The purpose of this study was to investigate if a low mixed carbohydrate plus moderate protein supplement, provided during endurance exercise, would improve time to exhaustion in comparison to a traditional 6% carbohydrate supplement in female athletes exercising at or below their ventilatory threshold. Fourteen (n = 14) trained female cyclists and triathletes cycled on two separate occasions for three hours at intensities varying between 45% - 70% VO₂max, followed by a ride to exhaustion at an intensity approximating the individual's VT (average 75.06% VO₂max). Supplements (275ml) were provided every 20 min during exercise and were composed of a 3% carbohydrate mixture + 1.2% protein (CHO+PRO) or a 6% carbohydrate-only (CHO). The CHO+PRO treatment contained a mixture of dextrose, maltodextrin, fructose, and whey protein isolate. The CHO treatment was composed of dextrose only. Time to exhaustion (TTE) was significantly greater with CHO+PRO in comparison to CHO (49.94 ± 7.01 vs 42.36 ± 6.21 min, respectively, p < 0.05). Blood glucose was signifcantly lower during the CHO+PRO (4.07 ± 0.12 mmol x L⁻¹) trial compared to CHO (4.47 ± 0.12 mmol x L⁻¹), with treatment x time interactions occurring from 118 minutes of exercise until exhaustion (p < 0.05). Heart rate was significantly lowered in the CHO+PRO treatment during exercise as compared to CHO (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences for other blood measures, ratings of perceived exertion or carbohydrate and fat oxidation between trials. Results from the present study suggest that the addition of a moderate amount of protein to a low mixed carbohydrate supplement improves endurance performance in females above that of a traditional 6% carbohydrate supplement. Improvement in performance occurred despite CHO+PRO containing a lower carbohydrate and caloric content. It is likely the greater performance seen with CHO+PRO was a result of the carbohydrate protein combination and the use of a mixture of carbohydrate sources. / text

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effects of nutritional supplementation following resistance exercise on protein metabolism, muscle glycogen resynthesis rate, hormonal responses and training status through two unique investigations. The purpose of the first investigation was to determine the effect of post-resistance exercise glucose supplementation upon skeletal muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR), urinary urea excretion, and whole body and myofibrillar protein degradation (WBPD and MPD, respectively). Eight healthy young males performed unilateral knee extensor resistance exercise(8sets/~1 0reps/~85% 1 RM) such that the non-exercised limb served as a control. They received a carbohydrate (CHO) supplement (1g/kg) or placebo (PL) immediately (t=Oh) and 1 h (t=+1 h) following exercise. FSR was determined for both exercised (EX) and control (CON) limbs by incremental L-[1-13C]leucine enrichment of biopsy samples of vastus lateralis over -10 hours post-exercise. Plasma insulin and glucose were determined at t= -1.5, 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.25, 2.5, -10, and -10.5h post-exercise. MPD and WBPD were estimated from 24 hr urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) and L-[1-13C]leucine flux, respectively, and whole body net protein balance was estimated from 24 hr urinary urea excretion. Plasma insulin concentration was greater (p<0.01) at 0.5, 0.75, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2 h in the CHO compared to PL condition, as was plasma glucose at 0.5 and 0. 75 h (p<0.05). FSR was 36.1% greater in the CHO/EX leg than in the CHO/CON leg (p=N.S.) and 6.3% greater in the PUEX leg than in the PUCON leg(p=N.S.). 3-MH excretion was lower in the CHO (110.43 ± 3.62 J μmol/g creatinine) than PL condition (120.14 ± 5.82)(p<0.05) as was urinary urea nitrogen(8.60 ± 0.66 g/g creat vs. 12.28 ± 1.84)(p<0.05). These findings suggest that CHO supplementation (1g/kg) immediately and 1h following resistance exercise can significantly decrease myofibrillar protein breakdown and urinary urea excretion, thus resulting in a more positive muscle and whole body protein balance. The purpose of the second investigation was to determine the effect of various nutritional supplements upon whole body protein synthesis, urinary urea excretion, and whole body and myofibrillar protein degradation (WBPD and MPD respectively). Ten healthy young male resistance athletes performed a whole body circuit set workout (9 exercises/3 sets/80% 1 Repitition Maximum). Exercises for the legs were performed unilaterally so that the non-exercised leg served as a control They received a carbohydrate (CHO) supplement (1g/kg), a mixed CHO/PRO/FAT supplement (isoenergetic to CHO supplement)(68% CHO, 22% PRO, 10% FAT) or placebo (PL) immediately (t=Oh) and 1 h (t=+1h) following exercise. Immediately following exercise muscle glycogen was significantly lower (p<0.05) in vastus lateralis of the exercised leg than in the control leg immediately post-exercise in all three conditions. Both the CHO and CHO/PRO/FAT supplements resulted in significantly greater increases (p<0.05) in plasma insulin and glucose post-exercise than PL. The CHO and CHO/PRO/FAT also resulted in significantly greater(p<0.05) rates of muscle glycogen resynthesis vs. Placebo. No significant differences were observed between the three conditions for plasma testosterone and cortisol concentration post-exercise. Similarly, no differences were observed between the three conditions for urinary creatinine, and 3-MH and urea nitrogen excretion. Thus, nutritional supplements do not appear to decrease myofibrillar protein degradation as indicated by 3-MH and urea nitrogen excretion in highly trained resistance athletes. Taken together, the two studies suggest that highly trained resistance athletes and untrained individuals both benefit from nutritional supplementation following resistance exercise, but may do so through different mechanisms. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar o desempenho fermentativo da levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-6860 em meio semissintético, contendo glicose como fonte de carbono. Numa primeira etapa, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes temperaturas (35, 40, 43 e 45ºC), assim como o efeito inibitório do etanol adicionado ao meio (0, 15, 30, 45, 60g/L) sobre os parâmetros do bioprocesso. A partir da temperatura de cultivo selecionada foi então avaliado o efeito da suplementação nutricional e da concentração de inóculo sobre o perfil fermentativo desta linhagem. Os ensaios foram realizados em frascos Erlenmeyer de 125 mL, contendo 50 mL de meio, 120 g/L de glicose, agitados a 100 rpm. Dentre as temperaturas avaliadas, os melhores resultados (consumo de 70% de glicose, produção de etanol de 38 g/L) foram obtidos a 43ºC, o que correspondeu a uma produtividade volumétrica em etanol (QP) de 3,2 g/L. h e eficiência de 80%. Nesta temperatura, os resultados da adição de etanol em diferentes concentraçõe sno inídio da fermentação revelaram qu eo aumento na concentração do álcool afetou negativamente a fermentabilidade de K. marxianus, constatando-se completa inibição quando foi adicionado 45 g/L de etanol. Posteriormente, avaliou-se o efeito dos nutrientes (KH2PO4 de 0,5 a 1,5 g/L; (NH4)2SO4 de 1,0 a 3,0 g/L; MgSO4 de 0,1 a 0,5 g/L e extrato de levedura de 3,0 a 7,0 g/L) e da concentração inicial de células (de 1,0 a 5,0 g/L) sobre a produção de etanol pela levedura. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com um planejamento fatorial fracionado 25-1, visando identificar e quantificar o efeito individual das variáveis experimentais e de suas interações sobre o bioprocesso, sendo avaliadas as respostas: máxima concentração de etanol e glicose consumida. Os resultados da análise estatística mostraram que a concentração inicial de células exerceu um efeito positivo sobre ambas as respostas, já o extrato de levedura apresentou um efeito negativo, enquanto que o KH2PO4 proporcionou um efeito positivo somente sobre a concentração máxima de etanol, ao nível de 90% de confiança. A análise estatística também revelou que os efeitos de interação entre as variáveis não foram significativas. Com base nestes resultados, concluiu-se que o desempenho fermentativo de K. marxianus NRRL Y-6860, a 43ºC, foi favorecido após estudo da composição nutricional e da concentração de inóculo, com aumento de 19, 24, 25 e 16% sobre o consumo de glicose, produção de etanol, QP e eficiência do processo, respectivamente, quando comparados aos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa do trabalho. Além disso, com os ensaios do planejamento foi possível reduzir o nível de (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 e extrato de levedura. / In the present work the fermentation perfomance of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-6860 in semi-synthetic medium containing glucose as carbon source was investigated. Initially, it was assessed the effect of different temperatures (35, 40, 43 and 45ºC) and the degree of ethanol toxicity (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 g/L) on the bioprocess parameters. From the selected temperature, it was then evaluated the effect of nutritional supplementation and inoculum concentration on the fermentation profile of this yeast. Fermentations assays were conducted in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of medium, 120 g/L glucose, at 100 rpm agitation speed. Among all temperatures evaluated the best results (70% consumption of glucose, 40 g/L of ethanol) were obtained at 43ºC, corresponding to volumetric ethanol productivity (QP) of 3.2 g/L.h and 80% efficiency. The results of ethanol toxicity in the fermentation at 43ºC, showed that increasing alcohol concentration decreased the fermentability of K. marxianus, being observed a complete inhibitiion when 45 g/L of ethanol was added in the medium. Afterward, the effect of nutrients (KH2PO4 0.5 to 1.5 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 from 1.0 to 3.0 g/L, MgSO4 from 0.1 to 0.5 g/L yeast extract and 3.0 to 7.0 g/L) and the initial concentration of cells (1.0 to 5.0 g/L) on the ethanol production by K. marxianus was investigated. The assays were perfomed according to a fractional factorial design 25-1, to identify and quantify the individual variables effects and their interactions on the bioprocess. The satistical analysis results showed that the initial cell concentrations ahd a positive effect on maximum ethanol concentration and consumed glucose. On the other hand, yeast extract had negative effect, while KH2PO4 concentration provided a positive effect only on the ethanol maximum concentration, at 90% confidence level. Statistical analysis also revealed that the interaction effects between variables were not significant. Based on these results, it was concluded the fermentation perfomance of K. marxianus NRRL Y-6860, at 43ºC, was favored after study the nutritional composition and inoculum concentration, since increased 19, 24, 25 and 16% of glucose consumption, ethanol production, QP and process efficiency, respectively, when compared to results obtained in the first phase of the present work. Furthermore, with the experimental design was possible to reduce th elevel of (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 and yeast extract.

O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar o desempenho fermentativo da levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-6860 em meio semissintético, contendo glicose como fonte de carbono. Numa primeira etapa, avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes temperaturas (35, 40, 43 e 45ºC), assim como o efeito inibitório do etanol adicionado ao meio (0, 15, 30, 45, 60g/L) sobre os parâmetros do bioprocesso. A partir da temperatura de cultivo selecionada foi então avaliado o efeito da suplementação nutricional e da concentração de inóculo sobre o perfil fermentativo desta linhagem. Os ensaios foram realizados em frascos Erlenmeyer de 125 mL, contendo 50 mL de meio, 120 g/L de glicose, agitados a 100 rpm. Dentre as temperaturas avaliadas, os melhores resultados (consumo de 70% de glicose, produção de etanol de 38 g/L) foram obtidos a 43ºC, o que correspondeu a uma produtividade volumétrica em etanol (QP) de 3,2 g/L. h e eficiência de 80%. Nesta temperatura, os resultados da adição de etanol em diferentes concentraçõe sno inídio da fermentação revelaram qu eo aumento na concentração do álcool afetou negativamente a fermentabilidade de K. marxianus, constatando-se completa inibição quando foi adicionado 45 g/L de etanol. Posteriormente, avaliou-se o efeito dos nutrientes (KH2PO4 de 0,5 a 1,5 g/L; (NH4)2SO4 de 1,0 a 3,0 g/L; MgSO4 de 0,1 a 0,5 g/L e extrato de levedura de 3,0 a 7,0 g/L) e da concentração inicial de células (de 1,0 a 5,0 g/L) sobre a produção de etanol pela levedura. Os ensaios foram realizados de acordo com um planejamento fatorial fracionado 25-1, visando identificar e quantificar o efeito individual das variáveis experimentais e de suas interações sobre o bioprocesso, sendo avaliadas as respostas: máxima concentração de etanol e glicose consumida. Os resultados da análise estatística mostraram que a concentração inicial de células exerceu um efeito positivo sobre ambas as respostas, já o extrato de levedura apresentou um efeito negativo, enquanto que o KH2PO4 proporcionou um efeito positivo somente sobre a concentração máxima de etanol, ao nível de 90% de confiança. A análise estatística também revelou que os efeitos de interação entre as variáveis não foram significativas. Com base nestes resultados, concluiu-se que o desempenho fermentativo de K. marxianus NRRL Y-6860, a 43ºC, foi favorecido após estudo da composição nutricional e da concentração de inóculo, com aumento de 19, 24, 25 e 16% sobre o consumo de glicose, produção de etanol, QP e eficiência do processo, respectivamente, quando comparados aos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa do trabalho. Além disso, com os ensaios do planejamento foi possível reduzir o nível de (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 e extrato de levedura. / In the present work the fermentation perfomance of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-6860 in semi-synthetic medium containing glucose as carbon source was investigated. Initially, it was assessed the effect of different temperatures (35, 40, 43 and 45ºC) and the degree of ethanol toxicity (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 g/L) on the bioprocess parameters. From the selected temperature, it was then evaluated the effect of nutritional supplementation and inoculum concentration on the fermentation profile of this yeast. Fermentations assays were conducted in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of medium, 120 g/L glucose, at 100 rpm agitation speed. Among all temperatures evaluated the best results (70% consumption of glucose, 40 g/L of ethanol) were obtained at 43ºC, corresponding to volumetric ethanol productivity (QP) of 3.2 g/L.h and 80% efficiency. The results of ethanol toxicity in the fermentation at 43ºC, showed that increasing alcohol concentration decreased the fermentability of K. marxianus, being observed a complete inhibitiion when 45 g/L of ethanol was added in the medium. Afterward, the effect of nutrients (KH2PO4 0.5 to 1.5 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 from 1.0 to 3.0 g/L, MgSO4 from 0.1 to 0.5 g/L yeast extract and 3.0 to 7.0 g/L) and the initial concentration of cells (1.0 to 5.0 g/L) on the ethanol production by K. marxianus was investigated. The assays were perfomed according to a fractional factorial design 25-1, to identify and quantify the individual variables effects and their interactions on the bioprocess. The satistical analysis results showed that the initial cell concentrations ahd a positive effect on maximum ethanol concentration and consumed glucose. On the other hand, yeast extract had negative effect, while KH2PO4 concentration provided a positive effect only on the ethanol maximum concentration, at 90% confidence level. Statistical analysis also revealed that the interaction effects between variables were not significant. Based on these results, it was concluded the fermentation perfomance of K. marxianus NRRL Y-6860, at 43ºC, was favored after study the nutritional composition and inoculum concentration, since increased 19, 24, 25 and 16% of glucose consumption, ethanol production, QP and process efficiency, respectively, when compared to results obtained in the first phase of the present work. Furthermore, with the experimental design was possible to reduce th elevel of (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 and yeast extract.

Food inevitably plays a vital role in our lives and is of great importance to our health and wellbeing. With increasing age, it is equally important to achieve adequate nutrition to prevent and alleviate age-related diseases. One problem is that far too many older adults find it difficult to eat enough nutritious food which in the long term may lead to malnutrition. With an increasing life expectancy the older population is growing and the problem with malnutrition is of great concern. Malnutrition can be caused by many different factors which make it difficult to find a single unique solution to the problem. Oral nutritional supplementation is one approach which has proved to be useful for improving the nutritional intake. This paper examines the possibility of creating high fat fruit emulsion with mango puré, rapeseed oil and lecithin, using simple blending equipment.  The puré-like products were evaluated for emulsion stability by a storage test, oil droplet size by a light microscope and light scattering device, viscosity by a viscometer, sensory properties by Flavoring profiling. Furthermore the nutritional values were calculated.  Successful emulsions were created using up to 50 g/100g rapeseed oil with adequate emulsion stability without lecithin. The energy content of the highest fat emulsion was 475kcal/100g. The quantities of lecithin used in these products reduced the oil droplet size but lowered the emulsion stability perhaps by depleting the stabilizing effect of mango originated particles. The lecithin made the product more viscous, also the oily and creamy/Rich mouth-feel were perceived higher with increasing lecithin. In these products and with the quantities used the lecithin was redundant. Further development of similar products but with addition of protein and perhaps sugar, to enhance flavor, should be of high interest.

No presente trabalho foram estudados a necessidade de suplementação nutricional do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz para bioconversão a etanol pela levedura Pichia stipitis, e os efeitos da agitação e da razão Vfrasco/Vmeio, em frascos agitados, sobre os parâmetros fermentativos deste processo. Os estudos da suplementação do hidrolisado para produção de etanol por bioconversão pela levedura Pichia stipitis avaliou a adição dos nutrientes: uréia ( 0 a 2,3 g/L) MgSO4.7H2O (0 a 1,0 g/L) e extrato de levedura (0 a 3,0 g/L). Este estudo mostrou que apenas a adição 3 g/L de extrato de levedura foi necessária para que o processo alcançasse bons resultados de conversão (YP/S = 0,29 g/g) e produtividade em etanol (QP = 0,24 g/L.h) não necessitando portanto da adição dos demais nutrientes. Comparado com o meio suplementado com todos os nutrientes, a suplementação com apenas 3 g/L de extrato de levedura, levou a um aumento de 14% na produtividade do processo. A avaliação da oxigenação em frascos agitados mostrou que a aeração foi um fator capaz de influenciar fortemente os parâmetros de fermentação (YP/S e QP). A condição de maior aeração favoreceu a produção de células e a condição de menor aeração favoreceu a conversão em etanol, porém com baixa produtividade, sendo a produtividade em etanol favorecida por condições intermediárias de aeração, correspondente a agitação de 200 rpm e a razão Vfrasco/Vmeio de 2,5, onde foram alcançadas conversão em produto (YP/S) e produtividade em etanol (QP) de 0,36 g/g e 0,39 g/L.h, respectivamente, o que representa um aumento de cerca de 63% a produtividade e 24% a conversão em etanol, quando comparado com as condições de aeração utilizadas anteriormente. A cinética de fermentação de Pichia stipitis no hidrolisado empregando as condições de suplementação nutricional e aeração otimizadas mostrou que a máxima concentração de etanol alcançada para o hidrolisado suplementado foi cerca de 23,6 g/L após 48 horas, consumindo neste tempo 86 % dos açúcares presentes no meio. Comportamento semelhante foi observado para o meio sintético, onde, no mesmo tempo, a máxima concentração de etanol foi de 24,4 g/L, porém com completo consumo dos açúcares. / The present work studied the necessity of nutritional supplementation of rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate for ethanol bioconversion by Pichia stipitis, and the aeration (effects of agitation and Vflask/Vmedium ratio) in agitated flasks, on the fermentative parameters of the process. The studies on the hydrolysate supplementation for ethanol production by Pichia stipitis yeast bioconversion evaluated the nutrients addition: urea (0 to 2.3 g/L), MgSO47H2O (0 to 10 g/L) and yeast extract (0 to 3.0 g/L). This study showed that only the addition of 3g/L yeast extract was enough to obtain good results for ethanol conversion (YP/S = 0.29 g/g) and productivity (QP = 0.24 g/L.h). By comparing to the medium supplemented with all the nutrients, the supplementation with only 3 g/L yeast extract increased 14% the process productivity. The evaluation of the oxygenation in agitated flasks showed that the aeration highly influenced the fermentative parameters (YP/S and QP). The condition of higher aeration favored the cells production and the condition of lower aeration favored the ethanol conversion, but with low productivity. The ethanol productivity was favored by intermediary conditions of aeration, correspondent to 200 rpm agitation and 2.5 Vflask/Vmedium ratio, thus obtaining 0.36 g/g product conversion (YP/S) and 0.39 g/L.h ethanol productivity (QP). This means an increase of approximately 63% productivity and 24% ethanol conversion, when compared to the aeration conditions previously used. The kinetics of Pichia stipitis fermentation in the hydrolysate using the optimized conditions of nutritional supplementation and aeration rate showed that the maximum ethanol concentration for the supplemented hydrolysate was about 23.6 g/L after 48h, consuming 86% sugars present in the medium. Similar behavior was observed for the synthetic medium where, with the same time, the maximum ethanol concentration was 24.4 g/L, but with the complete sugars consumption.

Orientador: Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar se a suplementação da proteína do soro do leite (PSL) melhora a reabsorção óssea, em mulheres na pós-menopausa praticantes de exercício físico. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de intervenção controlado, com 38 mulheres na pós-menopausa, com idade entre 50 a 70 anos, randomizadas em dois grupos: intervenção com PSL (n=19) ou controle (n=19). Foram incluídas mulheres com amenorreia acima de 12 meses, densitometria óssea normal dos últimos doze meses e praticantes do protocolo de exercícios físicos (especificar mais). O treinamento foi realizado três vezes por semana, composto de exercícios aeróbio e resistido. No grupo suplementado foi fornecido PSL, para ingestão diária, contendo 25g de proteína. O tempo de seguimento foi de 20 semanas, com avaliações nos momentos (inicial e final). As participantes foram avaliadas quanto à antropometria, ao consumo alimentar por meio do recordatório de 24 horas, variável laboratorial (bioquímicos e hormonais) e pelo marcador de reabsorção óssea, o s-CTX (serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen). A análise estatística foi per protocol, empregando-se delineamento em medidas repetidas no tempo (ANOVA), seguido do teste de comparação múltipla de Tukey ajustado para interação entre grupo x momento ou por distribuição Gama (variáveis assimétricas). Resultados: O estudo foi finalizado com 18 mulheres no grupo suplementado e 14 no grupo controle, com média de idade de 59±6 anos. Quanto aos parâmetros antropométrico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effect of whey protein supplementation (WPS) on bone resorption in postmenopausal women practicing physical exercise. Methods: We conducted a prospective, controlled study with 38 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 70 years, randomized into two groups: with PSL intervention (n = 19) or without PSL (n = 19, control). We included women with amenorrhea above 12 months, normal bone mineral density of the last twelve months and practitioners of the physical exercise protocol. The exercises were performed three times a week with aerobic and resistance training. In the intervention group, supplementation was provided daily, containing 25g of protein. Follow-up time was 20 weeks, with assessments at the start and end times. The participants were evaluated for anthropometry, food consumption through the 24-hour recall, laboratory parameters (biochemical and hormonal) and the bone resorption marker s-CTX (serum Cterminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen). Statistical analysis was per protocol, using a time-repeated measures (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey multiple comparison test adjusted for group x moment interaction, or by gamma distribution (asymmetric variables). Results: We evaluated 18 women in the supplemented group and 14 in the control group, mean age 59±6 years. Regarding the anthropometric and laboratory parameters, no significant differences were observed between groups. In relation to the food consumption, at the initial moment, it was ob... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No presente trabalho foram estudados a necessidade de suplementação nutricional do hidrolisado hemicelulósico de palha de arroz para bioconversão a etanol pela levedura Pichia stipitis, e os efeitos da agitação e da razão Vfrasco/Vmeio, em frascos agitados, sobre os parâmetros fermentativos deste processo. Os estudos da suplementação do hidrolisado para produção de etanol por bioconversão pela levedura Pichia stipitis avaliou a adição dos nutrientes: uréia ( 0 a 2,3 g/L) MgSO4.7H2O (0 a 1,0 g/L) e extrato de levedura (0 a 3,0 g/L). Este estudo mostrou que apenas a adição 3 g/L de extrato de levedura foi necessária para que o processo alcançasse bons resultados de conversão (YP/S = 0,29 g/g) e produtividade em etanol (QP = 0,24 g/L.h) não necessitando portanto da adição dos demais nutrientes. Comparado com o meio suplementado com todos os nutrientes, a suplementação com apenas 3 g/L de extrato de levedura, levou a um aumento de 14% na produtividade do processo. A avaliação da oxigenação em frascos agitados mostrou que a aeração foi um fator capaz de influenciar fortemente os parâmetros de fermentação (YP/S e QP). A condição de maior aeração favoreceu a produção de células e a condição de menor aeração favoreceu a conversão em etanol, porém com baixa produtividade, sendo a produtividade em etanol favorecida por condições intermediárias de aeração, correspondente a agitação de 200 rpm e a razão Vfrasco/Vmeio de 2,5, onde foram alcançadas conversão em produto (YP/S) e produtividade em etanol (QP) de 0,36 g/g e 0,39 g/L.h, respectivamente, o que representa um aumento de cerca de 63% a produtividade e 24% a conversão em etanol, quando comparado com as condições de aeração utilizadas anteriormente. A cinética de fermentação de Pichia stipitis no hidrolisado empregando as condições de suplementação nutricional e aeração otimizadas mostrou que a máxima concentração de etanol alcançada para o hidrolisado suplementado foi cerca de 23,6 g/L após 48 horas, consumindo neste tempo 86 % dos açúcares presentes no meio. Comportamento semelhante foi observado para o meio sintético, onde, no mesmo tempo, a máxima concentração de etanol foi de 24,4 g/L, porém com completo consumo dos açúcares. / The present work studied the necessity of nutritional supplementation of rice straw hemicellulosic hydrolysate for ethanol bioconversion by Pichia stipitis, and the aeration (effects of agitation and Vflask/Vmedium ratio) in agitated flasks, on the fermentative parameters of the process. The studies on the hydrolysate supplementation for ethanol production by Pichia stipitis yeast bioconversion evaluated the nutrients addition: urea (0 to 2.3 g/L), MgSO47H2O (0 to 10 g/L) and yeast extract (0 to 3.0 g/L). This study showed that only the addition of 3g/L yeast extract was enough to obtain good results for ethanol conversion (YP/S = 0.29 g/g) and productivity (QP = 0.24 g/L.h). By comparing to the medium supplemented with all the nutrients, the supplementation with only 3 g/L yeast extract increased 14% the process productivity. The evaluation of the oxygenation in agitated flasks showed that the aeration highly influenced the fermentative parameters (YP/S and QP). The condition of higher aeration favored the cells production and the condition of lower aeration favored the ethanol conversion, but with low productivity. The ethanol productivity was favored by intermediary conditions of aeration, correspondent to 200 rpm agitation and 2.5 Vflask/Vmedium ratio, thus obtaining 0.36 g/g product conversion (YP/S) and 0.39 g/L.h ethanol productivity (QP). This means an increase of approximately 63% productivity and 24% ethanol conversion, when compared to the aeration conditions previously used. The kinetics of Pichia stipitis fermentation in the hydrolysate using the optimized conditions of nutritional supplementation and aeration rate showed that the maximum ethanol concentration for the supplemented hydrolysate was about 23.6 g/L after 48h, consuming 86% sugars present in the medium. Similar behavior was observed for the synthetic medium where, with the same time, the maximum ethanol concentration was 24.4 g/L, but with the complete sugars consumption.

Diferentes condições podem alterar as características fisiológicas, metabólicas, nutricionais e morfológicas. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o efeito do treinamento físico, destreinamento e especialmente destreinamento combinado com a suplementação de leucina sobre o peso corporal, composição corporal, homeostase glicêmica e expressão e fosforilação da via de sinalização da proteína alvo da rapamicina em mamíferos (mTOR). Quarenta e seis ratos Wistar adultos machos foram divididos em 4 grupos: 31 ratos foram treinados em esteira por 8 semanas e 15 foram usados como controle (ratos sedentários). Destes, 15 ratos foram eutanasiados imediatamene após o treinamento (grupo treinado = 8 e grupo controle =7), 8 continuaram treinando, 16 foram mantidos sem exercícios (grupo destreinado = 8 e grupo destreinado suplementado com leucina = 7), e os 7 ratos restantes foram usados como controle (ratos sedentários) por mais 6 semanas antes de serem eutanasiados. Os animais do grupo destreinado foram alimentados com uma dieta contendo ~18% de proteínas, suplementados ou não com 5% de leucina. A composição corporal, o consumo alimentar, o volume de adipócitos, a glicose de jejum, o teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG), o teste oral de tolerância à insulina (TTI), a atividade da citrato sintase, as concentrações séricas de leptina, adiponectina, aminoácidos e ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) e a expressão e fosforilação da proteína mTOR foram avaliados. Os resultados de peso corporal, gordura corporal, coxins adiposos epididimal e retroperitoneal, volume de adipócitos, consumo alimentar, concentração sérica de leptina e TOTG foram significantemente menores nos animais treinados do que nos sedentários e destreinados (P < 0,05). Nenhuma diferença significante foi observada nos valores de glicemia de jejum, TTI e AGNE entre os três grupos (P > 0,05). Por outro lado, o grupo treinado apresentou valores significantemente mais altos para a atividade da citrato sintase do que os grupos sedentário e destreinado (P < 0,05). Nenhuma diferença significante (P > 0,05) foi identificada na comparação entre os grupos destreinados (com ou sem suplementação de leucina), incluindo a expressão e fosforilação da proteína mTOR. O exercício moderado exerce um efeito protetor sobre a composição corporal e a homeostase glicêmica, enquanto que a interrupção do treinamento físico teve um efeito negativo sobre essas variáveis. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação crônica de leucina parece não reduzir os efeitos deletérios do destreinamento. / Different conditions may alter physiological, metabolic, nutritional, and morphological characteristics. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of training, detraining, and especially detraining combined with leucine supplementation on body weight, body composition, glicemic homeostasis and expression and phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein-signaling pathway in epididymal adipose tissue in rats. Fourty-seven male adult Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: 32 rats were trained on a treadmill for 8 weeks and 15 were used as controls (untrained rats). Of these, 15 rats were euthanized immediately after training (trained group = 8 and control group = 7), 8 continued in training, 16 were caged without exercise (detrained group = 8 and detrained group plus leucine supplementation = 7), and the remaining 7 rats were used as controls (untrained rats) for more 6 weeks before being euthanized. Animals of the detrained groups were fed with a ~18% protein diet supplemented or not with 5% leucine. Body composition, food intake, adipocytes size, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), citrate synthase activity (CS), serum leptin, adiponectin, amino acids and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations and expression and phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein were measured. Body weight, body fat, epididymal and retroperitoneal fats depots, adipocytes size, food intake, serum leptin concentration and OGTT were significantly lower in trained animals than in untrained and detrained (P < 0.05). No significant differences in the fasting glucose, ITT and NEFA among the three groups were observed (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the trained group showed a significantly higher score in the citrate synthase activity than both untrained and detrained groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were identified in the comparisons between detrained groups (with and without leucine supplementation), including of the mTOR protein expression and phosphorylation. Moderate exercise exerted a protective effect on the body composition and glucose homeostasis while sudden discontinuation of physical training had a negative effect on such variables. Our results suggest that chronic leucine supplementation not seems to decrease the deleterious effects caused by detraining.

Thesis (MNutrition )ITE))--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: The primary objective was to determine whether pregnant women visiting primary health care clinics (PHCs) were aware of the nutritional supplementation programmes: Nutrition Supplementation Programme (NSP) food, folate-, iron- and vitamin A supplementation. The secondary objective was to determine whether pregnant women qualified for the NSP food-, folate- and iron supplementation. The third objective was to determine whether those who qualified received the prescribed NSP food-, folate-, and iron supplementation and whether they were compliant with these interventions. Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at all PHCs hosting basic antenatal clinics in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Method: One hundred and fourteen pregnant women who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study using a non-random quota sampling strategy. Pregnant women were interviewed using a validated questionnaire. The mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured and the symphysis-fundus (SF) measurement was obtained from the medical files to determine whether participants met the entry criteria for the NSP. Written informed consent was obtained from participants. Results: Fifty per cent of participants were between 12 and 24 weeks of gestation. Most of them (68%) had an MUAC of between 24,7 cm and 34,4 cm. Fifty (44%) of the participants had a sufficient SF measurement. Twenty-one (18%) of the participants indicated that they were aware of the vitamin A Programme, 56 (49%) were aware of the NSP food-supplementation and 79 (70%) knew about the folicand iron supplementation that pregnant women should receive from the clinic. Six (5%) participants qualified for the NSP with an MUAC of below 23 cm. Only one (17%) participant was registered with the NSP and received the food-supplementation. Seventy (61%) of the participants indicated that they received and used the iron- and folic supplements, of which 30 (43%) did not know why they needed to take these supplements. Conclusion: Folate- and iron supplementation appears to be reasonably successfully implemented in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area among pregnant women visiting PHCs. The NSP food-supplementation, however, appears to be unsuccessfully implemented and needs further attention. Resources could be appointed to inform pregnant women about the reasons for and importance of taking these supplements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Die hoofdoelstelling was om te bepaal of swanger vroue wat primêre gesondheidsorgklinieke (PGK’s) bywoon, bewus was van die voeding supplementasie programme: Voedsel Supplementasie Program (VSP) – voedselaanvulling, folaat-, yster- en vitamien A supplementasie. Die tweede doelstelling was om te bepaal of hierdie swanger vroue in aanmerking kom vir die VSP– voedselaanvulling, folaat- en yster supplementasie. Die derde doelstelling was om te bepaal of hierdie swanger vroue die voorgeskrewe VSP – voedselaanvulling, folaat- en yster supplementasie ontvang het en hierdie intervensies nagevolg het. Ontwerp: ʼn Deursnit beskrywende studie is gedoen en data is ingesamel van al die PGK’s wat voorgeboortelike klinieke huisves in die Kaapstadse metropolitaanse gebied, in die Wes-Kaapprovinsie, Suid-Afrika. Metode: Honderd en veertien swanger vroue wat aan die insluitingskriteria voldoen het, is volgens ʼn nie-ewekansige kwotastrategie uitgesoek om aan die studie deel te neem. Onderhoude is volgens ʼn bevestigde vraelys met swanger vroue gevoer. Die omtrek van die middelboarm is geneem en die symphysis-fundus-meting is van die mediese lêers verkry om te bepaal of deelnemers aan die insluitingskriteria vir die VSP voldoen. Deelnemers het ʼn vrywaringsvorm geteken voordat hulle aan die studie begin deelneem het. Resultate: Vyftig persent van die swanger vroue het ʼn gestasie-ouderdom van tussen 12 en 24 weke gehad. Die omtrek van die meeste vroue (68%) se middelboarm was tussen 24,7 cm en 34,4 cm. Vyftig (44%) van die vroue se symphysis-fundusmeting was voldoende. Een en twintig (18%) van die deelnemers het aangedui dat hulle van die Vitamien A-program bewus was, 56 (49%) was van die VSPvoedselaanvulling bewus en 79 (70%) van die deelnemers was bewus van die folaat- en yster supplementasie wat swanger vroue van die kliniek behoort te ontvang. Ses (5%) deelnemers, met ʼn middelboarm-omtrek van minder as 23 cm, het vir die VSP in aanmerking gekom. Slegs een (17%) deelnemer was geregistreer en het die voedselaanvulling ontvang. Sewentig (61%) van die deelnemers het aangedui dat hul wel yster- en folaat supplementasie ontvang en gebruik, waarvan 30 (43%) nie geweet het waarom hulle dié supplemente neem nie. Gevolgtrekking: Dit wil voorkom asof folaat- en yster supplementasie vir swanger vroue wat PGK’s in die Kaapstadse metropolitaanse gebied besoek, redelik suksesvol toegepas word. Daarteenoor word die VSP – voedselaanvulling onsuksesvol uitgevoer en behoort dit verdere aandag te geniet. Hulpbronne kan aangewys word om swanger vroue beter in te lig oor die doel en belangrikheid daarvan om hierdie supplemente te neem.