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Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are two efficient technologies used to achieve higher data rate, lowlatency, robustness against fading used in 5G New Radio (NR). At the receiver end,the data arrives distorted due to disturbance during transfer over the wireless channel.Channel estimation is the applied technique at the receiver end to overcome this problemand mitigate the effect of the disturbance over the wireless channel. The main objective of this thesis is to port an existing channel estimator from a prototypesimulator for 5G to a complete Link-Level simulator that currently has support for 4Gtraffic. Two channel estimation algorithms have been investigated and implemented inthe Link-Level simulator based on MIMO-OFDM system. The channel estimators arethe Least Square (LS) and the Linear Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE). Theperformance of the channel estimators is evaluated in terms of Bit Error Rate vs Signalto Noise Ratio. The effectiveness of those implemented algorithms is evaluated using a simulation,where the results show that each channel estimation algorithm is suitable for a specificuse case and depends on channel properties and different scenarios but regardless thetime complexity, the LMMSE has better performance than the LS.

The purpose of the project is to investigate the possibility of using modern machine learning to model nonlinear analog devices like the Power Amplifier (PA), and study the feasibility of using such models in wireless systems design. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the most prominent modulation technique used in several standards like 802.11a,802.11n, 802.11ac and more. Telecommunication systems like LTE, LTE/Aand WiMAX are also based on OFDM. Nevertheless, OFDM system shows high peak to average power (PAPR) in time domain because it comprises of many subcarriers added via inverse fast Fourier transform(IFFT). HighPAPR results in an increased symbol error rate, while degrading the efficiency of the PA. Digital predistortion (DPD) still suffers from high symbol error rate (SER) and reduced PA efficiency, when there is an increase in peak back off(PBO). A receiver based nonlinearity distortion reduction approach can be justified by the fact that base stations have high computation power. A iterative-decision-feedback mitigation technique can be implemented as a receiver side compensation assuming memoryless PA nonlinearities. For successful distortion reduction the iterative-decision based technique required the knowledge of the transmitter PA. The author proposes to identify the nonlinear PA model using machine learning techniques like nonlinear regression and deep learning. The results show promising improvement in SER reduction with small PA model learning time. / Syftet med detta projekt är att undersöka möjligheterna att använda modernmaskininlärning för att beskriva ickelinjära analoga enheter såsom effektförstärkareoch att studera hur användbart det är att använda sådana modeller föratt designa trådlösa kommunikationssystem. OFDM (ortogonal frekvensmultiplex)är en av de vanligast förekommande modulationsteknikerna, som användsi standarder såsom 802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11ac and andra. Telekommunikationssystemsom LTE, LTE/A och WiMAX baseras också på OFDM. Dock resulterarOFDM i hög toppeffekt i förhållande till medeleffekten (hög PAPR) i tidsdomänen,eftersom signalen består av många delkanaler som summeras mha inversdiskret fouriertransform (IFFT). En hög PAPR resulterar i ökad symbolfelshaltoch försämrar effektiviteten hos effektförstärkaren. Digital predistortion (DPD)kan förbättra situationen men ger fortfarande hög symbolfelshalt och försämradförstärkareffektivitet, när man drar ned sändeffekten för undvika kvarvarandeickelineariteter. Att minska förvrängningen från ickelineariteterna vid mottagarenkan motiveras i system där basstationerna har hög beräkningsförmåga. Enmetod för att reducera förvrängningarna kan implementeras på mottagarsidan,baserad på iterativ beslutsåterkoppling, under antagandet om att sändarens effektförstärkarehar en minneslös ickelinearitet. För att störningsreduceringenska fungera väl, krävs god kunskap om sändarens effektförstärkare. Författarenföreslår att identifiera en ickelinjär modell för förstärkaren mha maskininlärningstekniker,såsom ickelinjär regression och djup inlärning. Resultaten visarlovande förbättringar av symbolfelshalten med en låg inlärningstid för förstärkarmodellen.

Yes / Recent studies suggest that multicarrier systems using wavelets outperform conventional OFDM systems using the FFT, in that they have well-contained side lobes, improved spectral efficiency and BER performance, and they do not require a cyclic prefix. Here we study the wavelet packet and discrete wavelet transforms, comparing the BER performance of wavelet transform-based multicarrier systems and Fourier based OFDM systems, for multipath Rayleigh channels with AWGN. In the proposed system zero-forcing channel estimation in the frequency domain has been used. Results confirm that discrete wavelet-based systems using Daubechies wavelets outperform both wavelet packet transform- based systems and FFT-OFDM systems in terms of BER. Finally, Alamouti coding and maximal ratio combining schemes were employed in MIMO environments, where results show that the effects of multipath fading were greatly reduced by the antenna diversity.

Yes / New orthogonal wavelet transforms can be designed by changing the wavelet basis functions or by constructing new low-pass filters (LPF). One family of wavelet may appeal, in use, to a particular application than another. In this study, the wavelet transform based on raisedcosine spectrum is used as an independent orthogonal wavelet to study multicarrier modulation behaviour over multipath channel environment. Then, the raised-cosine wavelet is compared with other well-known orthogonal wavelets that are used, also, to build multicarrier modulation systems. Traditional orthogonal wavelets do not have side-lobes, while the raised-cosine wavelets have lots of side-lobes; these characteristics influence the wavelet behaviour. It will be shown that the raised-cosine wavelet transform, as an orthogonal wavelet, does not support the design of multicarrier application well like the existing well-known orthogonal wavelets.

The capacity of a cellular system is limited by two different phenomena, namely multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). A Two Dimensional (2-D) receiver combats both of these by processing the signal both in the spatial and temporal domain. An ideal 2-D receiver would perform joint space-time processing, but at the price of high computational complexity. In this dissertation we investigate computationally simpler technique termed as a Beamformer-Rake. In a Beamformer-Rake, the output of a beamformer is fed into a succeeding temporal processor to take advantage of both the beamformer and Rake receiver. Wireless service providers throughout the world are working to introduce the third generation (3G) cellular service that will provide higher data rates and better spectral efficiency. Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) has been widely accepted as one of the air interfaces for 3G. A Beamformer-Rake receiver can be an effective solution to provide the receivers enhanced capabilities needed to achieve the required performance of a WCDMA system. This dissertation investigates different Beamformer-Rake receiver structures suitable for the WCDMA system and compares their performance under different operating conditions. This work develops Beamformer-Rake receivers for WCDMA uplink that employ Eigen-Beamforming techniques based on the Maximum Signal to Noise Ratio (MSNR) and Maximum Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (MSINR) criteria. Both the structures employ Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) to exploit temporal diversity. MSNR based Eigen-Beamforming leads to a Simple Eigenvalue problem (SE). This work investigates several algorithms that can be employed to solve the SE and compare the algorithms in terms of their computational complexity and their performance. MSINR based Eigen-Beamforming results in a Generalized Eigenvalue problem (GE). The dissertation describes several techniques to form the GE and algorithms to solve it. We propose a new low-complexity algorithm, termed as the Adaptive Matrix Inversion (AMI), to solve the GE. We compare the performance of the AMI to other existing algorithms. Comparison between different techniques to form the GE is also compared. The MSINR based beamforming is demonstrated to be superior to the MSNR based beamforming in the presence of strong interference. There are Pilot Symbol Assisted (PSA) beamforming techniques that exploit the Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) criterion. We compare the MSINR based Beamformer-Rake with the same that utilizes Direct Matrix Inversion (DMI) to perform MMSE based beamforming in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER). In a wireless system where the number of co-channel interferers is larger than the number of elements of a practical antenna array, we can not perform explicit null-steering. As a result the advantage of beamforming is partially lost. In this scenario it is better to attain diversity gain at the cost of spatial aliasing. We demonstrate this with the aid of simulation. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier technique that has recently received considerable attention for high speed wireless communication. OFDM has been accepted as the standard for Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) and Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) in Europe. It has also been established as one of the modulation formats for the IEEE 802.11a wireless LAN standard. OFDM has emerged as one of the primary candidates for the Fourth Generation (4G) wireless communication systems and high speed ad hoc wireless networks. We propose a simple pilot symbol assisted frequency domain beamforming technique for OFDM receiver and demonstrate the concept of sub-band beamforming. Vector channel models measured with the MPRG Viper test-bed is also employed to investigate the performance of the beamforming scheme. / Ph. D.

Bridging machine learning technologies to multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications systems is a primary driving force for next-generation wireless systems. This dissertation introduces a variety of neural network structures for symbol detection/equalization tasks in MIMO systems configured with two different waveforms, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and orthogonal time frequency and space (OTFS). The former one is the major air interface in current cellular systems. The latter one is developed to handle high mobility. For the sake of real-time processing, the introduced neural network structures are incorporated with inductive biases of wireless communications signals and operate in an online training manner. The utilized inductive priors include the shifting invariant property of quadrature amplitude modulation, the time-frequency relation inherent in OFDM signals, the multi-mode feature of massive antennas, and the delay-Doppler representation of doubly selective channel. In addition, the neural network structures are rooted in reservoir computing - an efficient neural network computational framework with decent generalization performance for limited training datasets. Therefore, the resulting neural network structures can learn beyond observation and offer decent transmission reliability in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. This dissertation includes comprehensive simulation results to justify the effectiveness of the introduced NN architectures compared with conventional model-based approaches and alternative neural network structures. / Doctor of Philosophy / An important topic for next-generation wireless systems is the integration of machine learning technologies with conventional communications systems. This dissertation introduces several neural network architectures to solve the transmission problems in wireless communications systems. The discussion focuses on the following major modern communications technologies: multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), and orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS). In today's cellular networks, MIMO and OFDM are the major air-interface. OTFS is a novel technique that has been designed to work in a high-mobility setting. The implemented neural network structures are integrated with inductive biases of wireless communications signals and operate in an online training mode with limited training datasets. The neural network architectures, in particular, are based on reservoir computing, which is an efficient neural network computational system. A learning algorithm's inductive bias (also known as learning bias) is a collection of assumptions that the learner makes to infer outputs from unknown inputs. The dissertation introduces four different inductive priors from four different perspectives of MIMO communications systems. As a result, the neural network architectures can learn beyond observation and provide good generalization output in scenarios having model mismatch issues. The dissertation provides extensive simulation results to support the efficacy of the implemented NN architectures compared to alternative neural network models and traditional model-based approaches.

[ES] Esta tesis explora en profundidad la viabilidad técnica y las prestaciones de un sistema de transmisión para comunicaciones ópticas, de bajo coste y alta velocidad, basado en la multiplexación por división de frecuencia ortogonal (OFDM) mediante la implementación de los algoritmos de procesamiento digital de la señal en tiempo real sobre dispositivos de lógica programable (FPGA). Los sistemas de transmisión de modulación de intensidad y detección directa (IM/DD) parecen ser la solución más interesante para las redes ópticas pasivas (PONs) de bajo coste que serán necesarias para responder a la gran demanda de tráfico de los próximos años, producto del aumento significativo de dispositivos conectados a internet, servicios y programas en la nube, vídeo de alta definición, entre otros. Por tanto, esta tesis tiene como objetivo principal obtener la máxima tasa binaria y eficiencia espectral posible de un sistema IM/DD OFDM en PON (de una sola banda y una sola longitud de onda). Con esta finalidad se ha desarrollado la arquitectura hardware de un receptor OFDM de alta velocidad que opera en tiempo real en un dispositivo FPGA Virtex-7 a una frecuencia de reloj de 312,5 MHz utilizando un conversor analógico digital con una tasa de muestreo de 5 GS/s. Para lograr las mejores prestaciones posibles, se ha intentado aprovechar al máximo el ancho de banda del sistema (acercándose al límite de Nyquist) y se ha realizado una carga variable de las subportadoras del símbolo OFDM atendiendo a las características del canal electro-óptico. Además, se han diseñado e implementado los algoritmos de procesamiento necesarios para la detección y demodulación de los símbolos OFDM, y se ha desarrollado una plataforma experimental que ha permitido validarlos en tiempo real a través de un enlace de fibra monomodo estándar (SSMF). El principal resultado de esta tesis es el haber demostrado experimentalmente que con el sistema propuesto se puede alcanzar una tasa binaria de 19,63 Gb/s y una eficiencia espectral de 8,07 bit/s/Hz sobre 20 km de SSMF, lo cual implica casi duplicar las mejores prestaciones publicadas hasta la fecha. Para completar el diseño del receptor, se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de sincronización de tiempo basado en la correlación cruzada entre un preámbulo conocido y la señal OFDM recibida, el cual presenta una tasa de error extremadamente baja, aun en condiciones de muy baja SNR, y su diseño optimizado requiere menos recursos que otros sincronizadores publicados hasta la fecha. También se ha desarrollado un procesador de FFT de longitud variable mediante una arquitectura paralela segmentada que permite alcanzar hasta una tasa de 10 GS/s en dispositivos Virtex-7 con una eficiencia (área/velocidad) superior a la de otros trabajos publicados, y un ecualizador de canal basado en una técnica de estimación y compensación en frecuencia, que utiliza un preámbulo característico para poder disminuir la complejidad hardware y aumentar la precisión de la estimación. Todos los algoritmos implementados en esta tesis doctoral han sido diseñados para procesar 16 muestras en paralelo, y así poder reducir la frecuencia de reloj (5 GHz/16) hasta valores aceptables para los dispositivos FPGA. / [CA] Aquesta tesi explora en profunditat la viabilitat tècnica i les prestacions d'un sistema de transmissió per a comunicacions òptiques, de baix cost i alta velocitat, basat en la multiplexació per divisió en freqüència ortogonal (OFDM) mitjançant la implementació d'algorismes de processat digital del senyal en temps real sobre dispositius de lògica programable (FPGA). Els sistemes de transmissió de modulació d'intensitat i detecció directa (IM/DD) semblen ser la solució més interesant per a les xarxes òptiques passives (PON) de baix cost que seran necessàries per respondre a la gran demanda de tràfic dels propers anys, producte de l'augment significatiu de dispositius connectats a Internet, serveis i programari al núvol, vídeo d'alta definició, entre d'altres. Per tant, aquesta tesi té com objectiu principal obtenir la màxima taxa binaria i eficiència espectral possible d'un sistema IM/DD OFDM en PON (amb una sola banda i una sola longitud d'ona). Amb aquesta finalitat s'ha desenvolupat l'arquitectura hardware d'un receptor OFDM d'alta velocitat que treballa en temps real a un dispositiu FPGA Virtex-7 amb una freqüència de rellotge de 312,5 MHz utilitzant un convertidor analògic a digital amb una taxa de mostreig de 5 GS/s. Per aconseguir les millors prestacions possibles, s'ha intentat aprofitar al màxim l'ample de banda del sistema (aproximant-se al límit de Nyquist) i s'ha realitzat una càrrega variable de les subportadores del símbol OFDM atenent a les característiques del canal electró-òptic. A més, s'han dissenyat e implementat els algorismes de processament necessaris per la detecció i desmodulació dels símbols OFDM, i s'ha desenvolupat una plataforma experimental que ha permès validar-los en temps real a través d'un enllaç de fibra monomode estàndard (SSMF). El principal resultat d'aquesta tesi és haver demostrat experimentalment que amb el sistema proposat es pot arribar a una taxa binaria de 19,63 Gb/s amb una eficiència espectral de 8,07 bits/s/Hz sobre 20 km de SSMF, la qual cosa implica quasi duplicar les millors prestacions publicades fins aquest moment. Per completar el disseny del receptor, s'ha desenvolupat un algorisme de sincronització de temps basat en la correlació creuada entre un preàmbul conegut i el senyal OFDM rebut, el qual presenta una taxa d'error extremadament baixa, inclòs en condicions de molt baixa SNR, i el seu disseny optimitzat requereix menys recursos que altres sincronitzadors publicats fins el moment. També s'ha desenvolupat un processador de FFT de longitud variable mitjançant una arquitectura paral·lela segmentada que permet arribar fins una taxa de 10 GS/s en dispositius Virtex-7 amb una eficiència (àrea/velocitat) superior a la d'altres treballs publicats, i un equalitzador de canal basat en una tècnica d'estimació i compensació en freqüència, que utilitza un preàmbul característic per poder disminuir la complexitat hardware i augmentar la precisió de l'estimació. Tots els algorismes implementats a aquesta tesi doctoral han sigut dissenyats per processar 16 mostres en paral·lel, i així poder reduir la freqüència de rellotge (5 GHz/16) fins valors acceptables pels dispositius FPGA. / [EN] This thesis presents an in-depth exploration of the technical feasibility and achievable performance of a low-cost and high-speed optical communication system based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) through the implementation of real-time digital signal processing algorithms over programmable logic devices (FPGA). Optical transmission systems based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) is considered as one of the most interesting solutions for the deployment of the low-cost passive optical networks (PONs) that will be needed to cover the high traffic demand in the coming years. This demand is fueled, among others, by the significant increase of connected devices to the Internet, services and programs in the cloud, high definition video, etc. The main objective of this thesis is to achieve the maximum bitrate and spectral efficiency of an IM/DD PON OFDM system (using a single band and a single wavelength). To this end, the hardware architecture of a high-speed real-time OFDM receiver, including all the necessary algorithms to perform the detection and demodulation of the OFDM symbols, has been implemented in a Virtex-7 FPGA device at a clock frequency of 312.5 MHz using a digital analog converter with a sampling rate of 5 GS/s. To reach the best possible performance, all the system bandwidth has been employed and the OFDM subcarriers have been loaded according to the characteristics of the electro-optical channel. An experimental platform for optical transmission through standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) has been developed to evaluate in real-time the performance of the implemented receiver. The main result of this thesis is the experimental validation of the proposed system that has achieved a bit rate of 19.63 GS/s and a spectral efficiency of 8.07 bit/s/Hz over 20 km SSMF. These results almost double the best performance published to date. The receiver implementation included the design and development of several algorithms. First, it was designed a time synchronization algorithm (TSA) based on the cross-correlation between a known preamble and the received OFDM signal. This TSA has a good performance in low-SNR scenarios and its optimized design requires fewer resources than other synchronizers published in the literature. Second, a variable length parallel pipelined FFT processor has been implemented in a Virtex-7 device, it reaches a throughput of 10 GS/s with an efficiency (area/speed) higher than that of other published works. And finally, a channel equalizer working in the frequency domain to estimate and compensate channel distortions, which uses a known preamble to decrease the hardware complexity and increase the accuracy of the estimation, has been implemented. All the algorithms in this thesis have been developed to process 16 samples in parallel, thus reducing the required clock frequency (5 GHz/16) to acceptable values for the FPGA devices. / Deseo expresar mi gratitud a las autoridades de la Facultad Regional Buenos Aires de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional por el apoyo económico y personal recibido durante la realización de esta tesis. / Bruno, JS. (2019). Algoritmos y arquitecturas hardware para la implementación de OFDM en sistemas de comunicaciones ópticos [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/119988

This dissertation provides theory and analysis on the impact resource management has on software-defined radio platforms by investigating the inherent trade-off between spectrum and processing effciencies with their relation to both the power consumed by the host processor and the complexity of the algorithm which it can support. The analysis demonstrates that considerable resource savings can be gained without compromising the resulting quality of service to the user, concentrating specifically on physical-layer signal processing elements commonly found in software definitions of single- and multi-carrier communications signals. Novel synchronization techniques and estimators for unknown physical layer reference parameters are introduced which complement the energy-quality scalability of software-defined receivers. A new framing structure is proposed for single-carrier systems which enables fast synchronization of short packet bursts, applicable for use in dynamic spectrum access. The frame is embedded with information describing its own structure, permitting the receiver to automatically modify its software configuration, promoting full waveformfl‚exibility for adapting to quickly changing wireless channels. The synchronizer's acquisition time is reduced by exploiting cyclostationary properties in the preamble of transmitted framing structure, and the results are validated over the air in a wireless multi-path laboratory environment. Multi-carrier analysis is concentrated on synchronizing orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) using offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OFDM/OQAM) which is shown to have significant spectral compactness advantages over traditional OFDM. Demodulation of OFDM/OQAM is accomplished using computationally effcient polyphase analysis filterbanks, enabled by a novel approximate square-root Nyquist filter design based on the near-optimum Kaiser-Bessel window. Furthermore, recovery of sample timing and carrier frequency offsets are shown to be possible entirely in the frequency domain, enabling demodulation in the presence of strong interference signals while promoting heterogeneous signal coexistence in dynamic spectrum environments. Resource management is accomplished through the introduction of a self-monitoring framework which permits system-level feedback to the radio at run time. The architecture permits the radio to monitor its own processor usage, demonstrating considerable savings in computation bandwidths on the tested platform. Resource management is assisted by supervised intelligent heuristic-based learning algorithms which use software-level feedback of the radio's active resource consumption to optimize energy and processing effciencies in dynamic spectrum environments. In particular, a case database-enabled cognitive engine is proposed which abstracts from the radio application by using specific knowledge of previous experience rather than relying on general knowledge within a specific problem domain. / Ph. D.

Yes / A major drawback in deploying beamforming scheme in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is to obtain the optimal weights that are associated with information beams. Two beam weighting methods, namely co-phasing and singular vector decomposition (SVD), are considered to maximize the signal beams for such beamforming scheme. Initially the system performance with and without interleaving is investigated using coded fast Fourier transform (FFT)-OFDM and wavelet-based OFDM. The two beamforming schemes are applied to the wavelet-based OFDM as confirmed to perform better than the FFT-OFDM. It is found that the beam-weight by SVD improves the performance of the system by about 2dB at the expense of the co-phasing method. The capacity performances of the weighting methods are also compared and discussed.