by Peng Xiu Hong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-81). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.i / List of abbreviations --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.vii / Legend for figures --- p.x / Abstract (English) --- p.xi / (Chinese) --- p.xiv / Chapter PART ONE. --- INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction and aim of study --- p.2 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Biological background --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Literature reviews on serum fatty acids studies --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Subjects and methods --- p.25 / Chapter PART TWO. --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Omnivore adults --- p.35 / Chapter 5.1. --- Results --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Results on serum fatty acid composition in different groups --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Results on correlation of serum fatty acid composition with serum lipids and diet --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2. --- Discussion --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Omnivore children --- p.46 / Chapter 6.1. --- Results --- p.48 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- "Results on serum fatty acid composition, lipids and body fatness in the omnivore children" --- p.48 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Results on correlation of serum fatty acids with blood lipids and body fatness --- p.49 / Chapter 6.2. --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Vegetarians --- p.52 / Chapter 7.1. --- Results --- p.53 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Results on serum fatty acid composition in vegetarian adults and children --- p.54 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Results on comparison of serum fatty acids in vegetarians to omnivores --- p.54 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- "Results on dietary intake, blood lipids and their correlation with serum lipids in vegetarian adults" --- p.53 / Chapter 7.2 --- Discussion --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- Conclusion --- p.61 / References --- p.63 / Tables and figures --- p.81 / Appendix: Distribution of serum fatty acids analyzed by Gas-Liquid Chromatography --- p.118

by Lau Fong Ki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-139). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Meanings of the RDAs and Recommendations --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- An overview of dietary changes --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Hypercholesterolemia related to high fat intake of local children --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Physical activity habits of children --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5 --- Parental influences on children's dietary practices --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6 --- Different criteria used in defining overweight and obesity --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7 --- Factors cause childhood obesity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.8 --- New international definition of overweight and obesity --- p.33 / Chapter 2.9 --- Implications of available studies --- p.34 / Chapter CHapter 3. --- Methods and Materials --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study design --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Reference population --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Study population --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- School selection --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5 --- Subjects --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6 --- Types of measurements --- p.38 / Chapter 3.7 --- Pilot study --- p.47 / Chapter 3.8 --- Data Processing --- p.48 / Chapter 3.9 --- Data Analyses --- p.49 / Chapter 3.10 --- Ethics --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- General descriptive data and responses rates --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- Eating habits and nutrient intakes of the preschool children --- p.63 / Chapter 4.3 --- The relationships between gender and general eating habits --- p.77 / Chapter 4.4 --- Physical activity practices of the preschool children --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5 --- Relationships between gender and physical activity practices --- p.87 / Chapter 4.6 --- Parental influences on food selection practices and the preschool children's lifestyles --- p.87 / Chapter 4.7 --- Height and weight changes among the local 5-year-old children --- p.96 / Chapter 4.8 --- Prevalence of overweight and obesity --- p.98 / Chapter 4.9 --- Factors related to BMI (Body Mass Index) --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.104 / Chapter 5.1 --- General eating and dietary intake habits --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2 --- Reasons for the similarity of eating habits and dietary intakes as older children and adults --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3 --- Macronutrient energy intake comparisons with other same age counterpartsin Japan and Canada --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Physical inactivity of the preschool children --- p.110 / Chapter 5.5 --- Lack of gender differences in eating and physical activity practices --- p.112 / Chapter 5.6 --- No relationship between the mothers' education levels and nutritional knowledge --- p.112 / Chapter 5.7 --- Non-scientific food selection methods by the highly educated mothers --- p.113 / Chapter 5.8 --- No relationship between the mothers' education levels and their children's eating practices --- p.114 / Chapter 5.9 --- The highly educated mothers' children seemed to be more active --- p.114 / Chapter 5.10 --- Modern Hong Kong children have similar body height and weight as children of other Chinese and Western group --- p.115 / Chapter 5.11 --- Factors related to children's BMI --- p.117 / Chapter 5.12 --- Limitations of the study --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusions and Recommendations --- p.122 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2 --- Recommendations --- p.125 / References --- p.127 / Appendix I (Advertising material) --- p.140 / Appendix II (Consent letter) --- p.142 / Appendix III (Material and results for focus groups) --- p.146 / Appendix IV (Lifestyle questionnaire and 3-day dietary records) --- p.152 / Appendix V (Tables of results) --- p.180

Lee, Hang Mei. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Publication List --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Tables --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Importance of Children´ةs Diet to Their Health --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Current Health and Dietary Situation in Hong Kong Children --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Dietary Patterns of Children Around the World --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Common Dietary Assessments in Children --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Food Records --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 24-hour Dietary Recalls --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Reliability and Validity of Fast Assessment Tools --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Concerns of Validating Short Assessment Tools in Children --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Administration Process --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Questionnaire Design --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Cognitive Development of Children --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Introduction to the Two Minute Assessment (TMA) Questionnaire Used --- p.22 / Chapter 1.8 --- Study Objectives and Hypotheses --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter II: --- Methodology / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample Selection and Recruitment --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Data Collection --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Training --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- TMA Questionnaire and Administration --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 24-hour Dietary Recall Interviewers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Physical Activity (PA) Level --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Data Entry, Verification and Cleaning" --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data Analyses --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Reliability Study --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Validity Study --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ethics Approval --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter III: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects Recruited and Participation Rates --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Selected Nutrient Intakes and Recommendations --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- By Gender --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Dietary Sources of Selected Nutrients --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Food Group Intakes and Recommendations --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- By Gender --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- By Eating Occasions --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Food Group Composition --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Eating Behaviors --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Breakfast --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.1 --- Breakfast Eating Behavior --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.2 --- Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among the Daily vs Non-Daily Breakfast Eaters --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.4.1.3 --- Frequently Consumed Breakfast Foods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Snacking --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.2.1 --- Snacking Behavior --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Eating Out --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.1 --- Eating Out Behavior --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.2 --- Nutrient Density of Food Eaten at Home vs. Eaten Out (EO) --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4.3.3 --- Percent of Food Group Intake of Eaten at Home vs Eaten Out --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- TMA Reliability Study --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reponses and Reliability of TMA Questions --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability of Scores --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- Validity of TMA --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Anthropometric Characteristics of Subjects --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- TMA Responses --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Suggestions for Dietary Improvement --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Associations Between Nutrient Intakes and Individual Questions --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Nutrition Knowledge Question --- p.77 / Chapter 34.4.2 --- Dietary Behavior Questions --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Physical Activity Questions --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.4.4 --- Household Economics Questions --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Correlation Between Nutrient and Food Group Intakes and Recommendations with Scores --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Behavioral Score --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Fat Score --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Fibre Score --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter IV: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2 --- Student Dietary Study --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3 --- Study of Reliability and Validity of the TMA Questionnaire --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter V: --- Conclusions --- p.118 / Appendices --- p.120 / References --- p.158

2)Qualitative study: Three areas were discussed: i) Generational differences in dietary practices were apparent and it was attributable to the discrepancies in the food environment during childhood, attitudes towards family meals, and practices of regular meal schedules between generations; ii) Mothers were influential but did not recognize their influences on their adult daughters' diet. Ignorance of the importance of diet-health relationship in young adulthood was observed; iii) Effects of media food promotions were apparent in the presence of Westernized food environment and reduced family size. Health and diet information in the media induced both positive and negative effects on the dietary behaviours of Chinese women. / Background: Studies on the characteristics associated with the Western dietary pattern (DP) in Asia are limited. Understanding the family DP resemblance in Asia is of public health importance because of the possible beneficial effects of intergenerational transfer of traditional plant-based Asian diet. Studies about media influence on dietary behaviours in Asia are few and none studied the effects on the overall DP. / Conclusion: There is an intergenerational association for practicing Western DP within family. Mothers were influential in adult daughters' dietary intakes, through modelling and family meals. A dose-response relationship exists between the practice of Western DP and media exposure in Chinese women. Public health strategies should consider promotion of family meals and empowerment of women on quick and healthy cooking skills as long-term approaches for family health promotion and obesity prevention. Policy evaluation of food or food-related advertising standards is necessary. / Keywords: mother, daughter, dietary pattern, media exposure, family meal, Western, TV viewing / Methods: This thesis composes two studies as follows: 1)a cross-sectional study on Western DP and media exposure; 2)a qualitative study on media influences on dietary practices. / Objective: This study aims to examine the dietary and individual characteristics associated with Western DP, investigate the association between the practice of Western DP and media exposure, and qualitatively assess how media and other factors influence the dietary practices in two generations of Chinese women. / Results: 1)Cross-sectional study: Western DP was characterised by higher intakes of meat (red, processed, poultry), fast foods, seafood, energy-dense foods (e.g. high-fat dairy, cakes and snacks), eggs, energy, fat, and dietary cholesterol. Daughters had a higher Western DP score than their mother. Western DP score was positively associated with the time spent on total media exposure and years living in Hong Kong for mothers, and with the time spent on TV viewing, mother's Western DP score, and smoking status for daughters. Western DP score was positively associated with the prevalence odds of being overweight and negatively associated with the frequency of family meals for both mothers and daughters. / The cross-sectional study recruited 207 (103 mothers, 104 daughters) community-based women from a longitudinal study. Dietary intake was quantified by an interviewer-administered diet history questionnaire. A self-reported questionnaire assessed the media (newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and leisure-time internet use) and other exposures (demographics, leisure-time physical activities, and lifestyles). Anthropometric data are measured. Two major DPs (Western and prudent) were identified using principal component analysis. Generation-specific factors associated with DPs were identified by multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for age and energy intake. / The qualitative study enrolled 22 mothers and 13 daughters from the same study population for semi-structured in-depth interviews. Themes were identified corresponding to the environmental levels described by the Ecological Model, with quotations supported. The final themes were evaluated by participant validation. / Lee, Suk Yin Roselle. / Adviser: Suzanne C Ho. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 222-250). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Lok, Yuet Wan. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-176). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendix also in Chinese.

Lo Wing-sze. / One booklet (14 p. : col. ill. ; 21 cm.) mounted on leaf 156. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; questionnaires also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.v / Publications / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Childhood obesity trends and measurement in Hong Kong and Elsewhere in the recent decade --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Health consequences of childhood obesity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Determinants of childhood obesity --- p.4 / Physical inactivity --- p.4 / High-fat diet --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Parental eating attitudes on family food environments --- p.6 / Home food purchasing and availability --- p.6 / Family meal frequency and location --- p.7 / Child feeding practices- the food and eating rules --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- The relationship of socioeconomic status and obesity --- p.8 / The economic status of households in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6 --- Targeting children aged three and four years --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Conceptual framework and study objectives --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Survey Design / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample design and subject recruitment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- Survey methods --- p.17 / Anthropometric measurement --- p.17 / Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.18 / Three-day 24-hour dietary intake recall --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data management and analysis methods --- p.23 / Anthropometric measurements --- p.23 / Lifestyle questionnaire --- p.24 / Three-day 24-hour dietary intake recall --- p.24 / Socioeconomic status (SES) of the subjects (Households) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Ethics --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Responses to various components of the survey --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Socioeconomic status and related characteristics of the households --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Characteristics of the preschooler and their carers --- p.34 / Preschooler s weight status --- p.34 / Preschooler s growth --- p.35 / Other characteristicsof the preschoolers --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- Home food purchasing and its determinants --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5 --- Family meal frequency and location --- p.43 / Chapter 3.6 --- Preschoolers' meal preparation activities --- p.48 / Chapter 3.7 --- Food and eating rules and mealtime activities --- p.50 / Chapter 3.8 --- Child's sedentary activities patterns and parental perceptions --- p.53 / Chapter 3.9 --- "Parental perceptions of preschooler's height and weight, and eating habits" --- p.57 / Chapter 3.10 --- Nutrient intakes of the preschoolers --- p.59 / Chapter 3.11 --- Food consumption patterns of the preschoolers --- p.63 / Chapter 3.12 --- Meal and snack patterns of the preschoolers --- p.67 / Chapter 3.13 --- Main contribution of food sub-groups to energy and various nutrient intakes for preschoolers --- p.69 / Chapter 3.14 --- Intakes of energy and various nutrients from foods eaten at home and outside home --- p.72 / Chapter 3.15 --- "Associations of parental feeding practices, preschoolers' nutrient intakes and physical activity patterns with childhood overweight and obesity" --- p.75 / Parental feeding practices and attitudes toward healthy eating by preschoolers'weight status --- p.75 / Activity patterns of the preschoolers by weight status --- p.76 / Energy and various nutrient intakes of the preschoolers by weight status --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Childhood obesity rate by SES group --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2 --- Characteristics of the preschoolers and the households --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- High SES families dined together less frequently than their low SES counterparts --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Preferences of family members as an influential factor in purchasing fruits and vegetables --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5 --- Encouraging healthy food shopping practices with the preschoolers --- p.87 / Chapter 4.6 --- Food and eating rules imposed by parents may influence preschooler's eating habits and nutrient intakes --- p.88 / Chapter 4.7 --- Preschooler's sedentary activities patterns --- p.89 / Chapter 4.8 --- Incorrect parental perceptions of preschooler's weight --- p.91 / Chapter 4.9 --- Nutrient intakes of the preschoolers overall --- p.91 / Chapter 4.10 --- Comparing the nutrient intakes of the preschoolers with another study carried out in 2000 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.11 --- Parental/preschooler association on fruit and vegetable consumption --- p.94 / Chapter 4.12 --- Main contributors of food sub-groups to energy and various nutrient intakes for the preschoolers by SES group --- p.95 / Chapter 4.13 --- "Differences in family food environments, feeding practices, eating habits and nutrient intakes of preschoolers by maternal education level and mother's employment status" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.14 --- Strengths and limitations of the study --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Conclusions and Recommendations --- p.99 / References --- p.100 / Appendices / Chapter A1 --- Invitation letter to principals (English version) --- p.114 / Chapter A2 --- Invitation letter to principals (Chinese version) --- p.117 / Chapter B --- Summary of the background information of the participating schools --- p.120 / Chapter C1 --- Consent form and letter to parent(s) or guardian(s) (English version) --- p.121 / Chapter C2 --- Consent form and letter to parent(s) or guardian(s) (Chinese version) --- p.123 / Chapter D --- Paper fans with food and physical activity pyramid pictures --- p.125 / Chapter E --- Health report --- p.126 / Chapter F1 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (English version) --- p.127 / Chapter F2 --- Lifestyle questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.136 / Chapter G1 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (English version) --- p.144 / Chapter G2 --- 24-hour dietary recall forms (Chinese version) --- p.150 / Chapter H --- Food photo booklet --- p.156 / Chapter I1 --- Table: Households receiving social benefits by paternal occupations (p<0.001) --- p.157 / Chapter I2 --- Table: Summaries some of the characteristics of the surveyed preschoolers by gender and altogether --- p.158 / Chapter I3a --- Table: Preschooler's parents' age --- p.159 / Chapter I3b --- Table: Parents age by SES --- p.159 / Chapter I4 --- Table: Factors considered by interviewee when buying food items --- p.160 / Chapter I5 --- Table: Cost as a factor of buying queried food items by SES income group --- p.161 / Chapter I6 --- Table: Frequencies of eating out or having takeaway meals in/from different types of caterers by SES group --- p.162 / Chapter I7 --- Type of utensils used to feed the preschoolers by SES group --- p.162 / Chapter I8 --- Preschoolers' activities during dinner by SES group --- p.163 / Chapter I9 --- "Proportion of interviewees with adequate fruit, vegetable, and both fruit and vegetable intakes per day by SES group" --- p.163