by Mak Ho-Tung. / Includes questionnaire. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 50). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.iii / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.4 / Chapter III. --- HISTORY OF SUSHI --- p.7 / Chapter IV. --- SUDDEN BOOM OF SUSHI BUSINESS --- p.9 / Chapter V. --- BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT --- p.14 / Chapter VI. --- RESEARCH FINDINGS / SHORT QUESTIONNAIRE --- p.19 / LONG QUESTIONNAIRE --- p.33 / Chapter VII. --- MARKETING IMPLICATIONS --- p.44 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.50 / APPENDIX --- p.51

Background Obesity is a global public health crisis. Obesity in adolescents tends to track into adulthood. Home dining is one of the preventive measures which can achieve some of the recommended factors that might protect against weight gain and obesity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlates of home dinner, and the association between home dinner and weight status in Hong Kong adolescent. Methods All data used in this study was adopted from a local study done by the Hong Kong Student Obesity Surveillance (HKSOS) project 2006-2007. For the association between family meal frequency and weight status, multi-nominal logistic regression was used for analysis. For further analysis, significant (p<0.05) correlates and frequency of dining at home were set as independent and dependent variables, respectively. All correlates were adopted in multivariate logistic regression, resulting in crude and mutually adjusted odds ratios for frequency of dining at home. Results In total, 65.7% of subjects had dinner at home at least 4 times per week. More frequent dining at home ( 4 - 7 vs. 0 - 3 times per week ) was correlated with female sex, lower socioeconomic status, smoking, intact family structure, no full time job mothers and her parenting styles. Subjects who had dinner at home more frequently had higher consumption of cereals, vegetables, high fat food, and snack and soft drink. They also reported watching more TV during meals and a greater feeling of fullness after meals. Adolescents with more frequent home dining were 14% ( 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.20 ) less likely to be obese. Conclusions Statistically significant correlations of frequent home dinners with adolescents’ background characteristics and dietary habits were found. Adolescents who had more dinners at home were less likely to be obese. These findings need to be confirmed by prospective studies and interventional studies. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Background: With adolescent obesity increasing in many developed and developing countries, many studies have investigated the effects of dietary habits on adolescent obesity. However, night-eating, which may lead to extra caloric intake and weight gain, is understudied. Given adolescents’ behavior patterns required during this period to be likely to influence long term behaviors, the present study investigated the prevalence of night-eating in Hong Kong adolescents and its association with weight status, dinner habits, bedtime, and the interval between dinner time and bedtime. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis with a sample of 24885 adolescents based on the dataset of Hong Kong Student Surveillance (HKSOS) project which was a school-based cross-sectional survey conducted in 2006/07. The subjects reported the number of days they had night-eating per week, the usual time they had dinner, the time spent on dinner, and bedtime. The interval between dinner time and bedtime was calculated and classified as long (4 hours or more) or short (below 4 hours). Weight status was estimated based on the self-reported weight and height. The prevalence of night-eating and distributions of dinner habits and bedtime were examined using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and percentage). Logistic regression and multiple linear regression models with robust standard errors accounting for school clustering effects were used (Stata 11.0) to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and regression coefficients for associations about night-eating. Results: Half (50.2%) the subjects reported any night-eating and 21.9% reported frequent night-eating of more than three days a week. The change of BMI z-score was positive associated with night-eating (Coefficient: 0.204; 95%CI: 0.175-0.233), and night-eaters were 13% (95%CI: 6%-20%) more likely to be obese. Compared with early dinner time group, the normal dinner time group was 11% (95% CI: 6%-15%) less likely to have night-eating. Students who reported normal and slow eating speed were 30% (95 % CI: 22%-39%) and 147% (95% CI: 113%-187%) more likely to have night-eating compared with quick eating speed group; the late-sleepers were 43% (95% CI: 35%--53%) and 25% (95%CI: 18%--34%) more likely to have night-eating on weekday and weekend, respectively, compared with early-sleepers. Besides, it was observed that adolescents having longer interval between dinner time and bedtime were 22% (95% CI: 5%--42%) more likely to have night-eating. Conclusion: The prevalence of night-eating was 50.2% in Hong Kong students. The night-eating was positively related with obesity, and the relationship was the first time to be estimated in Hong Kong adolescents. Besides, the relative early dinner time (compared with bedtime), slow dinner speed, late bedtime and long interval between dinner time and bedtime were positively associated with night-eating. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / Sports Science / Master / Master of Science in Sports Science

Lee, Hang Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Publication List --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance of Children´ةs Diet to Their Health --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current Health and Dietary Situation in Hong Kong Children --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dietary Patterns of Children Around the World --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Common Dietary Assessments in Children --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Food Records --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 24-hour Dietary Recalls --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Reliability and Validity of Fast Assessment Tools --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Concerns of Validating Short Assessment Tools in Children --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Administration Process --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Questionnaire Design --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Cognitive Development of Children --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Introduction to the Two Minute Assessment (TMA) Questionnaire Used --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study Objectives and Hypotheses --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter II: --- Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample Selection and Recruitment --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Data Collection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Training --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- TMA Questionnaire and Administration --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 24-hour Dietary Recall Interviewers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Physical Activity (PA) Level --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Data Entry, Verification and Cleaning" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data Analyses --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Reliability Study --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Validity Study --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ethics Approval --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter III: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects Recruited and Participation Rates --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Selected Nutrient Intakes and Recommendations --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- By Gender --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Dietary Sources of Selected Nutrients --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Food Group Intakes and Recommendations --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- By Gender --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- By Eating Occasions --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Food Group Composition --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Eating Behaviors --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Breakfast --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.1 --- Breakfast Eating Behavior --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.2 --- Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among the Daily vs Non-Daily Breakfast Eaters --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.3 --- Frequently Consumed Breakfast Foods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Snacking --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.2.1 --- Snacking Behavior --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Eating Out --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.1 --- Eating Out Behavior --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.2 --- Nutrient Density of Food Eaten at Home vs. Eaten Out (EO) --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.3 --- Percent of Food Group Intake of Eaten at Home vs Eaten Out --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- TMA Reliability Study --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reponses and Reliability of TMA Questions --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability of Scores --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- Validity of TMA --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Anthropometric Characteristics of Subjects --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- TMA Responses --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Suggestions for Dietary Improvement --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Associations Between Nutrient Intakes and Individual Questions --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Nutrition Knowledge Question --- p.77 / Chapter 34.4.2 --- Dietary Behavior Questions --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Physical Activity Questions --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.4.4 --- Household Economics Questions --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Correlation Between Nutrient and Food Group Intakes and Recommendations with Scores --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Behavioral Score --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Fat Score --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Fibre Score --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter IV: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Student Dietary Study --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Study of Reliability and Validity of the TMA Questionnaire --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter V: --- Conclusions --- p.118 / Appendices --- p.120 / References --- p.158

2)Qualitative study: Three areas were discussed: i) Generational differences in dietary practices were apparent and it was attributable to the discrepancies in the food environment during childhood, attitudes towards family meals, and practices of regular meal schedules between generations; ii) Mothers were influential but did not recognize their influences on their adult daughters' diet. Ignorance of the importance of diet-health relationship in young adulthood was observed; iii) Effects of media food promotions were apparent in the presence of Westernized food environment and reduced family size. Health and diet information in the media induced both positive and negative effects on the dietary behaviours of Chinese women. / Background: Studies on the characteristics associated with the Western dietary pattern (DP) in Asia are limited. Understanding the family DP resemblance in Asia is of public health importance because of the possible beneficial effects of intergenerational transfer of traditional plant-based Asian diet. Studies about media influence on dietary behaviours in Asia are few and none studied the effects on the overall DP. / Conclusion: There is an intergenerational association for practicing Western DP within family. Mothers were influential in adult daughters' dietary intakes, through modelling and family meals. A dose-response relationship exists between the practice of Western DP and media exposure in Chinese women. Public health strategies should consider promotion of family meals and empowerment of women on quick and healthy cooking skills as long-term approaches for family health promotion and obesity prevention. Policy evaluation of food or food-related advertising standards is necessary. / Keywords: mother, daughter, dietary pattern, media exposure, family meal, Western, TV viewing / Methods: This thesis composes two studies as follows: 1)a cross-sectional study on Western DP and media exposure; 2)a qualitative study on media influences on dietary practices. / Objective: This study aims to examine the dietary and individual characteristics associated with Western DP, investigate the association between the practice of Western DP and media exposure, and qualitatively assess how media and other factors influence the dietary practices in two generations of Chinese women. / Results: 1)Cross-sectional study: Western DP was characterised by higher intakes of meat (red, processed, poultry), fast foods, seafood, energy-dense foods (e.g. high-fat dairy, cakes and snacks), eggs, energy, fat, and dietary cholesterol. Daughters had a higher Western DP score than their mother. Western DP score was positively associated with the time spent on total media exposure and years living in Hong Kong for mothers, and with the time spent on TV viewing, mother's Western DP score, and smoking status for daughters. Western DP score was positively associated with the prevalence odds of being overweight and negatively associated with the frequency of family meals for both mothers and daughters. / The cross-sectional study recruited 207 (103 mothers, 104 daughters) community-based women from a longitudinal study. Dietary intake was quantified by an interviewer-administered diet history questionnaire. A self-reported questionnaire assessed the media (newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and leisure-time internet use) and other exposures (demographics, leisure-time physical activities, and lifestyles). Anthropometric data are measured. Two major DPs (Western and prudent) were identified using principal component analysis. Generation-specific factors associated with DPs were identified by multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age and energy intake. / The qualitative study enrolled 22 mothers and 13 daughters from the same study population for semi-structured in-depth interviews. Themes were identified corresponding to the environmental levels described by the Ecological Model, with quotations supported. The final themes were evaluated by participant validation. / Lee, Suk Yin Roselle. / Adviser: Suzanne C Ho. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-250). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Lok, Yuet Wan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-176). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendix also in Chinese.

Lo Wing-sze. / One booklet (14 p. : col. ill. ; 21 cm.) mounted on leaf 156. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaires also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.v / Publications / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Childhood obesity trends and measurement in Hong Kong and Elsewhere in the recent decade --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Health consequences of childhood obesity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Determinants of childhood obesity --- p.4 / Physical inactivity --- p.4 / High-fat diet --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Parental eating attitudes on family food environments --- p.6 / Home food purchasing and availability --- p.6 / Family meal frequency and location --- p.7 / Child feeding practices- the food and eating rules --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- The relationship of socioeconomic status and obesity --- p.8 / The economic status of households in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Targeting children aged three and four years --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Conceptual framework and study objectives --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Survey Design / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample design and subject recruitment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Survey methods --- p.17 / Anthropometric measurement --- p.17 / Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.18 / Three-day 24-hour dietary intake recall --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data management and analysis methods --- p.23 / Anthropometric measurements --- p.23 / Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.24 / Three-day 24-hour dietary intake recall --- p.24 / Socioeconomic status (SES) of the subjects (Households) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Ethics --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Responses to various components of the survey --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Socioeconomic status and related characteristics of the households --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Characteristics of the preschooler and their carers --- p.34 / Preschooler s weight status --- p.34 / Preschooler s growth --- p.35 / Other characteristicsof the preschoolers --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- Home food purchasing and its determinants --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5 --- Family meal frequency and location --- p.43 / Chapter 3.6 --- Preschoolers' meal preparation activities --- p.48 / Chapter 3.7 --- Food and eating rules and mealtime activities --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8 --- Child's sedentary activities patterns and parental perceptions --- p.53 / Chapter 3.9 --- "Parental perceptions of preschooler's height and weight, and eating habits" --- p.57 / Chapter 3.10 --- Nutrient intakes of the preschoolers --- p.59 / Chapter 3.11 --- Food consumption patterns of the preschoolers --- p.63 / Chapter 3.12 --- Meal and snack patterns of the preschoolers --- p.67 / Chapter 3.13 --- Main contribution of food sub-groups to energy and various nutrient intakes for preschoolers --- p.69 / Chapter 3.14 --- Intakes of energy and various nutrients from foods eaten at home and outside home --- p.72 / Chapter 3.15 --- "Associations of parental feeding practices, preschoolers' nutrient intakes and physical activity patterns with childhood overweight and obesity" --- p.75 / Parental feeding practices and attitudes toward healthy eating by preschoolers'weight status --- p.75 / Activity patterns of the preschoolers by weight status --- p.76 / Energy and various nutrient intakes of the preschoolers by weight status --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Childhood obesity rate by SES group --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2 --- Characteristics of the preschoolers and the households --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- High SES families dined together less frequently than their low SES counterparts --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Preferences of family members as an influential factor in purchasing fruits and vegetables --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5 --- Encouraging healthy food shopping practices with the preschoolers --- p.87 / Chapter 4.6 --- Food and eating rules imposed by parents may influence preschooler's eating habits and nutrient intakes --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7 --- Preschooler's sedentary activities patterns --- p.89 / Chapter 4.8 --- Incorrect parental perceptions of preschooler's weight --- p.91 / Chapter 4.9 --- Nutrient intakes of the preschoolers overall --- p.91 / Chapter 4.10 --- Comparing the nutrient intakes of the preschoolers with another study carried out in 2000 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.11 --- Parental/preschooler association on fruit and vegetable consumption --- p.94 / Chapter 4.12 --- Main contributors of food sub-groups to energy and various nutrient intakes for the preschoolers by SES group --- p.95 / Chapter 4.13 --- "Differences in family food environments, feeding practices, eating habits and nutrient intakes of preschoolers by maternal education level and mother's employment status" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.14 --- Strengths and limitations of the study --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Conclusions and Recommendations --- p.99 / References --- p.100 / Appendices / Chapter A1 --- Invitation letter to principals (English version) --- p.114 / Chapter A2 --- Invitation letter to principals (Chinese version) --- p.117 / Chapter B --- Summary of the background information of the participating schools --- p.120 / Chapter C1 --- Consent form and letter to parent(s) or guardian(s) (English version) --- p.121 / Chapter C2 --- Consent form and letter to parent(s) or guardian(s) (Chinese version) --- p.123 / Chapter D --- Paper fans with food and physical activity pyramid pictures --- p.125 / Chapter E --- Health report --- p.126 / Chapter F1 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (English version) --- p.127 / Chapter F2 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.136 / Chapter G1 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (English version) --- p.144 / Chapter G2 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (Chinese version) --- p.150 / Chapter H --- Food photo booklet --- p.156 / Chapter I1 --- Table: Households receiving social benefits by paternal occupations (p<0.001) --- p.157 / Chapter I2 --- Table: Summaries some of the characteristics of the surveyed preschoolers by gender and altogether --- p.158 / Chapter I3a --- Table: Preschooler's parents' age --- p.159 / Chapter I3b --- Table: Parents age by SES --- p.159 / Chapter I4 --- Table: Factors considered by interviewee when buying food items --- p.160 / Chapter I5 --- Table: Cost as a factor of buying queried food items by SES income group --- p.161 / Chapter I6 --- Table: Frequencies of eating out or having takeaway meals in/from different types of caterers by SES group --- p.162 / Chapter I7 --- Type of utensils used to feed the preschoolers by SES group --- p.162 / Chapter I8 --- Preschoolers' activities during dinner by SES group --- p.163 / Chapter I9 --- "Proportion of interviewees with adequate fruit, vegetable, and both fruit and vegetable intakes per day by SES group" --- p.163