1 Abstract This thesis deals with the institute of unjust enrichment extending to commercial law. It is focused on specific aspects of existence of this institute in commercial law. Particularly it means an issue of the limitation of unjust enrichment claims in business relationships as well as other special elements of unjust enrichment in commercial law regulations such as the question of repayment of the performance caused by the withdrawal, the protection of the company name claims and protection against unfair competition, rights of industrial property and bill of exchange and cheques enrichment. Although the work is primarily based on existing legislation, it is not limited to the examination of the issue from the perspective of re-codification of private law. The thesis analyzes the various provisions of the relevant commercial law regulations whose interpretation is in theory and practice greatly divided, and with their detailed analysis using initially established theoretical basis, trying to make their own suggestions.

The legal regulation of hunting Thesis on hunting legislation is aimed at showing the current legislation, hunting in the Czech Republic, in particular the analysis of the Hunting Act No. 449/2001 Coll., Other laws relating to the protection of nature and animals and ultimately implementing regulations of these laws. The work also focuses on the forthcoming amendment to the Hunting Act. The thesis contains rules in force on 1 March 2013.

Research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Public and Development Management, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Management in the field of ICT Policy and Regulation, University of the Witwatersrand, 2012. / Universal Service Obligations (USOs) have been used, for over a decade, as a regulatory mechanism to bridge the digital divide in South Africa. For USOs to be effective and efficient in bridging the digital divide, it requires close coordination between various impacted and interested stakeholders, such as mobile network operators (MNOs), the ICT regulatory authority (the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa), and the Universal Service and Access Agency of South Africa in order to extend the number of beneficiaries of the USOs. Furthermore, this requires stakeholders to understand the full impact, as well as the costs and benefits (financial and non financial) before imposing the USOs. The evidence from this research confirms that there was no monitoring and evaluation of USOs for MNOs during their implementation. More importantly, the Regulatory Impact Assessment (as a regulatory tool) was never used by ICASA in respect of the USOs initiative. This led to the failure of the initiative in achieving most of its objectives. Such failure can be attributed to lack of understanding by ICASA of the general impact of imposing the USOs upon MNOs, given that no impact assessment was done before such imposition. Recommendations arising from the research include the need for a shared vision on the USOs initiative, the need for clearly identified and defined roles for all stakeholders with an interest in the initiative, the need for a properly analysed and know ICT access gap, the need to balance the use of market and non market mechanisms in respect of USOs, the to ensure a proper funding mechanisms for USOs, and the need to identify effective regulatory governance in respect of USOs.

Este trabalho divide-se em seis grandes tópicos e uma conclusão. A parte introdutória busca situar a teoria do inadimplemento antecipado e seu surgimento no direito inglês, bem como delimitar os objetivos do trabalho, especialmente no que diz respeito à definição da natureza jurídica da teoria do inadimplemento antecipado e à sua aplicabilidade no direito nacional. Para construir as bases fundamentais do raciocínio a ser desenvolvido ao longo do texto, o segundo capítulo trata das noções gerais do direito obrigacional, sobretudo da teoria da obrigação como um processo e dos deveres laterais de conduta. A terceira parte versa sobre a extinção das obrigações em suas formas normal e anômala e, principalmente, as diversas facetas que pode assumir o inadimplemento das obrigações. O quarto capítulo aborda o inadimplemento antecipado, traçando sua origem histórica, sua natureza jurídica e sua classificação nas mais diversas formas (quanto ao sujeito, quanto à imputabilidade, quanto à possibilidade ou não de cumprimento). A quinta parte do trabalho discute os efeitos do inadimplemento antecipado e, primordialmente, a chamada doctrine of mitigation. O sexto capítulo aponta institutos jurídicos similares ao inadimplemento antecipado com a finalidade de definir suas diferenças em relação àqueles. Por fim, o trabalho conclui pela possibilidade de aplicação da teoria do inadimplemento antecipado no direito brasileiro, devendo tal instituto ser reconhecido por doutrina e jurisprudência. / This work is divided into six major topics and its conclusion. The introduction aims to situate the anticipatory breach theory, its origin in English law, as well as define the main purpose of the work, especially regarding the definition of the legal nature of the anticipatory breach theory and its applicability under Brazilian law. In order to build the foundations to be developed throughout the work, the second chapter deals with general notions of the law of obligations, mainly the theory of the obligation as a process and the lateral conduct obligations. The third part of this paper deals with the termination of obligations in its normal and anomalous forms and, in particular, with the various facets that the breach of obligations may take. The fourth chapter discusses the anticipatory breach, tracing its historical origin, its legal nature, and especially its classification in various forms (in accordance with the subject, in accordance to responsibility, in accordance with possibility or nor of its performance). The fifth part of the work deals with the effects of anticipatory breach and, primarily, the called doctrine of mitigation. The sixth chapter deals with similar institutions in relation to the anticipatory breach theory, in order to note their differences. Finally, we conclude the work defending the possibility of application of the anticipatory breach theory under Brazilian law, aiming that doctrine and jurisprudence should recognize it.

A literatura empírica de ciclos políticos orçamentários pouco aborda a influência da limitação de mandato na existência do oportunismo fiscal por parte do ocupante do poder executivo nas finanças dos vários entes da federação. Nesse sentido, à luz da Nova Economia Política, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o impacto dos diferentes incentivos enfrentados no Brasil por prefeitos em primeiro mandato - aqueles que são elegíveis para a reeleição - e em segundo mandato - aqueles que não podem candidatar-se à reeleição - na gestão fiscal dos municípios. Para além da avaliação de todo o mandato eletivo, também foi analisado o impacto da diferenciação dos dois tipos de incumbentes na inscrição de valores em restos a pagar nos anos eleitorais. Os resultados obtidos via painel clássico sugerem uma efetiva diferenciação entre prefeitos em primeiro e segundo mandato em anos não eleitorais, com prefeitos em primeiro mandato inscrevendo maiores valores em restos a pagar processados e total em relação aos prefeitos de segundo mandato. Ademais, seguindo a legislação de responsabilidade fiscal brasileira, prefeitos em segundo mandato reduziram a inscrição de valores nessas rubricas em ano eleitoral, embora prefeitos em primeiro mandato tenham aumentado a inscrição de valores em restos a pagar não processados. / The empirical literature on political budget cycles has not studied all the influences of term limitations in the existence of fiscal opportunism by politicians in the various levels of government. In this sense, regarding the Political Economy, the objective of this research was to investigate the impact of different incentives faced by first-term mayors in Brazil - those who are eligible for re-election - and second-term mayors - those who cannot apply for re-election - in the fiscal management at the local level. Beyond the assessment of the entire mandate, it was also evaluated the impact of differentiation of the two types of incumbents in the management of the unpaid spending obligations in election years. Results obtained via classic panel suggest an effective differentiation between first and second-term mayors in non-election years, as first-term mayors exhibit higher unpaind recognized spending obligations and total unpaid spending obligations values in comparison to second-term mayors. Moreover, following the Brazilian fiscal responsability law, second-term mayors reduced values in these items in election year, although first-term mayors had higher values on average for unpaid and unrecognized spending obligations.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-16T16:40:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Calçada Monteiro.pdf: 513719 bytes, checksum: 4a9439ccaafde5dd16f0da649b78aa86 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-16T16:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Calçada Monteiro.pdf: 513719 bytes, checksum: 4a9439ccaafde5dd16f0da649b78aa86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25 / This paper has the purpose of analyzing the main aspects, either practical and theoretical, of solidary obligations. Despite the significant amount of already existing works on this subject, the theme is justifiable because of its vastness, which will never be exhausted, as well as because of the always current practical relevance of solidarity, which provides the parties to the obligatory relationship greater safety and convenience, and which is given new contours as the principles and guiding values of social relationships are modified, which causes this subject never to become obsolete. Based upon extensive literature research, of national and foreign doctrine, this paper will write about solidary obligations’ origins, concept and structure, as well as practical applicability of solidary obligations in our current reality / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os principais aspectos, teóricos e práticos, das obrigações solidárias. Apesar da quantidade significativa de obras já existentes a tal respeito, justifica-se o tema por sua vastidão, que nunca será esgotada, e pela sempre atual importância prática da solidariedade, que confere aos sujeitos da relação obrigacional maiores segurança e comodidade, e que ganha novos contornos conforme vão se modificando os princípios e valores norteadores das relações sociais, pelo que este tema jamais se tornará obsoleto. Com amparo em ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, de doutrina nacional e estrangeira, o presente trabalho abordará as obrigações solidárias desde a sua origem, conceito e estrutura, até a sua aplicabilidade prática na realidade atual

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Vessoni Labate Lacaz.pdf: 643851 bytes, checksum: f9a7b3b7bae2a3f562df7278a404afec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-15 / This paper intents to present in detail the main characteristics of alternative obligations, predicted in Articles 252 and following of Law 10.406, of January 10, 2002. This is a re-study based on current principles of the Civil Code of 2002 and the teaching of the juridical doctrine. The theme shows to be pertinent for not having been the subject of recent studies, because of its apparent simplicity. However, as will be shown, it is a very important matter for provide the parties larger possibilities to due performance with the consequent reduction of risks involved in negotiated/personal relationships. Additionally, it has to be made an interpretation that goes beyond the letter of the law itself, covering also the current relevancy of the secondary and lateral duties in obligational relations. The work will focus on the influence of the current principles of Brazilian civil legislation on alternative obligations, especially in regard to the exercise of the right of choice and in the conservation of objects indicated as being likely to due performance of the installment. For this purpose, initially, it will be made an introduction about the alternative obligations and its treatment in other foreign jurisdictions. In this moment, it also will be presented the secondary and lateral duties of the obligational law and, in particular, of the alternative law. Then, a chapter is devoted to the exercise of the right of choice, most important characteristic of this type of obligation. Then the cases of extinction of one or all obligations will be explored. Finally, it will be presented the differences between the object of this paper and other species of obligations / Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar detalhadamente as principais características das obrigações alternativas, positivadas nos artigos 252 e seguintes da Lei 10.406, de 10 de janeiro de 2002. Trata-se de um reestudo com base nos atuais princípios do Código Civil de 2002 e nos ensinamentos da doutrina jurídica. Tal tema mostra-se pertinente por não ter sido objeto de recentes estudos, em razão de sua aparente simplicidade. Contudo, como será demonstrado, trata-se de matéria bastante relevante por proporcionar às partes maiores possibilidades de adimplemento com a consequente diminuição de riscos envolvidos nas relações negociais/pessoais. Adicionalmente, há de ser feita uma interpretação que vai além da letra da lei propriamente dita, abrangendo também a atual relevância dos deveres secundários e laterais nas relações obrigacionais. O trabalho abordará a influência dos atuais princípios do ordenamento civil brasileiro nas obrigações alternativas, em especial no tocante ao exercício do direito de escolha e na conservação dos objetos indicados como passíveis de adimplemento da prestação. Para tanto, inicialmente, será feita uma introdução sobre as obrigações alternativas e seu tratamento em ordenamentos jurídicos estrangeiros. Nesse momento, também serão apresentados os deveres secundários e laterais do direito das obrigações e, em especial, das alternativas. Depois, um capítulo é dedicado ao exercício do direito de escolha, característica mais importante dessa modalidade de obrigação. Então serão tratados os casos de perecimento de uma ou todas as obrigações. Ao final, serão apresentadas as distinções entre o objeto deste trabalho e outras espécies de obrigações

This thesis determines and examines the obstacles to Saudi women's right to work in terms of religious and cultural barriers and limited access to higher education through an analysis of Sharia sources, Saudi domestic law and international human rights treaties pertaining to Saudi women's right to work in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It also delineates the provisions for women's right to work in Sharia and Saudi domestic law in the public and private sectors. The thesis also examines the reservations that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has entered into, and some of the international human rights treaties it has ratified, with a particular focus on the application of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). It also examines Saudi Arabia's obligations under International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions. In the context of Saudi domestic law, it identifies obstacles that underlie Saudi Arabia's decision not to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); it examines the arguments for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia signing up to the ICESCR; and it examines Saudi Arabia's obligations to respect, protect and fulfil women's right to work under CEDAW. The protection of women's right to work under customary international law, by its sources will be explored. This section will look through customary international law elements; whether or not women's right to work is protected. Finally, the thesis provides recommendations for action which can be taken by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to provide Saudi women with equal rights to work. It also makes recommendations concerning ratified and pending international human rights treaties which have the capacity to protect Saudi women's right to work.

Modern states are committed to the implicit assumption that one generation has the normative power to bind later generations through laws and contracts. My dissertation explores this assumption through two case studies: constitutions and sovereign debt contracts. I show that in both cases the assumption of transgenerational binding shapes the legal practices and doctrines of modern states. It informs, for instance, the ratification of eternity clauses, the interpretation of constitutions, and the doctrines of sovereign immunity and odious debt. But although these practices of transgenerational binding are prevalent in modern states, they stand in tension, I argue, with the liberal moral commitments of these states. Liberals are committed to moral individualism, according to which only individual human beings (and some nonhuman animals) are moral persons. Moral individualism, I show, is incompatible with the assumption of transgenerational binding and its accompanying practices and doctrines. By contrast, moral statism, according to which states themselves are moral persons, can easily justify those transgenerational practice. But moral statist justifications are illiberal because they assign states intrinsic moral status above and beyond individual human beings. I argue that liberals must engage in revisionism whichever theory of political obligation they pick - whether it is a theory of agreement, restitution, justice, reciprocity, or instrumentalism. If liberals assume moral individualism and combine it with any of these theories, they will be forced either to declare some transgenerational practices and doctrines illegitimate or to revise the justification and scope of transgenerational binding in light of instrumentalism. If liberals choose moral statism, they will be able to justify the transgenerational doctrines and practices of constitutions and sovereign debt contracts - but only at the cost of illiberalism. The dissertation's analysis thus shows that liberals face a trilemma between illegitimacy, instrumentalism, and illiberalism.

Unjust enrichment under business law The aim of this work is to analyze the unjust enrichment with its overlap to commercial law. The introduction of the text summarizes the historical development of unjust enrichment from ancient Roman law provisions, including the Austrian General Civil Code and the Civil Code from 1950 up to the history of the currently effective codex published under no. 40/1964 Coll. This historical analysis points out certain analogies with the current regulation and the development of elements that are the foundation of today's unjust enrichment legislation. The following part of the work contains analysis of the current de lege lata legislation of unjust enrichment in the commercial law, the subsequent part constitutes the crucial part of this work that is concerned directly with unjust enrichment in the commercial law. First, it analyses the term of business contractual obligations, then it analyses the relationship between the Civil Code and the Commercial Code and finally it sums up the expert discussion relating to the unjust enrichment in the commercial law and subsequently the author presents his personal view of the problem and the effects of the unjust enrichment, especially on the question of limitation period, are considered briefly. The final chapter consists...