growth and development of vegetarian children --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Growth of omnivorous children --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Growth of vegetarian children --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Long term effect of vegetarian diet --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- A reviews of local studies on Nutritional Status of Hong Kong Chinese children --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Nutritional intake of omnivorous children --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Calcium intake and Bone Mineral Content of Hong Kong Children --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- Growth Standards for Hong Kong children --- p.25 / Chapter 3.3 --- An overview of the present nutritional status of Hong Kong children --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4 --- A reviews of the methods of dietary assessment and anthropometric evaluation --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Dietary assessment --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1 --- Methods for collecting dietary intake data --- p.27 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Selecting an appropriate method --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Food composition tables --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Anthropometric assessment of growth --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2 --- Measurement of height --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Measurement of weight --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Body fatness evaluation --- p.37 / Chapter 4.3 --- Using of skinfold thickness measurement to assess body fat --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Mid-upper arm circumference ratio --- p.39 / Chapter 4.4 --- Calculation of body fat from skinfold measurement --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.44 / Chapter 5.1 --- Subjects --- p.44 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methods --- p.44 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Anthropometric Measurements --- p.45 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Weight (wt) --- p.45 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Height (ht) --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Skinfold Thickness --- p.46 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Obesity identification --- p.48 / Chapter 5.3 --- Evaluation of bone mass in vivo --- p.48 / Chapter 5.4 --- Dietary Assessment --- p.49 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Estimation of food quantity --- p.51 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Nutrient intake data --- p.52 / Chapter 5.5 --- Blood test --- p.53 / Chapter 5.6 --- Data analysis --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 6.1 --- Sample size --- p.55 / Chapter 6.2 --- Anthropometric Measurement --- p.55 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Weight and height data --- p.55 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Skinfold thickness --- p.56 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Prevalence of obesity in study children --- p.56 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Bone mineral density (BMD) --- p.56 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Haematological and biochemical data --- p.57 / Chapter 6.3 --- Serum lipid profiles --- p.58 / Chapter 6.4 --- Diet assessment --- p.58 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Diet --- p.58 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Food consumed --- p.59 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Seasonal variation of food --- p.60 / Chapter 6.4.4 --- Energy and Nutrient --- p.60 / Chapter 6.4.5 --- Comparison with UK vegetarian children --- p.65 / Chapter 6.4.6 --- Relationship between body fatness and current diet --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter.7 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter 7.1 --- Lacto-ovo-vegetarian children have normal growth --- p.67 / Chapter 7.2 --- Vegetarian children can be obese --- p.67 / Chapter 7. 3 --- Advantages and disadvantages of Chinese vegetarian diets --- p.68 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Calcium --- p.68 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Iron --- p.68 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Vitamin B12 --- p.69 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- Folate --- p.70 / Chapter 7.3.5 --- Fibre --- p.70 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter.8 --- Limitation of the Study --- p.72 / Chapter 8.1 --- Dietary record method --- p.72 / Chapter 8.2 --- Sample Size --- p.72 / Tables --- p.74-86 / Figure --- p.87-95 / References --- p.96-106 / Appendix I Dietary survey food frequency questionnaire / Appendix II Daily intake of individual food items

Chung Mei-lan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-124). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Declaration --- p.v / Acknowledgment --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables & Graphs --- p.xi / Chapter 1. --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Age-Associated Changes in Nutritional Status in the Elderly --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Body Composition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Nutritional Requirements --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Energy requirement in the elderly --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Protein requirement in the elderly --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Vitamin and minerals requirement in the elderly --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3. --- Food Intake --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Biobehavioral factors --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Social factors --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Psychological factors --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4. --- Physical factors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.5. --- Medical factors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4. --- Age-Related Changes in Gastrointestinal Tract --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Energy Expenditure in the Elderly --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1. --- Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TEE) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2. --- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Mechanisms Leading to a Decrease in FFM Adjusted BMR --- p.15 / Chapter (i) --- Sex --- p.15 / Chapter (ii) --- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Activity --- p.16 / Chapter (iii) --- Physical Activity --- p.17 / Chapter (iv) --- Body Weight --- p.17 / Chapter (v) --- Hormones --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3. --- Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4. --- Energy Costs of Physical Activity --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Methods for the Measurements of Energy Expenditure --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1. --- Direct Calorimetry --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Principle of Direct Calorimetry --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Isothermal calorimetry --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Gradient-layer direct calorimetry --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Calorimetry --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2. --- Indirect Calorimetry --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Principle of Indirect Calorimetry --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Whole body indirect calorimetry --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- "Indirect calorimetry: ventilated hood system, a face mask, or mouthpiece" --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Calorimetry --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3. --- The Doubly-Labeled Water Method --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Principle --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.28 / Chapter 3.4. --- The Labeled Bicarbonate Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Principle of Isotope Dilution Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Principle of Traditional Labeled HC03 Method --- p.32 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Labeled Bicarbonate-Urea Method --- p.34 / Chapter I. --- Calculations --- p.35 / Chapter A. --- Determination of energy equivalent of CO2 --- p.35 / Chapter B. --- Relationship between specific activity of urea and specific activity of CO2 --- p.35 / Chapter C. --- Fixation of infused label in the body --- p.36 / Chapter D. --- Calculation of CO2 production from the specific 3 activity of urinary urea --- p.6 / Chapter E. --- Two assumptions in labeled bicarbonate-urea method --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.4. --- Advantages and Disadvantages of Labeled Bicarbonate-Urea Method --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5. --- Heart Rate Monitoring --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Principle --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6. --- Activity Monitoring --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- Principle --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.39 / Chapter 3.7. --- Activity Diaries --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7.1. --- Retrospective activity questionnaires --- p.40 / Chapter I. --- Principle --- p.40 / Chapter II. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7.2. --- Current diary method --- p.41 / Chapter I. --- Principle --- p.41 / Chapter II. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.42 / Chapter 3.7.3. --- Time-and-motion study --- p.42 / Chapter I. --- Principle --- p.42 / Chapter II. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Nutritional Status and Energy Expenditure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1. --- Nutritional Status --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Body weight --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Fat-free mass (FFM) --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2. --- REE --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3. --- DIT --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4. --- TEE --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5. --- Nutrition Repletion by Caloric Supplement --- p.48 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.50 / Chapter 3. --- Subject and Method --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1. --- Part A: Subject and Methods I --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Subjects --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Methods --- p.51 / Chapter I. --- Anthropometric Assessment --- p.51 / Chapter II. --- Nutrient Intake --- p.52 / Chapter III. --- Clinical Assessment --- p.52 / Chapter IV. --- Energy Expenditure --- p.53 / Chapter V. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.53 / Chapter VI. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2. --- Part B: Subject and Methods II --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2. --- Subjects --- p.55 / Chapter I. --- Patients --- p.55 / Chapter II. --- Control subjects --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Methods --- p.56 / Measurement of TEE by Labeled Bicarbonate-Urea Method --- p.56 / Chapter I. --- Study Protocol --- p.56 / Chapter Figure 6: --- Study protocol in Hospital --- p.57 / Chapter II. --- Clinical Protocol --- p.58 / Chapter A. --- Preparing the infusion --- p.58 / Chapter B. --- "Inserting the subcutaneous cannula, and starting the infusion" --- p.58 / Chapter C. --- Urine collection --- p.59 / Chapter D. --- Blood sample --- p.59 / Chapter III. --- Laboratory Procedures --- p.60 / Chapter A. --- Measuring the radioactivity of the infused bicarbonate solution --- p.60 / Chapter B. --- Measuring of specific activity of urea --- p.60 / Chapter (i) --- Titration of hyamine hydroxide solution --- p.60 / Chapter (ii) --- Urine radioactivity quantification --- p.61 / Chapter (1) --- Removal of dissolved CO2 from urine --- p.61 / Chapter (2) --- Determination of specific activity of C02 --- p.62 / Chapter (a) --- Principle --- p.62 / Chapter (b) --- Laboratory procedures for the determination of specific activity of urea --- p.62 / Chapter IV. --- Measurement in Hospital --- p.63 / Chapter A. --- Anthropometry --- p.63 / Chapter B. --- Indirect calorimetry --- p.63 / Chapter (i) --- Principle --- p.63 / Chapter (ii) --- Measurement of REE --- p.64 / Chapter (iii) --- Measurement of DIT --- p.65 / Chapter C. --- Food supply and dietary record during the study --- p.65 / Chapter D. --- Record of physical activity in rehabilitation program --- p.66 / Chapter E. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.67 / Chapter V. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1. --- Results of Part A Study --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Anthropometry --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Nutrient Intake --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Caloric Balance --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.4. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2. --- Results of Part B Study --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Anthropometric Data --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- REE --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- DIT --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Nutrient Intake --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.5. --- TEE --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.6. --- Caloric Balance --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.7. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3. --- Table 1-1 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4. --- Table 2-1 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5. --- Graph1 --- p.100 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.103 / Chapter 5.1. --- Anthropometry in COPD patients --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2. --- Caloric and Nutrient intake in COPD patients --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3. --- Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) --- p.107 / Chapter 5.4. --- Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) --- p.108 / Chapter 5.5. --- Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TEE) --- p.108 / Chapter 5.6. --- Caloric Balance --- p.109 / Chapter 5.7. --- Limitation of this Study --- p.112 / Chapter 5.7.1. --- 24-hrs dietary recall --- p.112 / Chapter 5.7.2. --- Bicarbonate-urea method --- p.113 / Chapter 5.7.3. --- Anthropometry of community healthy elderly --- p.113 / Chapter 5.8. --- Recommendations --- p.114 / Chapter 5.8.1. --- Anthropometry monitoring in COPD patients --- p.114 / Chapter 5.8.2. --- Caloric supplements --- p.114 / Chapter 5.8.3. --- Physical activity in COPD patients --- p.115 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.117 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.118 / Chapter 8. --- Appendix I --- p.125 / Chapter A. --- Calculation of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) --- p.125 / Chapter B. --- Sample of Calculation of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) in Part B of the Study --- p.129 / Chapter 9. --- Appendix II - Equations --- p.133 / Chapter 10. --- Appendix III - Flow Calibration --- p.136

Lee, Hang Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Publication List --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance of Children´ةs Diet to Their Health --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current Health and Dietary Situation in Hong Kong Children --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dietary Patterns of Children Around the World --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Common Dietary Assessments in Children --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Food Records --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 24-hour Dietary Recalls --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Reliability and Validity of Fast Assessment Tools --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Concerns of Validating Short Assessment Tools in Children --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Administration Process --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Questionnaire Design --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Cognitive Development of Children --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Introduction to the Two Minute Assessment (TMA) Questionnaire Used --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study Objectives and Hypotheses --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter II: --- Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample Selection and Recruitment --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Data Collection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Training --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- TMA Questionnaire and Administration --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 24-hour Dietary Recall Interviewers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Physical Activity (PA) Level --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Data Entry, Verification and Cleaning" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data Analyses --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Reliability Study --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Validity Study --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ethics Approval --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter III: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects Recruited and Participation Rates --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Selected Nutrient Intakes and Recommendations --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- By Gender --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Dietary Sources of Selected Nutrients --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Food Group Intakes and Recommendations --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- By Gender --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- By Eating Occasions --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Food Group Composition --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Eating Behaviors --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Breakfast --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.1 --- Breakfast Eating Behavior --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.2 --- Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among the Daily vs Non-Daily Breakfast Eaters --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.3 --- Frequently Consumed Breakfast Foods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Snacking --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.2.1 --- Snacking Behavior --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Eating Out --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.1 --- Eating Out Behavior --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.2 --- Nutrient Density of Food Eaten at Home vs. Eaten Out (EO) --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.3 --- Percent of Food Group Intake of Eaten at Home vs Eaten Out --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- TMA Reliability Study --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reponses and Reliability of TMA Questions --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability of Scores --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- Validity of TMA --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Anthropometric Characteristics of Subjects --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- TMA Responses --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Suggestions for Dietary Improvement --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Associations Between Nutrient Intakes and Individual Questions --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Nutrition Knowledge Question --- p.77 / Chapter 34.4.2 --- Dietary Behavior Questions --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Physical Activity Questions --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.4.4 --- Household Economics Questions --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Correlation Between Nutrient and Food Group Intakes and Recommendations with Scores --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Behavioral Score --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Fat Score --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Fibre Score --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter IV: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Student Dietary Study --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Study of Reliability and Validity of the TMA Questionnaire --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter V: --- Conclusions --- p.118 / Appendices --- p.120 / References --- p.158