Yu Chung Wah. / "August 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 260-296). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Hui Lai Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-204). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / acknowledgements --- p.I / contents --- p.II / list of abbreviation --- p.IX / list of tables --- p.X / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XII / abstract --- p.XIII / Chapter chapter 1 --- introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives & Hypotheses --- p.2 / Chapter chapter 2 --- literature review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of obesity --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Densitometric measurement --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Anthropometric measurement --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Body circumferences --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Skinfold thickness --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Weight and height ratios --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Body Mass Index to define obesity --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- In adults --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- In children & Adolescents --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- Epidemic of obesity --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Worldwide prevalence & trends of obesity --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Obesity rates in Hong Kong --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Consequences of obesity --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Health consequences --- p.77 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Adulthood obesity --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Childhood & adolescent obesity --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Controversy of health risk studies --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Quality of life --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Economic consequences of obesity --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Persistence of childhood obesity into adulthood --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5 --- Risk factors for childhood obesity --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Genetic factors --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Parental weight status --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Birth weight --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Demographic factors --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Socio-economic Status --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Family environment --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Dietary factors --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- Infancy diet --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Dietary intake --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- Eating behaviour --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Physical activity factors --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Inactivity --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Determinants of physical activity level --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Television-watching --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Other risk factors --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6 --- Management of childhood obesity --- p.49 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Goals & Difficulties in childhood obesity treatment --- p.49 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dietary approach --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6.2.1 --- General healthy eating --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6.2.2 --- Decrease fat intake --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6.2.3 --- Increase fibre intake --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.2.4 --- Reducing meal Glycaemic Index --- p.53 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Increase activity level --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.3.1 --- Reinforce active behaviour --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.3.2 --- Decrease sedentary lifestyle --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Roles of parents and schools in obesity managements --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study population --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reason for selecting 6-7 years old children --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Classification of case and control groups --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reasons for using BMI --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Development of BMI cut-offs --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Estimation of sample size --- p.64 / Chapter 3.4 --- Subject recruitment --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Sample Source --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Inclusion criteria --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Recruitment --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Pilot Testing --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5 --- Data collection --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Overview --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Lifestyle data --- p.77 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Scope of data --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- References for questionnaire design --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Questionnaire content --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- Data validity --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Dietary data --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- The assessment method --- p.76 / Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- Data validity --- p.76 / Chapter 3.6 --- Data entry & analyses --- p.77 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Data entry --- p.77 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Dietary data analyses --- p.78 / Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- Nutrient intake --- p.78 / Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Meal Glycaemic response --- p.78 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Risk factor analyses --- p.79 / Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Univariate analyses --- p.79 / Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Multivariate analyses --- p.79 / Chapter 3.6.3.3 --- Further analyses --- p.80 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Childhood lifestyle descriptive analyses --- p.80 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- Descriptive analyses --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample Size & sample source --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sample Characteristics --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Demographic background --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- Risk factors identification --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Overview --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Univariate analyses --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Multivariate analyses --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Variable selection --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Test for Multicollinearity --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Logistic regression results --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Further analyses --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Purposes --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Parental BMI --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Child's birth weight --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Eating Behaviour --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.4.5 --- Dietary intake --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.4.6 --- Physical activity --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.4.7 --- Parental smoking --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.4.8 --- Socio-economic status --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4 --- Children lifestyle descriptive analyses --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Inactivity in young children --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Exercise time and frequency --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Exercise preference & encouragement --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Determinants of exercise time --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Weight beliefs & Nutrition knowledge --- p.118 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Weight and health beliefs --- p.118 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Nutrition knowledge --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Dietary habits & Nutrient intake --- p.123 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Dietary practice --- p.123 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Nutrient intake --- p.129 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.137 / Chapter 5.1 --- Risk factors for childhood overweight development --- p.137 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Overview --- p.137 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Genetic factors --- p.138 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Parental BMI --- p.138 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Birth weight --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Dietary factors --- p.144 / Chapter 5.1.3.1 --- Eating behaviours --- p.144 / Chapter 5.1.3.2 --- Infancy diet --- p.150 / Chapter 5.1.3.3 --- Current dietary intake --- p.151 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Physical activity --- p.154 / Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Exercise --- p.154 / Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Sedentary activities --- p.155 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Family environment --- p.157 / Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Social class & Custody --- p.157 / Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Parental smoking --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2 --- Lifestyle in Hong Kong young children --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Childhood inactivity --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Weight perception & Nutrition knowledge --- p.163 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Dietary habits & Nutrient intake --- p.165 / Chapter 5.3 --- Limitations --- p.169 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Study sample --- p.169 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Study method --- p.171 / Chapter 5.4 --- Implication of the study results --- p.173 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Overview --- p.173 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Strategies on obesity treatments and prevention --- p.173 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.775 / Chapter 5.5 --- Suggestions for further study --- p.176 / CONCLUSION --- p.178 / REFERENCES --- p.180 / APPENDICES --- p.205 / Chapter A. --- Communications for sample recruitment / Appendix A1 Invitation to Parents --- p.A-l / Appendix A2 Contact Details Form --- p.A-3 / Appendix A3 Letter of thanks to SHSC Nurses --- p.A-4 / Appendix A4 Second letter to parents --- p.A-12 / Appendix A5 Written consent from parents --- p.A-14 / Chapter B --- Study Tools / Appendix B1 The Questionnaire --- p.B-l / Appendix B2 3-day dietary record --- p.B-49 / Chapter C --- Childhood overweight risk factors - univariate analyses / Appendix C1 Genetic factors --- p.C-1 / Appendix C2 Demographic factors --- p.C-2 / Appendix C3 Custody & Home environments --- p.C-3 / Appendix C4 Infant feeding factors --- p.C-4 / Appendix C5 Dietary manipulation & Eating desire --- p.C-5 / Appendix C6 Eating habits & Food preference --- p.C-6 / Appendix C7 Physical activity factors --- p.C-7 / Appendix C8 Factors influencing physical activity --- p.C-8 / Appendix C9 Nutrition knowledge & weight perception --- p.C-9 / Appendix C10 Nutrients factors --- p.C-10 / Appendix C11 School life & unclassified factors --- p.C-11 / Chapter D --- Miscellaneous / Appendix D1 Research questions and related questions in the questionnaire --- p.D-l / Appendix D2 Food GI estimation list --- p.D-3

Kong, Pik Shan. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-178). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.

by Ng Man Ying. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-124). / Acknowledgements / List of Abbreviations / Summary / List of Contents / List of Tables / List of Figures / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction and the aim of study --- p.1-4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- "The risk of overnutrition in childhood"" -a literature review" / Chapter 2.1 --- Obesity is a nutritional problem of affluent developed societies --- p.5-11 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definition of obesity / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Classification / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Prevalence of obesity / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Obesity related to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) / Chapter 2.2 --- "Hypercholesterolemia is also a manifestation of overnutrition which related to ""rich"" dietary pattern" --- p.11-15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Hypercholesterolemia plays an important role in the development of CHD / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Dietary factor related to hypercholesterolemia and CHD / Chapter 2.3 --- Preventive measurement should start from childhood --- p.15-20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Obesity in childhood might persist into adolescent and adulthood / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Atherosclerosis lesion might occur in young / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Serum cholesterol level in childhood might track into adult life / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Dietary pattern acquired from early- life and might persist into adulthood / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methods of dietary assessment and body fatness evaluation - a review / Chapter 3.1 --- Dietary assessment --- p.21 -27 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Methods for collecting dietary intake data / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Food composition table / Chapter 3.2 --- Body fatness evaluation --- p.27 -39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Simple indices to express body fatness / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Skinfold thickness measurement to assess body fat / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Calculation of body fat from skinfold measurement via body density / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Body composition measurement to evaluate body fatness / Chapter Chapter 4 --- "Subjects, Materials and methods" / Chapter 4.1 --- Subjects --- p.40 -41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Anthropometric measurement --- p.41-46 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Weight / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Height / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Skinfold thickness measurement / Chapter 4.3 --- Body fatness evaluation 46 - --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Weight for age and weight for height / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Body Mass Index (BMI) / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Triceps skinfold thickness (TRSF) / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Body fat percentage calculated from skinfold equation via density / Chapter 4.4 --- Dietary assessment --- p.48 -50 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Dietary intake data / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Nutrient intake data / Chapter 4.5 --- Blood cholesterol measurement --- p.51 -52 / Chapter 4.6 --- Data Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results / Chapter 5.1 --- Sample size --- p.53 / Chapter 5.2 --- Anthropometric measurement --- p.53 -57 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Weight and height / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Skinfold thickness / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Body Mass Index (BMI) / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Percentage body fat content calculated from skinfold thickness / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Prevalence of obesity in studied children / Chapter 5.3 --- Composition of dietary intake --- p.57-60 / Chapter 5.4 --- Blood cholesterol level --- p.60 -61 / Chapter 5.5 --- Relationship between body fatness and current diet --- p.61-62 / Chapter 5.6 --- Relationship between body fatness and serum lipid level --- p.62 / Chapter 5.7 --- Relationship between serum lipid and current diet --- p.62 -63 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion / Chapter 6.1 --- Preventive measures for obesity should be started from childhood --- p.93 -94 / Chapter 6.2 --- High Serum TC level of Hong Kong children is a cause for concern --- p.95 -96 / Chapter 6.3 --- Validity of results and the need for further study --- p.96 -99 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.99 -101 / References --- p.101 -124 / Chapter Appendix I --- Reliability test of anthropometric measurement --- p.125 / Chapter Appendix II --- Dietary record form used in study --- p.126-129

Mong, Lok Yee. / Thesis submitted in: December 2007. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-145). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; some text in appendix also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract (English version) --- p.iii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 - --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Childhood obesity: a worldwide epidemic --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Health consequences of childhood obesity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Determinants of childhood obesity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hormonal dysregulation and obesity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Project objectives and long term significance --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 2 - --- Research Plan and Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Study cohort / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Subject recruitment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Ethics --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Measurements and blood sample collections --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Subgroup for dietary assessment --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Cohort re-visits in 2006 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Genetic study / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample size estimation and research subjects --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- DNA samples --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Candidate genes --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- SNP tagging and prioritizing --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Genotyping methods & quality control --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3 --- Dietary assessment / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Three-day 24-hour dietary recalls --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Data management --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Statistical methods --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 3 - --- Results Page / Chapter 3.1 --- Study cohort --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Genetic study / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Subjects --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- SNPs selection --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Factor analysis of adiposity in the study population --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Genotyping and association testing in stage1 --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Genotyping and association testing in stage2 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Association of the CART gene with adiposity --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Association of the GHR gene with adiposity --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Association of the GHRHR gene with adiposity --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Association of the IGFBP3 gene with adiposity --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Association of the POMC gene with adiposity --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dietary assessment / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Nutrient intakes of the subgroup in2004 --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Nutrient intakes of the subgroup in2006 --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Lifestyle pattern of the cohort in2006 --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 4 - --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- The role of GH-related genes with adolescent adiposity --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2 --- Nutrient intakes and lifestyle pattern of the adolescents --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion of this study --- p.123 / References --- p.124 / Appendices / Chapter A --- Information of the SNPs selected --- p.146 / Chapter B --- Comparison of SNPs minor allele frequency (MAF) among two genotyping stages and HapMap data --- p.154 / Chapter C --- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) of SNPs in two genotyping stages --- p.162 / Chapter D --- Factor score coefficient matrix --- p.170 / Chapter E --- Association of SNPs with factors scores --- p.172 / Chapter F1 --- Consent form (English version) --- p.207 / Chapter F2 --- Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.209 / Chapter G1 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (English version) --- p.211 / Chapter G2 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (Chinese version) --- p.218 / Chapter H --- Food photo booklet --- p.225 / Chapter I1 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (English version) --- p.236 / Chapter I2 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.238

Yeung, Daniel Chi Shing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-83). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix B also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Purpose and Significance --- p.3 / Hypothesis --- p.5 / Delimitation --- p.5 / Limitation --- p.5 / Operational Definitions --- p.6 / REVIEW OF LITERATURE --- p.9 / The Epidemic of Childhood Obesity --- p.9 / Increase in Childhood Obesity Over the World --- p.9 / Factors Contribute to Childhood Obesity --- p.12 / Health Consequence --- p.14 / Childhood Obesity Interventions --- p.15 / Measurement of Body Composition in Children --- p.17 / Body Composition Models --- p.17 / Measurement Methods --- p.20 / Laboratory Methods --- p.20 / Hydrodensitometry --- p.20 / Air displacement plethysmography --- p.22 / Hydrometry --- p.23 / Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry --- p.25 / Pros and cons of body fat criterion measures --- p.26 / Field Methods --- p.27 / Bioelectric impedance analysis --- p.27 / Anthropometry --- p.28 / Skinfold thickness measurement --- p.29 / Summary --- p.33 / METHODOLOGY --- p.36 / Participants --- p.36 / Experimental Protocols and Procedures --- p.36 / Criterion Measurement --- p.36 / Field Measurements --- p.38 / Statistical A nalysis --- p.39 / RESULTS --- p.41 / Comparison of ADP and DXA in Measuring Percent Fat Criterion --- p.41 / Sample Distribution and Descriptive Statistics --- p.41 / Correlations --- p.44 / Reliability --- p.46 / Cross Validation of Slaughter Equations --- p.47 / Exploration of Alternative Equations --- p.51 / DISCUSSION --- p.59 / Limitations --- p.66 / Recommendations for Future Study --- p.67 / Conclusions --- p.68 / REFERENCES --- p.69 / APPENDIX / Chapter A --- Standardized Description of Skinfold Sites --- p.84 / Chapter B --- Informed Consent --- p.85 / Chapter C --- Data Sheet --- p.87

本研究的目的在於以電阻抗法測定的脂肪比例作為標準，評價各種兒童肥胖定義診斷脂肪過量時的診斷準確性。爲了達到這項研究目的，本研究分為三個部份。首先，研究的第一部份評價了生物電阻抗法（Bio-electrical impedance analysis, BIA）在測量中國兒童青少年身體成份時的效度。隨後，幾種被廣泛應用的電子脂肪磅測量身體脂肪比例時的測量準確度被進行了評價。最後，在大規模人群測試中，利用精確的電子脂肪磅及幾種人體測量學指標決定的脂肪水平，不同兒童肥胖定義的診診斷脂肪過量的斷準確性被進行了評價。共有255名9至19歲的中國兒童青少年參與了第一和第二部份的測試，利用雙能X光骨密度儀（Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA）測量的體成份作為標準，比較了通過標準電阻抗法以及幾種被廣泛電子脂肪磅測量而來的體成份。研究結果顯示，生物電阻抗法是測量中國兒童青少年體成份有效的方法，然而，所有以前研究發展的BIA預測方程均未能準確估計受試者的去脂體重（Fat-free mass, FFM）。四種商業電子脂肪磅在測量受試者的體脂有類似的診斷準確度。隨後，另外的2,134名兒童青少年參與了本研究第三部份的測試，利用經過第二部份經過調整的脂肪磅測量受試者的體脂比例，同時測量人體測量學指標。研究結果發現，現有關於兒童肥胖的定義在診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量的診斷準確性不夠。此外，受試者工作特徵曲綫分析（Receiver operating characteristics, ROC）發現利用基於身高和體重的指數來定義兒童肥胖在診斷肥胖兒童時較基於腰圍的指數有更好的敏感度和特異性。因此，研究者可以通過調整這些身高和體重的指數的劃分點來獲得對兒童肥胖更好的診斷準確性。 / 研究一（第3章）的目的在於評價生物電阻抗（Bio-electrical impendence analysis, BIA）方法在預測中國兒童青少年的去脂體重（Fat-free mass, FFM）中的效度，同時，也驗證已有的利用BIA方法發展的方程預測中國兒童、青少年FFM的效度。共有255名9-19歲健康的中國兒童、青少年（127名男生、128名女生）自願參與此次測試。利用傳統的單頻（50 kHz）的手腳電阻抗儀測試人體的電阻與電抗。利用雙能X光骨密度儀（Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, DEXA）作為測量FFM的標準。以DEXA測試的FFM為標準，對24個已有的BIA預測FFM的方程進行交互驗證。研究結果顯示，在本研究的人群中，利用24個已有的BIA預測方程所預測FFM與DEXA測量而來FFM高度相關。然而，這24個方程都未能準確預測本研究測試人群中由DEXA測量而來的FFM。利用多元線性回歸及交互驗證的方法，本研究發展了一個預測中國兒童、青少年FFM的預測方程：FFM (kg) = 1.613 + 0.742 × 身高(cm)²/電抗 (Ω) + 0.151 × 體重 (kg); R² = 0.95; SEE = 2.45kg; CV = 6.5%。本研究的研究結果表明，已有的BIA預測FFM的方程均不能通過交互驗證，從而準確的預測本研究人群的FFM。利用本研究人群發展而來的BIA預測FFM的方程，對預測中國兒童、青少年的FFM有良好的效度。本研究證明利用BIA方法可以準確的預測中國兒童、青少年的體成份。 / 研究二（第4章）旨在驗證4種利用BIA原理發展而來的商業電子脂肪磅在測量中國兒童、青少年體脂比例時的效度，以及判斷這些脂肪磅診斷身體脂肪過量時的診斷表現。參與研究一的255名中國兒童、青少年也參與本研究。利用DEXA作為測量體成份的標準測量。同時，4種電子脂肪磅（Model A, Biodynamics-310; Model B, Tanita TBF-543; Model C, Tanita BC-545 和 Model D, InBody 520）利用製造商內置的BIA方程測量受試者的體成份。研究結果表明，採用製造商內置的BIA方程測量體脂比例時，在男性中，Model B和Model C測量的體脂比例與DEXA測量的體脂比例有明顯差異 （p < 0.05）；Model C低估了脂肪過量兒童、青少年在在受試人群中的百分比（X²=10.714, p=0.001）。在女性中，Model B、Model C和Model D測量的體脂比例與DEXA測量的體脂比例有明顯差別，脂肪過量兒童在占受試人群中的比例被這三種脂肪磅所低估。由於在這四種脂肪磅和DEXA測量的%BF有著較高的相關性，回歸分析被用於調整這四種脂肪磅所測量的體脂比例。在調整后，在男性和女性中，所有調整的脂肪磅測試的體脂比例與DEXA測量的體脂比例之間沒有分別。在男性和女性受試者中，卡方檢驗結果顯示，所有校正的脂肪磅診斷的脂肪過量兒童、青少年占受試人群中的比例與DEXA的診斷比例之間沒有發現明顯區別。 此外，在女性中，與未校正的脂肪磅的對脂肪過量兒童、青少年診斷的敏感度比較，調整后的Model B 和 ModelC 脂肪磅對脂肪過量的兒童診斷的敏感度得到明顯改善 (Model B, X²=9.818,p=0.002; Model C, X²=4.615, p=0.032)。本研究的研究結果建議在利用電子脂肪磅內置方程測量中國青少年、兒童的體脂比例時，其效度需要進行驗證。因為在脂肪磅和DEXA測量之間有較高的相關性和較小的偏差，經調整的脂肪磅可以用於在進行大規模人群測試時，測量中國青少年、兒童的體脂比例，以及作為對脂肪過量兒童、青少年的診斷工具。 / 研究三（第5章）的目的在於調查基於身高體重的指數和基於腰圍的指數在診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時的總體診斷表現；以及判斷現有兒童肥胖定義診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時的診斷表現。共有來自香港多所中小學的2134名9-19歲的受試者，包括1135名男性、999名女性參與本研究。利用研究二調整的便攜式足對足電子脂肪磅測量受試者的體脂比例。基於體脂比例的兒童肥胖，即脂肪過量，被定義為體脂比例在男性高於25%，女性高於30%。四種基於BMI的兒童肥胖定義、兩種基於香港數據利用腰圍對兒童肥胖的定義、以及香港現有的兒童肥胖定義用於此研究。受試者工作特徵曲綫分析（Receiver operating characteristics, ROC）被用於分析身高體重指數（BMI）、標準身高體重（PWH）、腰圍（WC）和腰圍身高比（WHtR）在診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時的總體診斷表現。診斷試驗的指標被用來判斷現有兒童肥胖的定義診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時的診斷表現。本研究發現，在男性中，BMI、PWH、WC和WHtR在診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時有相同的良好的診斷表現[受試者工作特徵曲綫下面積(area under the curve of ROC, AUC) = 0.909-0.923]。然而，在女性中，WC（AUC=0.840）和WHtR（AUC=0.850）診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時的診斷表現差於BMI（AUC=0.900）和 PWH （AUC=0.903）。此外，現有兒童肥胖定義在診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時診斷敏感度較低，敏感度在男性中為0.325-0.761；女性中為0.128-0.588。利用最好診斷準確度的方法來確定的BMI、PWH、WC和WHtR的劃分點在診斷脂肪過量時，在男性中有相似的診斷表現，診斷敏感度在0.816-0.868之間，診斷特異度在0.803-0.869之間；對於女性，BMI和PWH 較WC和WHtR有較高的敏感度和特異度。本研究的發現表明，在診斷脂肪過量時，基於身高和體重的指數總體診斷表現好於基於腰圍的指數；現有兒童肥胖定義在診斷香港兒童、青少年脂肪過量時的診斷表現不佳。進一步，通過調整以身高和體重為基礎指數的劃分點可以使其在診斷脂肪過量時有更好的診斷表現。 / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of various childhood obesity definitions using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a criterion measure of body fat. To achieve such an objective, the study involved three phases. First, the validity of BIA in measuring body composition in Chinese children and adolescents was evaluated. Then, examination on measuring accuracy of several popular BIA scales was performed. Finally, mass testing of body fat levels using an accurate BIA scale, as well as other anthropometric measures, was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of childhood obesity definitions. A total of 255 healthy Chinese children and adolescents aged 9 years to 19 years participated in the first and second phases of the study. Body composition was measured from BIA using a criterion device (Biodynamics 310) and four popular commercial BIA scales and compared with measurements from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). BIA provided excellent predictions of body composition among Chinese children and adolescents. However, all of the previously developed BIA equations yielded biased estimation. The four commercial BIA scales had similar diagnostic accuracy in measuring body fat. Subsequently, another 2,134 boys and girls were recruited to take part in body fat measurements using the best BIA scale identified in the second phase with adjusted equations, as well as other anthropometric measurements. The diagnostic accuracy of all existing definitions of childhood obesity was poor in both genders. Moreover, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis found that childhood obesity definitions using weight-and-height based indices [Body mass index (BMI) and weight-for-height) had superior sensitivity and specificity in identifying obese children compared with waist circumference-based indices. Therefore, with adjusted cut-off criteria for weight-and-height indices, the diagnostic accuracy of childhood obesity would be improved. / Study I : Validity of BIA method in predicting FFM / The first study (Chapter 3) aimed to examine the validity of the BIA method in predicting fat-free mass (FFM) in Chinese children and adolescents and of various published BIA equations in estimating FFM in this particular group. A total of 255 healthy Chinese children and adolescents (127 boys and 128 girls) aged 9 years to 19 years participated in this study. BIA variables (e.g., resistance and impedance) were measured at 50 kHz between the hand and foot using a traditional BIA device. The criterion of FFM measurement was also assessed using DEXA. FFM estimated from 24 published BIA equations were cross-validated against the criterion measure from DEXA. FFM estimated from the 24 published BIA equations yielded high correlations with the directly measured FFM from DEXA. However, none of the 24 equations was statistically equivalent with the DEXA-measured FFM. Using multiple linear regression and cross-validation against the DEXA measurement, an alternative prediction equation was developed as follows: FFM (kg) = 1.613 + 0.742 × height (cm)²/impedance (Ω) + 0.151 × body weight (kg); R² = 0.95; SEE = 2.45 kg; CV = 6.5%. None of the previously developed BIA equations was able to cross-validate the FFM estimates of the present sample. An alternative BIA equation, with evidence of validation and cross-validation, was thus proposed. The method based on the BIA principle provides a valid estimation of body composition among Chinese children and adolescents. / Study II: Validity of popular BIA consumer scales in measuring body fat / The second study (Chapter 4) examined the validity in measuring body fat and the diagnostic performance of four different consumer BIA scales. The 255 Chinese children and adolescents from the first study also participated in this study. DEXA was used as the criterion measurement for %BF, which was also assessed using four BIA scales [Model A (Biodynamics 310), Model B (Tanita TBF-543), Model C (Tanita BC-545), and Model D (InBody 520)]. The validity in measuring body fat and the diagnostic performance in screening excess body fat of these BIA scales was first examined. In boys, differences in %BF between Models B, C, and DEXA were significant (p < 0.05). In girls, significant differences in %BF were observed between Models B, C, D, and DEXA (p < 0.05). The prevalence of overfat in boys was underestimated by Model C (X² = 10.714, p = 0.001). For girls, the prevalence of overfat was underestimated in Models B, C, and D. Because of the high correlation between the BIA scales and DEXA (r = 0.770.94), regression analysis was used to adjust the BIA scales in measuring %BF in this sample. After adjustment, the paired t-tests did not show differences in %BF between the adjusted BIA scales and the DEXA measurement in both genders. All adjusted BIA scales except Model A in girls showed substantial agreement with the DEXA measurement. In addition, compared with overfat classification using DEXA measurement, X² test showed that the prevalence of overfat in the present samples was classified correctly by all adjusted BIA scales in both genders. Compared with the original BIA measurements, the use of the adjusted Models B and D offered significant improvements in sensitivity for girls. These findings suggest that the embedded equations in BIA scales should be validated in assessing body compositions among Chinese children and adolescents. The adjusted BIA scales can be used in large population surveys due to the high correlation and small mean bias between the BIA scales and the DEXA measurements. In conclusion, the adjusted BIA scales can serve as diagnostic tools to classify overfat Chinese children into relevant subgroups. / Study III: Diagnostic accuracy of definitions of childhood obesity / The third study (Chapter 5) aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of weight-and-height-based indices and waist circumference (WC-based indices as diagnostic tests to screen excess body fat in Hong Kong children and adolescents and to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of existing definitions of childhood obesity in Hong Kong. A total of 2,134 participants (1,135 boys and 999 girls) were recruited from local schools. The adjusted foot-to-foot BIA scale (Model B) in the second study was applied to assess %BF. The criterion of childhood obesity (i.e., overfat) was defined as over 25%BF for boys and over 30%BF for girls. Childhood obesity was also determined from four BMI-based references, two WC-based references, and the 1993 HK reference. The diagnostic accuracy of the existing definition for childhood obesity in screening excess body fat was evaluated using diagnostic indices. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the general performance of BMI, PWH, WC, and WHtR in detecting overfat. In boys, ROC analysis showed no significant difference among the four indices in screening overfat [(area under the curve of ROC, AUC) = 0.909-0.923]. In girls, BMI and PWH performed better in detecting overfat than WC and WHtR (AUC of BMI = 0.900; AUC of PWH = 0.903; AUC of WC = 0.840 and AUC of WHtR = 0.850). All definitions for obesity showed low sensitivity (boys, 0.325-0.761; girls, 0.128-0.588) in detecting overfat. Cut-offs derived for best accuracy showed similar diagnostic performance in each index in boys but not in girls. In boys, the cut-offs of BMI, WC, WHtR, and PWH can provide similar sensitivity (0.816-0.868) and specificity (0.803-0.869) in screening overfat. In girls, BMI and PWH can provide higher sensitivity and specificity than WC and WHtR. This study’s findings demonstrate that the diagnostic performance of all existing definitions for obesity is poorer than expected in both genders. BMI and PWH are superior to use as proxy measures in screening overfat among Hong Kong Chinese children and adolescents for both genders. Moreover, the diagnostic performance of these indices can be improved by adjusting the existing cut-offs. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Lin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-197). / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ix / PUBLICATIONS --- p.xi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xviii / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Purposes and significance --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3. --- Operational definitions --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Childhood overweight and obesity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Body composition --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.4. --- Validity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.5. --- Diagnostic performance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4. --- Hypothesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5. --- Limitations --- p.7 / Chapter 1.6. --- Delimitations --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1. --- The epidemic and health consequence of childhood obesity --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Prevalence of childhood obesity --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Health consequence of childhood obesity --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2. --- Contributors of Childhood obesity --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Genetics --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Dietary intake --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Physical activity --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- Sedentary behaviors --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3. --- Definitions of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- General definition of obesity --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Definitions and prevalence of childhood obesity in different countries --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Methods and current practices for identifying childhood obesity --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4. --- Methods for assessing body composition --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Body composition models --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Measurements methods to estimate body composition --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Specific issues of body fat in childhood --- p.60 / Chapter 2.5. --- Diagnostic accuracy of different definitions of childhood obesity --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- STUDY I: VALIDITY OF BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT IN PREDICTING FAT-FREE MASS OF CHINESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Participants --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Measurements --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Data reduction and statistic analysis --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3. --- Results --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Descriptive statistics --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Cross-validation of published BIA equations --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Development of alternative BIA equations --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4. --- Discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5. --- Conclusion --- p.92 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- STUDY II: VALIDITY OF FOUR COMMERCIAL BIA SCALES IN MEASURING BODY FAT AMONG CHINESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2. --- Methods --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Participants --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Anthropometrics measurement --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Measurement of body composition --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Statistical analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Characteristics of participants --- p.102 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Reliability of BIA analysis --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Comparison of measuring body composition between BIA commercial devices (manufacturers’ equations) and DEXA measurement-Step 1 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Comparison of measuring body composition between BIA commercial devices (adjusted equations) and DEXA measurement-Step 2 --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4. --- Discussion --- p.116 / Chapter 4.5. --- Conclusion --- p.123 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- STUDY III: DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY IN IDENTIFYING OVERFAT AMONG CHINESE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS --- p.124 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2. --- Methods --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Participants --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Anthropometrics measurement --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Body fat measurement --- p.127 / Chapter 5.2.4. --- Definition of excess fatness --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.5. --- Classification of participants --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.6. --- Data reduction and statistic analysis --- p.129 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Characteristics of participants --- p.131 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Age-adjusted correlation among the different indices of obesity --- p.133 / Chapter 5.3.3. --- Prevalence rates of overweight/obesity --- p.134 / Chapter 5.3.4. --- Diagnostic agreement in assessing excess fat between %BF and anthropometric-based definitions --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3.5. --- Sensitivity and specificity --- p.138 / Chapter 5.3.6. --- Diagnostic performance of anthropometric indices in assessing excess fat --- p.141 / Chapter 5.3.7. --- Cut-offs of the anthropometric indices for screening excess fat --- p.143 / Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion --- p.148 / Chapter 5.5. --- Conclusion --- p.157 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION --- p.158 / REFERENCE --- p.166 / APPENDIX A --- p.198 / APPENDIX B --- p.202 / APPENDIX C --- p.204 / APPENDIX D --- p.206 / APPENDIX E --- p.210

Lo Wing-sze. / One booklet (14 p. : col. ill. ; 21 cm.) mounted on leaf 156. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaires also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.v / Publications / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Childhood obesity trends and measurement in Hong Kong and Elsewhere in the recent decade --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Health consequences of childhood obesity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Determinants of childhood obesity --- p.4 / Physical inactivity --- p.4 / High-fat diet --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Parental eating attitudes on family food environments --- p.6 / Home food purchasing and availability --- p.6 / Family meal frequency and location --- p.7 / Child feeding practices- the food and eating rules --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- The relationship of socioeconomic status and obesity --- p.8 / The economic status of households in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Targeting children aged three and four years --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Conceptual framework and study objectives --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Survey Design / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample design and subject recruitment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Survey methods --- p.17 / Anthropometric measurement --- p.17 / Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.18 / Three-day 24-hour dietary intake recall --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data management and analysis methods --- p.23 / Anthropometric measurements --- p.23 / Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.24 / Three-day 24-hour dietary intake recall --- p.24 / Socioeconomic status (SES) of the subjects (Households) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Ethics --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Responses to various components of the survey --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Socioeconomic status and related characteristics of the households --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Characteristics of the preschooler and their carers --- p.34 / Preschooler s weight status --- p.34 / Preschooler s growth --- p.35 / Other characteristicsof the preschoolers --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- Home food purchasing and its determinants --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5 --- Family meal frequency and location --- p.43 / Chapter 3.6 --- Preschoolers' meal preparation activities --- p.48 / Chapter 3.7 --- Food and eating rules and mealtime activities --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8 --- Child's sedentary activities patterns and parental perceptions --- p.53 / Chapter 3.9 --- "Parental perceptions of preschooler's height and weight, and eating habits" --- p.57 / Chapter 3.10 --- Nutrient intakes of the preschoolers --- p.59 / Chapter 3.11 --- Food consumption patterns of the preschoolers --- p.63 / Chapter 3.12 --- Meal and snack patterns of the preschoolers --- p.67 / Chapter 3.13 --- Main contribution of food sub-groups to energy and various nutrient intakes for preschoolers --- p.69 / Chapter 3.14 --- Intakes of energy and various nutrients from foods eaten at home and outside home --- p.72 / Chapter 3.15 --- "Associations of parental feeding practices, preschoolers' nutrient intakes and physical activity patterns with childhood overweight and obesity" --- p.75 / Parental feeding practices and attitudes toward healthy eating by preschoolers'weight status --- p.75 / Activity patterns of the preschoolers by weight status --- p.76 / Energy and various nutrient intakes of the preschoolers by weight status --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Childhood obesity rate by SES group --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2 --- Characteristics of the preschoolers and the households --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- High SES families dined together less frequently than their low SES counterparts --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Preferences of family members as an influential factor in purchasing fruits and vegetables --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5 --- Encouraging healthy food shopping practices with the preschoolers --- p.87 / Chapter 4.6 --- Food and eating rules imposed by parents may influence preschooler's eating habits and nutrient intakes --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7 --- Preschooler's sedentary activities patterns --- p.89 / Chapter 4.8 --- Incorrect parental perceptions of preschooler's weight --- p.91 / Chapter 4.9 --- Nutrient intakes of the preschoolers overall --- p.91 / Chapter 4.10 --- Comparing the nutrient intakes of the preschoolers with another study carried out in 2000 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.11 --- Parental/preschooler association on fruit and vegetable consumption --- p.94 / Chapter 4.12 --- Main contributors of food sub-groups to energy and various nutrient intakes for the preschoolers by SES group --- p.95 / Chapter 4.13 --- "Differences in family food environments, feeding practices, eating habits and nutrient intakes of preschoolers by maternal education level and mother's employment status" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.14 --- Strengths and limitations of the study --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Conclusions and Recommendations --- p.99 / References --- p.100 / Appendices / Chapter A1 --- Invitation letter to principals (English version) --- p.114 / Chapter A2 --- Invitation letter to principals (Chinese version) --- p.117 / Chapter B --- Summary of the background information of the participating schools --- p.120 / Chapter C1 --- Consent form and letter to parent(s) or guardian(s) (English version) --- p.121 / Chapter C2 --- Consent form and letter to parent(s) or guardian(s) (Chinese version) --- p.123 / Chapter D --- Paper fans with food and physical activity pyramid pictures --- p.125 / Chapter E --- Health report --- p.126 / Chapter F1 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (English version) --- p.127 / Chapter F2 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.136 / Chapter G1 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (English version) --- p.144 / Chapter G2 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (Chinese version) --- p.150 / Chapter H --- Food photo booklet --- p.156 / Chapter I1 --- Table: Households receiving social benefits by paternal occupations (p<0.001) --- p.157 / Chapter I2 --- Table: Summaries some of the characteristics of the surveyed preschoolers by gender and altogether --- p.158 / Chapter I3a --- Table: Preschooler's parents' age --- p.159 / Chapter I3b --- Table: Parents age by SES --- p.159 / Chapter I4 --- Table: Factors considered by interviewee when buying food items --- p.160 / Chapter I5 --- Table: Cost as a factor of buying queried food items by SES income group --- p.161 / Chapter I6 --- Table: Frequencies of eating out or having takeaway meals in/from different types of caterers by SES group --- p.162 / Chapter I7 --- Type of utensils used to feed the preschoolers by SES group --- p.162 / Chapter I8 --- Preschoolers' activities during dinner by SES group --- p.163 / Chapter I9 --- "Proportion of interviewees with adequate fruit, vegetable, and both fruit and vegetable intakes per day by SES group" --- p.163

Sea Man Mei. / "September 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 194-218). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Wong Yun Ping. / Questionnaries in English and Chinese. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-82). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.v / Chapter CHAPTER I - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHOD --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER III - --- RESULTS --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER IV - --- DISCUSSION --- p.52 / REFERENCE --- p.69 / APPENDICE --- p.83