Gilvocarcin V (GV) belongs to the angucycline class of antibiotics that possesses remarkable anticancer and antibacterial activities with low toxicity. Gilvocarcin exhibits its light induced anticancer activity by mediating crosslinking between DNA and histone H3. When photo-activated by near-UV light, the C8 vinyl group forms a [2+2] cycloadduct with thymine residues of double stranded DNA. D-fucofuranose is considered essential for histone H3 interactions. However, the poor water solubility has rendered it difficult to develop gilvocarcin as a drug. We aim to design novel gilvocarcin analogues with improved pharmaceutical properties through chemo-enzymatic synthesis and mutasynthesis. Previous studies have characterized many biosynthetic genes encoding the gilvocarcin biosynthetic skeleton. Despite these previous findings the exact functions of many other key genes are yet to be fully understood. Prior gene inactivation and cross-feeding experiments have revealed that the first isolable tetracyclic aromatic product undergoes a series of steps involving C–C bond cleavage followed by two O-methylations, a penultimate C-glycosylation and final lactone formation in order to fully develop the gilvocarcin structure. To provide a deeper understanding of these complex biochemical transformations, three specific aims were devised: 1) synthesis of the proposed intermediate and in vitro enzyme reactions revealed GilMT and GilM’s roles in gilvocaric biosynthesis; 2) utilizing in vitro studies the enzyme responsible for the C–C bond cleavage and its substrate were determined; 3) a small series of structural analogues of the intermediate from the gilvocarcin pathway was generated via chemical synthesis and fed to the mixture of the enzymes, GilMT and GilM. These reaction mixtures were then analyzed to establish the diversity of substrates tolerated by the enzymes.

Type II polyketide synthase (PKS) produced natural products have proven to be an excellent source of pharmacologically relevant molecules due to their rich biological activities and chemical scaffolds. Type II-PKS manufactured polyketides share similar polycyclic aromatic backbones leaving their diversity to stem from various chemical additions and alterations facilitated by post-PKS tailoring enzymes. Evidence suggests that post-PKS tailoring enzymes form complexes in order to facilitate the highly orchestrated process of biosynthesis. Thus, protein-protein interactions between these enzymes must play crucial roles in their structures and functions. Despite the importance of these interactions little has been done to study them. In the mithramycin (MTM) biosynthetic pathway the Baeyer−Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) MtmOIV and the ketoreductase MtmW form one such enzyme pair that catalyze the final two steps en route to the final product. MtmOIV oxidatively cleaves the fourth ring of the mithramycin intermediate premithramycin B (PreB) via a Baeyer−Villiger reaction, generating MTM’s characteristic tricyclic aglycone core and highly functionalized pentyl side chain at position 3. This Baeyer−Villiger reaction precedes spontaneous lactone ring opening, decarboxylation, and the final step of MTM biosynthesis, a reduction of the 4′- keto group catalyzed by the ketoreductase MtmW. Another example of co-dependent post-PKS tailoring enzymes from the gilvocarcin biosynthetic pathway is composed of GilM and GilR. These two enzymes form an unusual synergistic tailoring enzyme pair that does not function sequentially. GilM exhibits dual functionality by catalyzing the reduction of a quinone intermediate to a hydroquinone and stabilizes O-methylation and hemiacetal formation. GilM mediates its reductive catalysis through the aid of GilR that provides its covalently bound FADH(2) for the GilM reaction, through which FAD is regenerated for the next catalytic cycle. A few steps later, following glycosylation related events unique to each gilvocarcin derivative, GilR dehydrogenates the hemiacetal moiety created by GilM to establish the formation of a lactone and the final gilvocarcin chromophore. To achieve a better understanding of post-type II PKS tailoring enzymes and their protein-proteininteractions for the benefit of future combinatorial biosynthetic efforts two specific aims were devised. Specific aim 1 was to investigate the structure of MtmOIV and the role of active site residues in its catalytic mechanism. Specific aim 2 was to integrate the function of GilM and its protein-protein interactionswith GilR that lead to their synergistic activity and sharing of GilR’s bicovalently bound FAD moiety.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22502号 / 農博第2406号 / 新制||農||1077(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5282(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 梅澤 俊明, 教授 矢﨑 一史, 教授 渡邊 隆司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

A cana-de-açúcar é uma monocotiledônea poliplóide, alógama que possui baixa taxa reprodutiva devido a dificuldade de florescimento. Devido estas características genéticas e fisiológicas os programas de melhoramento são longos e laboriosos. Alternativamente, modernas aplicações da biotecnologia visam contribuir com o desenvolvimento de novos cultivares. Neste trabalho estudou-se a metodologia de cultura de tecidos a partir de discos de folhas imaturas para o estabelecimento da cultura de calos embriogênicos e regeneração de plantas a partir dos calos embriogênicos e diretamente, a partir de folhas imaturas. O objetivo principal foi contribuir para o desenvolvimento de métodos eficientes para produção de plantas transgênicas a partir de calos e folhas imaturas, considerando-se a crescente necessidade de produção de novos cultivares com características agronômicas específicas. Diversas concentrações de 2,4-D e cinetina em meio MS foram testadas para o estabelecimento de calos altamente embriogênicos e para a indução da desdiferenciação celular nos discos foliares antecedendo a regeneração de plantas. Meios de cultura sem reguladores de crescimento (MS) e com a adição de BAP e ANA foram testados para a regeneração de plantas a partir de discos foliares. Calos embriogênicos com 12 a 20 semanas de cultivo produziram em média 3 a 5 plantas, em meio de regeneração MS. Folhas imaturas apresentaram elevado potencial de regeneração de plantas quando se utilizou 2,4-D em concentrações de 5 e 8 mg/L nos períodos de 5 e 8 dias no escuro. Houve indução a formação de embriões somáticos que resultaram em média 12 a 16 plantas por explante no período total de 7 a 10 semanas. Além disso, foi testado o pré-tratamento dos discos foliares em meio MS3K, contendo 2,4-D (3mg/L) e cinetina (0,1 mg/L), antes da transferência do discos para meio de regeneração MS. Os discos submetidos a este pré-tratamento durante 14, 21 e 28 dias apresentaram aumento significativo na eficiência de regeneração de plantas, variando em média de 41 a 50 plantas por disco foliar nas variedades RB835089 e RB855156. A redução no tempo para obtenção de plantas aliado ao aumento na média de plantas obtidas é a base para aumentar a eficiência de transformação genética de plantas. Experimentos de cotransformação dos genes neo e comt(AS), foram realizados por biolística. Em plantas regeneradas a partir de folhas imaturas da variedade RB835486, as análises de PCR confirmaram a incorporação do gene marcador neo em 57 e 90% das plantas em meio seletivo com geneticina (30 mg/L), sendo que a maior eficiência de regeneração de transgênicos (90%) foi obtida no pré-tratamento com o meio MS3K. Das plantas transgênicas para o gene neo, 7 e 38% também foram confirmadas para a incorporação do gene comt(AS). Nas plantas regeneradas a partir de calos embriogênicos em meio seletivo, as análises de PCR detectaram somente a incorporação do gene neo, o que ocorreu em 52% das plantas analisadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a cultura de discos de folhas imaturas para o processo de transformação genética por biolística é uma metodologia viável, rápida e menos onerosa, quando comparada com a cultura de calos embriogênicos. / Sugarcane is a polyploidy monocot and allogamous species that has low reproductive rate due to the difficulty of flowering. Because of these genetic and physiological characteristics breeding program takes long time and demand hard labor. Alternatively, modern biotechnology approaches contribute to the development of new cultivars. In this work we studied the methodology of plant tissue culture from immature leaf discs to establish callus culture and plant regeneration from those calli and from immature leaves, directly. The main objective was to contribute to the development of efficient methods to produce transgenic plants from callus and immature leaves, due to the growing need to produce new cultivars with specific agronomics traits. MS medium with different concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin were tested to obtain highly embryogenic calli and to induce cellular dedifferentiation in the immature leaf discs prior to plant regeneration. Culture media without growth regulators (MS) and with the addition of BAP and NAA were tested for plant regeneration from leaf discs. Callus culture with 12 to 20 weeks resulted on average 3 to 5 plants on regeneration medium designed as MS. Immature leaves showed a high potential for plant regeneration when 2,4-D at concentrations of 5 and 8 mg/L in periods of 5 and 8 days in the dark. There were inducing of somatic embryos that resulted in average 12 to 16 plants per explant in the total period of 7 to 10 weeks. In addition, we tested the pre-treatment of leaf discs in MS3K medium which contain 2,4-D (3 mg/L) and kinetin (0.1 mg/L) before transfering to plant regeneration MS medium . The discs submitted to this pretreatment for 14, 21 and 28 days showed significant increase in the efficiency of plant regeneration, with on average of 41 to 50 plants per leaf disc in varieties RB835089 and RB855156. The reduction of time to obtain plants coupled with the increase of plants obtained is the basis for increasing the efficiency of plant genetic transformation. Co-transformation with genes neo and comt(AS), were performed by biolistics. Plants regenerated from immature leaves of the variety RB835486, PCR analysis confirmed the incorporation of the neo selection marker gene in 57 and 90% of the plants on selective medium with geneticin (30 mg/L), the higher efficiency of transgenic plants (90%) was obtained on pre-treatment in MS3K medium. Transgenic plants for the neo gene, 7 and 38% were also confirmed for the incorporation of comt (AS). PCR analysis of candidates transgenic plants from callus growing on selective medium, revelled only the insertion of the neo gene, which occurred in 52% of the analyzed plants. The results of this work showed that the approach of using immature leaf discs to obtain plant genetic transformation by biolistics methodology is a viable, cheaper and faster than using embryogenic callus.

Fine temporal regulation of dopamine transmission is critical to its effects on behaviour. Dopamine can be cleared from the synapse either by recycling via the dopamine transporter (DAT) or by enzymatic degradation involving catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). DAT recycling predominates in striatum and contributes to dopaminergic regulation of reward-guided behaviour, while COMT degradation predominates in cortex and modulates executive functions. However, human functional imaging studies demonstrate interactive effects of DAT and COMT genotype, suggesting that the traditional division between DAT and COMT is not so clear-cut. Given the interdependence of mesolimbic and mesocortical circuitry and the presence of COMT in the striatum, it is possible that DAT and COMT interact to a greater extent than previously thought. We investigated the contributions of DAT and COMT to regulation of dopamine transmission and reward-guided behaviour by combining in vivo electrochemical recording, pharmacology, and behavioural testing in mice. Using fast scan cyclic voltammetry to record evoked dopamine release in anaesthetised animals, we found that systemic DAT blockade increased the size of dopamine transients in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) but not in the medial frontal cortex (MFC), demonstrating that DAT regulates phasic striatal dopamine release and confirming that DAT makes little contribution to regulation of cortical dopamine transmission. Unexpectedly, COMT inhibition did not affect evoked dopamine transients in either the NAc or the MFC. In agreement with these findings, systemic administration of a DAT blocker, but not of a COMT inhibitor, increased motivation to work for reward in a progressive ratio paradigm. COMT inhibition also had little effect on reinforcement learning (RL) strategies during reward-guided decision making. Intriguingly, however, we found that DAT blockade both decreased the influence of model-free RL and increased the influence of model-based RL on behaviour. Our study confirms that DAT regulates dopamine transmission in striatum but not in cortex and indicates that sub-second changes in dopamine transmission in both regions are largely insensitive to COMT. However, our behavioural data reveal the importance of striatal dopamine in multiple components of reward-guided behaviour, including both motivational aspects traditionally associated with striatum as well as cognitive aspects heretofore mainly associated with cortical function. Together, these findings emphasise that reward processing occurs across corticostriatal circuits and contribute to our understanding of how striatal dopamine transmission regulates reward-guided behaviours.

INTRODUÇÃO: O caráter familial do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) já é bem estabelecido. O gene da catecol O-metiltransferase (COMT) vem sendo objeto de estudo na genética de transtornos mentais, como o TOC. No caso deste transtorno, os resultados de estudos de associação com o gene da COMT são, em sua maioria, contraditórios. Meta-análises prévias, todas elas conduzidas com limitações metodológicas, encontraram achados também divergentes. Nesta tese, foram realizadas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre estudos de associação baseados em famílias envolvendo o polimorfismo Val158Met do gene da COMT e o TOC e duas meta-análises, uma convencional e outra bayesiana, a fim de sintetizar os achados sobre este tema. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho seguiu o protocolo para revisão sistemática e meta-análise da Rede de Epidemiologia Genética Humana (HuGE). A busca por estudos de associação baseados em famílias foi feita em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, assim como foram pesquisados estudos não publicados, dentre os quais um estudo ainda inédito, liderado pela autora desta tese. A meta-análise convencional foi calculada com o auxílio do programa STATA V. 11 e a bayesiana a partir da média das verossimilhanças. Foram investigados os viéses de publicação, heterogeneidade, além de análise de sensibilidade e metarregressão. RESULTADOS: O estudo original, que contou com 83 trios, conduzido pela autora desta tese, não encontrou associação entre COMT e TOC. Este estudo, em conjunto com mais oito estudos (seis estudos publicados e dois não publicados), foram incluídos na meta-análise. As meta-análises com método convencional e bayesiano não encontraram associação entre o polimorfismo Val158Met do COMT e o TOC na amostra total, nem nas amostras separadas por gênero. CONCLUSÕES: Contrariando meta-análises prévias, os achados deste estudo não demonstraram associação entre COMT e TOC. No entanto, a participação do gene da COMT em subgrupos específicos do TOC e em seus endofenótipos de risco ainda merece ser investigada / BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been considered a familial disorder. The catechol-O-methyltransferase gene has been studied in several mental disorders, including OCD. Particularly in this disorder, the findings of an association between COMT and OCD are inconclusive. Previous meta-analyses, which were conducted with several methodological limitations, found conflicting results. This work comprises: a systematic literature review regarding family-based association studies involving the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD, and two metaanalyses, a conventional and a Bayesian meta-analysis, to summarize the findings on this subject. METHODS: This study was performed according to the Human Genome Epidemiology network (HuGE) guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. The search for family-based association studies were conducted in five electronic databases and in sources from unpublished studies. An original unpublished study, led by the author of this thesis, was included in the meta-analysis. The conventional meta-analysis was calculated with the STATA V.11 software and the Bayesian meta-analysis through the likelihood mean. Publication bias and heterogeneity were investigated. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also performed. RESULTS: The original study with 83 OCD trios, conducted by the author of this thesis, found no association between COMT and OCD. This study, together with eight other studies (six studies being published and two unpublished), were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses with the conventional and Bayesian method found no association between the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD in the total, female-only or male-only samples. CONCLUSIONS: Different from previous meta-analyses, this study does not support the association between COMT and OCD. However, the involvement of the COMT gene in specific subgroups of OCD or endophenotypes associated with a risk for OCD should be further investigated

INTRODUÇÃO: O caráter familial do transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) já é bem estabelecido. O gene da catecol O-metiltransferase (COMT) vem sendo objeto de estudo na genética de transtornos mentais, como o TOC. No caso deste transtorno, os resultados de estudos de associação com o gene da COMT são, em sua maioria, contraditórios. Meta-análises prévias, todas elas conduzidas com limitações metodológicas, encontraram achados também divergentes. Nesta tese, foram realizadas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre estudos de associação baseados em famílias envolvendo o polimorfismo Val158Met do gene da COMT e o TOC e duas meta-análises, uma convencional e outra bayesiana, a fim de sintetizar os achados sobre este tema. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho seguiu o protocolo para revisão sistemática e meta-análise da Rede de Epidemiologia Genética Humana (HuGE). A busca por estudos de associação baseados em famílias foi feita em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas, assim como foram pesquisados estudos não publicados, dentre os quais um estudo ainda inédito, liderado pela autora desta tese. A meta-análise convencional foi calculada com o auxílio do programa STATA V. 11 e a bayesiana a partir da média das verossimilhanças. Foram investigados os viéses de publicação, heterogeneidade, além de análise de sensibilidade e metarregressão. RESULTADOS: O estudo original, que contou com 83 trios, conduzido pela autora desta tese, não encontrou associação entre COMT e TOC. Este estudo, em conjunto com mais oito estudos (seis estudos publicados e dois não publicados), foram incluídos na meta-análise. As meta-análises com método convencional e bayesiano não encontraram associação entre o polimorfismo Val158Met do COMT e o TOC na amostra total, nem nas amostras separadas por gênero. CONCLUSÕES: Contrariando meta-análises prévias, os achados deste estudo não demonstraram associação entre COMT e TOC. No entanto, a participação do gene da COMT em subgrupos específicos do TOC e em seus endofenótipos de risco ainda merece ser investigada / BACKGROUND: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been considered a familial disorder. The catechol-O-methyltransferase gene has been studied in several mental disorders, including OCD. Particularly in this disorder, the findings of an association between COMT and OCD are inconclusive. Previous meta-analyses, which were conducted with several methodological limitations, found conflicting results. This work comprises: a systematic literature review regarding family-based association studies involving the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD, and two metaanalyses, a conventional and a Bayesian meta-analysis, to summarize the findings on this subject. METHODS: This study was performed according to the Human Genome Epidemiology network (HuGE) guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis. The search for family-based association studies were conducted in five electronic databases and in sources from unpublished studies. An original unpublished study, led by the author of this thesis, was included in the meta-analysis. The conventional meta-analysis was calculated with the STATA V.11 software and the Bayesian meta-analysis through the likelihood mean. Publication bias and heterogeneity were investigated. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also performed. RESULTS: The original study with 83 OCD trios, conducted by the author of this thesis, found no association between COMT and OCD. This study, together with eight other studies (six studies being published and two unpublished), were included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses with the conventional and Bayesian method found no association between the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and OCD in the total, female-only or male-only samples. CONCLUSIONS: Different from previous meta-analyses, this study does not support the association between COMT and OCD. However, the involvement of the COMT gene in specific subgroups of OCD or endophenotypes associated with a risk for OCD should be further investigated

A cana-de-açúcar é uma monocotiledônea poliplóide, alógama que possui baixa taxa reprodutiva devido a dificuldade de florescimento. Devido estas características genéticas e fisiológicas os programas de melhoramento são longos e laboriosos. Alternativamente, modernas aplicações da biotecnologia visam contribuir com o desenvolvimento de novos cultivares. Neste trabalho estudou-se a metodologia de cultura de tecidos a partir de discos de folhas imaturas para o estabelecimento da cultura de calos embriogênicos e regeneração de plantas a partir dos calos embriogênicos e diretamente, a partir de folhas imaturas. O objetivo principal foi contribuir para o desenvolvimento de métodos eficientes para produção de plantas transgênicas a partir de calos e folhas imaturas, considerando-se a crescente necessidade de produção de novos cultivares com características agronômicas específicas. Diversas concentrações de 2,4-D e cinetina em meio MS foram testadas para o estabelecimento de calos altamente embriogênicos e para a indução da desdiferenciação celular nos discos foliares antecedendo a regeneração de plantas. Meios de cultura sem reguladores de crescimento (MS) e com a adição de BAP e ANA foram testados para a regeneração de plantas a partir de discos foliares. Calos embriogênicos com 12 a 20 semanas de cultivo produziram em média 3 a 5 plantas, em meio de regeneração MS. Folhas imaturas apresentaram elevado potencial de regeneração de plantas quando se utilizou 2,4-D em concentrações de 5 e 8 mg/L nos períodos de 5 e 8 dias no escuro. Houve indução a formação de embriões somáticos que resultaram em média 12 a 16 plantas por explante no período total de 7 a 10 semanas. Além disso, foi testado o pré-tratamento dos discos foliares em meio MS3K, contendo 2,4-D (3mg/L) e cinetina (0,1 mg/L), antes da transferência do discos para meio de regeneração MS. Os discos submetidos a este pré-tratamento durante 14, 21 e 28 dias apresentaram aumento significativo na eficiência de regeneração de plantas, variando em média de 41 a 50 plantas por disco foliar nas variedades RB835089 e RB855156. A redução no tempo para obtenção de plantas aliado ao aumento na média de plantas obtidas é a base para aumentar a eficiência de transformação genética de plantas. Experimentos de cotransformação dos genes neo e comt(AS), foram realizados por biolística. Em plantas regeneradas a partir de folhas imaturas da variedade RB835486, as análises de PCR confirmaram a incorporação do gene marcador neo em 57 e 90% das plantas em meio seletivo com geneticina (30 mg/L), sendo que a maior eficiência de regeneração de transgênicos (90%) foi obtida no pré-tratamento com o meio MS3K. Das plantas transgênicas para o gene neo, 7 e 38% também foram confirmadas para a incorporação do gene comt(AS). Nas plantas regeneradas a partir de calos embriogênicos em meio seletivo, as análises de PCR detectaram somente a incorporação do gene neo, o que ocorreu em 52% das plantas analisadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a cultura de discos de folhas imaturas para o processo de transformação genética por biolística é uma metodologia viável, rápida e menos onerosa, quando comparada com a cultura de calos embriogênicos. / Sugarcane is a polyploidy monocot and allogamous species that has low reproductive rate due to the difficulty of flowering. Because of these genetic and physiological characteristics breeding program takes long time and demand hard labor. Alternatively, modern biotechnology approaches contribute to the development of new cultivars. In this work we studied the methodology of plant tissue culture from immature leaf discs to establish callus culture and plant regeneration from those calli and from immature leaves, directly. The main objective was to contribute to the development of efficient methods to produce transgenic plants from callus and immature leaves, due to the growing need to produce new cultivars with specific agronomics traits. MS medium with different concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin were tested to obtain highly embryogenic calli and to induce cellular dedifferentiation in the immature leaf discs prior to plant regeneration. Culture media without growth regulators (MS) and with the addition of BAP and NAA were tested for plant regeneration from leaf discs. Callus culture with 12 to 20 weeks resulted on average 3 to 5 plants on regeneration medium designed as MS. Immature leaves showed a high potential for plant regeneration when 2,4-D at concentrations of 5 and 8 mg/L in periods of 5 and 8 days in the dark. There were inducing of somatic embryos that resulted in average 12 to 16 plants per explant in the total period of 7 to 10 weeks. In addition, we tested the pre-treatment of leaf discs in MS3K medium which contain 2,4-D (3 mg/L) and kinetin (0.1 mg/L) before transfering to plant regeneration MS medium . The discs submitted to this pretreatment for 14, 21 and 28 days showed significant increase in the efficiency of plant regeneration, with on average of 41 to 50 plants per leaf disc in varieties RB835089 and RB855156. The reduction of time to obtain plants coupled with the increase of plants obtained is the basis for increasing the efficiency of plant genetic transformation. Co-transformation with genes neo and comt(AS), were performed by biolistics. Plants regenerated from immature leaves of the variety RB835486, PCR analysis confirmed the incorporation of the neo selection marker gene in 57 and 90% of the plants on selective medium with geneticin (30 mg/L), the higher efficiency of transgenic plants (90%) was obtained on pre-treatment in MS3K medium. Transgenic plants for the neo gene, 7 and 38% were also confirmed for the incorporation of comt (AS). PCR analysis of candidates transgenic plants from callus growing on selective medium, revelled only the insertion of the neo gene, which occurred in 52% of the analyzed plants. The results of this work showed that the approach of using immature leaf discs to obtain plant genetic transformation by biolistics methodology is a viable, cheaper and faster than using embryogenic callus.

Background: The impact of genetic polymorphisms on cognition is assumed to increase with age as losses of brain resources have to be compensated for. We investigate the relation of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) p.Val158Met polymorphism and cognitive capacity in the course of adult development, healthy aging and the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in two birth cohorts of subjects born between 1930 and 1932 or between 1950 and 1952. Methods: Thorough neuropsychological assessment was conducted in a total of 587 participants across three examination waves between 1993 and 2008. The COMT genotype was determined as a restriction fragment length polymorphism after PCR amplification and digestion with Nla III. Results: Significant effects of the COMT p.Val158Met polymorphism were identified for attention and cognitive flexibility in the younger but not the older cohort. Conclusion: These results confirm the importance of the COMT p.Val158Met genotype on tasks assessing attention and cognitive flexibility in midlife but not in healthy aging and the development of MCI. Our findings suggest that the influence of COMT changes as a function of age, decreasing from midlife to aging.

TRBP (TAR RNA Binding Protein), est un facteur activateur de la réplication du Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1 (VIH-1). Cette protéine cellulaire qui interagit avec les ARN double brins est connue pour son rôle crucial dans la voie des miRNA. Isolée pour sa capacité à interagir avec la séquence leader TAR présente à l'extrémité 5' de tous les ARN du VIH-1, TRBP favorise la réplication du VIH-1 au niveau post-transcriptionnel, en partie via l'inhibition de la PKR (Protéine Kinase ARN dépendante).Dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels TRBP facilite la réplication du VIH-1, le complexe protéique associé à TRBP a été purifié par immunoprécipitation par double affinité et identifié par spectrométrie de masse. En plus des facteurs déjà connus, un nouveau partenaire à activité ARN 2'-O-méthyltransférase (2'-OMTase) potentielle a été copurifié : la protéine FTSJ3. Chez les eucaryotes supérieurs, deux 2'-OMTases permettent la méthylation des ARNm cellulaires au niveau de la position ribose 2'-O- du premier (coiffe 1) et du deuxième nucléotide (coiffe 2). Cette coiffe 1/2 est une signature moléculaire permettant de discriminer les ARNm endogènes et exogènes. Dans la cellule, MDA5, un senseur cytoplasmique, reconnait les ARN exogènes non coiffés et déclenche la production d'interférons (IFNs) de type I pour établir un état antiviral. Pour échapper à la réponse immune innée, certains virus ont développé des mécanismes leur permettant de mimer une coiffe 1/2.Le VIH ne code pas pour une activité 2'-OMTase. Cependant FTSJ3, de par son interaction avec TRBP, se retrouve à proximité de l'extrémité 5' de l'ARN viral. Cette 2'-OMTase méthyle l'ARN TAR in vitro, qui, transfecté dans les cellules monocytaires humaines U937 n'induit plus la production d'IFNs de type I. A l'inverse, le virus VIH-1 produit en l'absence de FTSJ3 déclenche une induction de l'expression des IFNs de type I dépendante de MDA5 dans les cellules U937. L'expression de ce virus est atténuée suite à un défaut d'import nucléaire. Ainsi, ces travaux montrent que la protéine FTSJ3, recrutée au niveau de l'extrémité 5' de l'ARN du VIH-1 par TRBP, facilite la réplication du VIH-1 en assurant la synthèse d'une coiffe 1/2 qui permet au VIH-1 d'échapper à la reconnaissance par le senseur MDA5 et à l'induction des IFNs de type I. Cette étude met en évidence un nouveau mécanisme permettant au VIH-1 d'échapper à la détection par le système d'immunité innée cellulaire. / TRBP (TAR RNA Binding Protein) is a cellular RNA binding protein that facilitates the replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). Isolated for its ability to bind HIV-1 TAR sequence present at the 5' end of all HIV-1 RNA, TRBP promotes HIV-1 replication at a post-transcriptional level by counteracting the antiviral activity of the protein kinase R (PKR).To gain more insight on how TRBP enhances HIV-1 replication, TRBP associated factors were purified using tandem immunoaffinity purification and identified by mass spectrometry. In addition to already known associated factors, a new protein with a putative RNA 2'-O-methyltransferase activity (2'OMTases) was copurified: FTSJ3. In higher eukaryotes, cellular mRNA are methylated on 2'-O ribose position on the first (Cap 1) and second nucleotide (Cap 2). This capping provides a molecular signature for the discrimination of endogenous versus exogenous mRNA. In the cell, MDA5, a cytoplasmic sensor, recognizes exogenous uncapped RNA and activate type I interferons (IFNs) production to establish an antiviral state. To evade innate immune response, some viruses have evolved mechanisms to mimics cap 1/2.HIV-1 does not encode a 2'O-MTase activity. However, owing to its interaction with TRBP, FTSJ3 is recruited at the 5' end of the viral genome and methylates TAR RNA in vitro. When capped by FTSJ3, TAR does not induce type I IFNs anymore when transfected in monocytic cell line U937. Conversely, HIV-1 viruses produced in FTSJ3 knock-down cells triggers type I IFNs expression through MDA5 sensing. This virus is attenuated, expressed in low amounts because of a block at the level of HIV-1 nuclear import. This study shows that FTSJ3 is recruited to HIV-1 5' end TAR sequence by TRBP and facilitates HIV-1 replication. HIV-1 RNA capping allows HIV-1 escape from MDA5 sensing and type I IFN induction. This study highlights a new way of HIV-1 escape from innate immune system.