[pt] TV Digital é um dos assuntos mais discutidos na atualidade, devido ao grau de influência que ela exerce sobre toda população, pelas inovações propostas que conseqüentemente trarão novas e interessantes facilidades aos espectadores, e pela corrida tecnológica que ela está desenvolvendo. O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de análise de desempenho do padrão de TV Digital japonês ISDB-T. Através dela é possível identificar as características positivas e negativas do sistema, fazer uma análise mais detalhada do padrão e identificar os benefícios que esta nova tecnologia trás para os telespectadores. Ainda, o desempenho da transmissão é avaliado através dos resultados gerados pela ferramenta, sob forma de gráficos, que servem como método comparativo entre as diversas configurações possíveis no sistema. Estas comparações permitem a identificação da configuração ótima para cada tipo do canal. / [en] Digital TV is one of the most discussed subjects nowadays, due to the influence they exerce in population, the services offered by innovations and the technological race developed. A tool which has been developed to asses the quality of ISDB-T system trough the simulation will be discussed in this work. This tool enable us to test the data transmission performance of all ISDB-T system configuration. Situations simulated involves AWGN channel and, to evaluate one most disturbing interference on television signal, AWGN plus multipath channel is also under consideration. The results are shown in graphics, which allow comparisons among all possible configurations and to know the performance of this system.

Comme toutes modulations multiporteuses, l'OFDM souffre d'une forte variation d'amplitudes qui se traduit par un PAPR élevé. Cette caractéristique de l'OFDM la rend très sensible aux non-linéarités de l'amplificateur de puissance. Pour faire face à cette problématique, on peut surdimensionner l'amplificateur de puissance (solution non efficace en terme de rendement énergétique), linéariser l'amplificateur via les techniques de pré-distorsions, ou réduire le PAPR du signal avant amplification. L'objectif de cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette dernière thématique et plus particulièrement sur les techniques dites d'ajout de signal.Dans cette thèse, après une étude sur l'état de l'art des techniques de réduction du PAPR et en particulier les techniques dites d'ajout de signal, nous avons développé et proposé de nouvelles techniques de réduction du PAPR. Ces contributions s'articulent principalement autour des techniques de Clipping et de la Tone Reservation. / One of the main drawbacks of the OFDM modulation scheme is its high Peak-To-Average Power variation (PAPR) which can induce poor power efficiency at the transmitter amplifier. The digital base band pre-distortion for linearisation of power amplifier and the PAPR mitigation are the most commonly used solution in order to deals with efficiency and linearisation at the high power amplifier. This thesis is focused on the PAPR mitigation solution, and particularly on the adding signal based techniques. The proposed solutions in this report are about improving the Tone Reservation method which is the most popular adding signal based technique for PAPR mitigation, and also the classical clipping method which is the most simple method (in terms of computational complexity) actually.

L’OFDM est une technique de modulation multiporteuses largement utilisée dans des applications de communications filaires et sans-fils comme le DVB-T/T2, le Wifi, et la 4G, grâce à sa robustesse contre les canaux sélectifs en fréquence en comparaison avec la modulation monoporteuse. Cependant, le signal OFDM souffre de grandes variations d’amplitude. Les fluctuations de l’enveloppe du signal OFDM génèrent des distorsions non-linéaires quand on introduit le signal dans un équipement non-linéaire comme l’amplificateur de puissance. Réduire les variations du signal améliore le rendement de l’amplificateur, réduit la consommation énergétique et diminue les émissions de CO2 des transmissions numériques.Le PAPR (rapport de la puissance crête sur la puissance moyenne) est une variable aléatoire qui a été introduite pour mesurer les variations du signal. Il existe plusieurs systèmes multiporteuses basés sur différentes bases de modulation et filtres de mise en forme. Nous prouvons d’abord dans ces travaux que le PAPR dépend de cette structure de modulation. Ensuite, nous étudions le comportement du PAPR vis-à-vis des formes d’ondes utilisées dans la modulation. Le problème de réduction du PAPR est ainsi formulé en un problème d’optimisation. Par ailleurs, une condition nécessaire pour construire des formes d’ondes avec un meilleur PAPR que l’OFDM est développée. Cette condition est notamment satisfaite par des bases en ondelettes. Enfin, une nouvelle forme d’onde en paquets d’ondelettes adaptative est proposée, permettant des gains significatifs en PAPR, tout en maintenant les avantages des modulations multiporteuses. / OFDM is a multicarrier modulation system widely used in wireline and wireless applications such as DVB-T/T2, Wifi, and 4G, due to its resilience against frequency selective channels compared with the single carrier modulation systems. However, the OFDM signal suffers from large amplitude variations. The fluctuations of the OFDM envelope generate non-linear distortions when we introduce the signal into a non-linear device like the power amplifier. Reducing the variations of the signal improves the power amplifier efficiency, reduces the energy consumption and decreases CO2 emissions.The peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) has been introduced as a random variable that measures the power variations of the signal. There exist several multicarrier modulation systems based on different modulation basis and shaping filters. We first prove in this work that the PAPR depends on this modulation structure. Moreover, the behaviour of the PAPR regarding to the modulation waveforms is analysed and the PAPR reduction problem is formulated as an optimization problem. Furthermore, a necessary condition for designing waveforms with better PAPR than OFDM is developed. This necessary condition is particularly satisfied by wavelet basis. Finally, a new adaptive wavelet packet waveform is proposed, allowing significant gain in terms of PAPR, while keeping the advantages of multicarrier modulations.

Este projeto tem como objetivo a especicação de um enlace de comunicação digital para veículos aéreos não tripulados. Os principais desaos presentes no meio de transmissão serão evidenciados, assim como o impacto acarretado no sistema de comunicação. O projeto foi dividido entre a parte analógica e digital. A parte analógica tratará dos requisitos de potência para o devido funcionamento do canal através do procedimento de link budget. O projeto da parte digital, por sua vez, empregará a técnica de transmissão OFDM. No presente trabalho foi sugerido um método de estimação do canal utilizando os tons pilotos. O desempenho desta abordagem será medido através de uma simulação de monte Carlo / This project aims to design a digital data communication link for unmaned aerial vehicles. We will focus the main challenges and their impacts in the communication system. The project was divided in an analog and digital block. The analog block address the power requirements that make the system works by using a link budget procedure. The digital block will use the OFDM transmission technique. In this work we also suggest a channel estimation procedure via pilot tones. The performance of this approach will be measured by Monte Carlo Simulation

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique which is robust against multipath fading and very easy to implement in transmitters and receivers using the inverse fast Fourier transform and the fast Fourier transform. A guard interval using cyclic prefix is inserted in each OFDM symbol to avoid the inter-symbol interference. This guard interval should be at least equal to, or longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel to combat against inter-symbol interference properly.<p> In coherent detection, channel estimation is required for the data detection of OFDM systems to equalize the channel effects. One of the popular techniques is to insert pilot tones (reference signals) in OFDM symbols. In conventional method, pilot tones are inserted into every OFDM symbols. Channel capacity is wasted due to the transmission of a large number of pilot tones. To overcome this transmission loss, incoherent data detection is introduced in OFDM systems, where it is not needed to estimate the channel at first. We use differential modulation based incoherent detection in this thesis for the data detection of OFDM systems. Data can be encoded in the relative phase of consecutive OFDM symbols (inter-frame modulation) or in the relative phase of an OFDM symbol in adjacent subcarriers (in-frame modulation). We use higher order differential modulation for in-frame modulation to compare the improvement of bit error rate. It should be noted that the single differential modulation scheme uses only one pilot tone, whereas the double differential uses two pilot tones and so on. Thus overhead due to the extra pilot tones in conventional methods are minimized and the detection delay is reduced. It has been observed that the single differential scheme works better in low SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) with low channel taps and the double differential works better at higher SNRs. Simulation results show that higher order differential modulation schemes don¡¯t have any further advantages. For inter-frame modulation, we use single differential modulation where only one OFDM symbol is used as a reference symbol. Except the reference symbol, no other overhead is required. We also perform channel estimation using differential modulation. Channel estimation using differential modulation is very easy and channel coefficients can be estimated very accurately without increasing any computational complexity. Our simulation results show that the mean square channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-2) at an SNR of 30 dB for double differential in-frame modulation scheme, whereas channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-4) for single differential inter-frame modulation. Incoherent data detection using classical DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) causes an SNR loss of approximately 3 dB compared to coherent detection. But in our method, differential detection can estimate the channel coefficients very accurately and our estimated channel can be used in simple coherent detection to improve the system performance and minimize the SNR loss that happens in conventional method.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique which is robust against multipath fading and very easy to implement in transmitters and receivers using the inverse fast Fourier transform and the fast Fourier transform. A guard interval using cyclic prefix is inserted in each OFDM symbol to avoid the inter-symbol interference. This guard interval should be at least equal to, or longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel to combat against inter-symbol interference properly.<p> In coherent detection, channel estimation is required for the data detection of OFDM systems to equalize the channel effects. One of the popular techniques is to insert pilot tones (reference signals) in OFDM symbols. In conventional method, pilot tones are inserted into every OFDM symbols. Channel capacity is wasted due to the transmission of a large number of pilot tones. To overcome this transmission loss, incoherent data detection is introduced in OFDM systems, where it is not needed to estimate the channel at first. We use differential modulation based incoherent detection in this thesis for the data detection of OFDM systems. Data can be encoded in the relative phase of consecutive OFDM symbols (inter-frame modulation) or in the relative phase of an OFDM symbol in adjacent subcarriers (in-frame modulation). We use higher order differential modulation for in-frame modulation to compare the improvement of bit error rate. It should be noted that the single differential modulation scheme uses only one pilot tone, whereas the double differential uses two pilot tones and so on. Thus overhead due to the extra pilot tones in conventional methods are minimized and the detection delay is reduced. It has been observed that the single differential scheme works better in low SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) with low channel taps and the double differential works better at higher SNRs. Simulation results show that higher order differential modulation schemes don¡¯t have any further advantages. For inter-frame modulation, we use single differential modulation where only one OFDM symbol is used as a reference symbol. Except the reference symbol, no other overhead is required. We also perform channel estimation using differential modulation. Channel estimation using differential modulation is very easy and channel coefficients can be estimated very accurately without increasing any computational complexity. Our simulation results show that the mean square channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-2) at an SNR of 30 dB for double differential in-frame modulation scheme, whereas channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-4) for single differential inter-frame modulation. Incoherent data detection using classical DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) causes an SNR loss of approximately 3 dB compared to coherent detection. But in our method, differential detection can estimate the channel coefficients very accurately and our estimated channel can be used in simple coherent detection to improve the system performance and minimize the SNR loss that happens in conventional method.

This thesis considers the analysis of system performance and resource allocation for a coded OFDM system over frequency selective fading channels. Due to the inseparable role taken by channel coding in a coded OFDM system, an information theoretical analysis is carried out and taken as the basis for the system performance and throughput. Based on the results of the information theoretical analysis, the optimal system BER performance of a coded OFDM system is first shown to converge to the outage probability for large OFDM block lengths. Instead of evaluating the outage probability numerically, we provide in this thesis a simple analytical closed form approximation of the outage probability for a coded OFDM system over frequency selective quasi-static fading channels. Simulation results of the turbo-coded OFDM systems further confirm the approximation of the outage probability. By taking the instantaneous channel capacity as the analytical building block, system throughput of a coded OFDM system is then provided. With the aim to compare the performance difference between adaptive and uniform resource allocation strategies, the system throughput of different allocation schemes under various channel conditions is analyzed. First, it is demonstrated that adaptive power allocation over OFDM sub-carriers at the transmitter achieves very little gain in terms of throughput over a uniform power distribution scheme. Theoretical analysis is then provided of the throughput increase of adaptive-rate schemes compared with fixed-rate schemes under various situations. Two practical OFDM systems implementing rate-compatible-punctured-turbo-code-based (RCPT-based) hybrid automatic-repeat-request (Hybrid-ARQ) and redundancy incremental Hybrid-ARQ protocols are also provided to verify the analytical results.

Η διαμόρφωση και η πολύπλεξη είναι από τα πιο σημαντικά τμήματα των συστημάτων ψηφιακής μετάδοσης και στόχος τους είναι να επιτύχουν την αποτελεσματική χρήση του καναλιού. Η τεχνική OFDM είναι μια μέθοδος διαμόρφωσης και πολύπλεξης για τη μετάδοση με πολλαπλές φέρουσες σε χρονικώς και συχνοτικώς επιλεκτικά κανάλια. Προσφέρει μεγαλύτερη ανοσία στη Διασυμβολική Παρεμβολή (ISI) και μπορεί να υλοποιηθεί εύκολα με χρήση του γρήγορου μετασχηματισμού Fourier. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία στοχεύει στην καλή κατανόηση και παρουσίαση του ασύρματου καναλιού, του ισοδύναμου μοντέλου βασικής ζώνης του, καθώς και των φυσικών παραμέτρων, βάσει των οποίων κατηγοριοποιούμε τα ασύρματα συστήματα. Εξαιτίας των διαλείψεων πολυδιόδευσης, που δεν μπορούν να αποφευχθούν στα ασύρματα συστήματα, η τεχνική OFDM είναι περισσότερο κατάλληλη για αυτά τα συστήματα, παρά για τα ενσύρματα. Στη συνέχεια, προσομοιώνεται ένα σύστημα OFDM για διάφορα είδη καναλιών. Συγκεκριμένα, αρχικά θεωρείται ως περιβάλλον μετάδοσης το κανάλι AWGN και στη συνέχεια, το συχνοτικώς επιλεκτικό, σταθερό κανάλι. Στην επόμενη προσομοίωση χρησιμοποιήθηκε (συχνοτικώς επιλεκτικό) σταθερό κανάλι με εκθετική κρουστική απόκριση. Στις δύο τελευταίες προσομοιώσεις θεωρήσαμε κανάλι Rayleigh επίπεδης διάλειψης και ένα είδος συχνοτικώς επιλεκτικού καναλιού με διαλείψεις Rayleigh, αντίστοιχα. / Modulation and multiplexing are between the most important parts of a digital transmission system and their goal is to achieve an efficient use of the channel. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is both a modulation and multiplexing method for multicarrier transmission through time and frequency selective channels. It offers a greater immunity to Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and can be easily implemented using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). This Diploma thesis aims at the interpretation and the presentation of wireless channel and OFDM technique, in detail. Initially, we described the wireless channel, its baseband equivalent, and the physical parameters that are used to classify the different types of it. Because of the multipath fading which is unavoidable in wireless systems, OFDM is more appropriate for these ones than for wire systems. Then, we simulate an OFDM system. The simulations take place in several types of (wireless) channel. Especially, we firstly considered an AWGN channel and then a frequency-selective, non-fading channel. We also used an exponential frequency-selective, non-fading channel. For the two last simulations we considered the one-tap (flat), Rayleigh fading channel, and a type of frequency-selective, fading channel.

Pour répondre à l'accroissement de la demande en bande passante, de nouveaux réseaux optiques sont mis en place. Ce déploiement s'accompagne de la mise en service de nouveaux standards de fibres optiques, ce qui pose la question de l'utilisation et de la mise en valeur du réseau fibré existant, et notamment des fibres multimodes déjà installées, rapidement vouées à l'obsolescence. On cherche ainsi à mettre à profit la diversité spatiale que procure la nature multimode des ces fibres, via une analogie avec le domaine radiofréquences. L'utilisation des techniques MIMO, largement répandue dans le contexte de transmission radiofréquences, peut constituer une solution à cette amélioration nécessaire de la capacité de transmission de ces fibres optiques multimodes. Ce travail de thèse s'intéresse donc à l'étude et à la transposition des techniques MIMO dans le cadre de transmissions sur fibre optique et aux enjeux et défis associés. La transmission de signaux OFDM via un schéma de transmission SIMO optique permet de démontrer l'intérêt de la transposition des techniques MIMO à l'optique et la faisabilité de tels dispositifs. / New technological uses such as cloud computing, smartphones, take part to the huge current increase of data consumption. This growth goes along with the development of optical networks, which will replace the copper networks with an higher and higher transmission capacity, thanks to new standards of fibers. This situation raises the question of the obsolete optical fibers reuse. It's shown in this thesis that MIMO techniques can be applied to multimode optical fibers in order to benefit from their inherent spatial diversity. This thesis focuses on the optical SIMO scheme, showing an improvement of the multimode fiber capacity for OFDM signals transmissions. We prove hereby the interest of such a technique, combining radio MIMO aspects and optical transmissions principles.

[pt] A necessidade pela transmissão em altas taxas, por exemplo nos novos sistemas de TV Digital de alta definição, telefonia celular de terceira e quarta geração, DSL e etc, trazem consigo um problema: o aumento dos múltiplos percursos no canal de comunicações (principalmente nas interfaces áereas), dando origem ao fenômeno de interferência intersimbólica (IES). Este trabalho investiga o desempenho de sistemas de transmissão com uma única portadora (SC ou single-carrier) com equalização linear no domínio da freqüência. Diferentes algoritmos recursivos são apresentados para implementar estes filtros FIR. Além dos equalizadores lineares, uma estrutura não-linear é introduzida, onde decisões passadas do decisor de mínima distância são utilizadas para mitigar os efeitos da IES na detecção dos símbolos subseqüentes. Este arranjo é conhecido como equalização/filtragem com decisões realimentadas (DFE ou Decision Feedback Equalizers). Por último, os resultados obtidos com o sistema SC nas diferentes configurações de filtragem na recepção são comparados com os resultados do já estabelecido sistema OFDM. A transmissão OFDM se dá com múltiplas portadoras, onde as freqüências das sub-portadoras são ortogonais entre si, permitindo que a informação seja enviada de forma paralela. Resultados mostram que os sistemas SC-FDE tem desempenho superior aos sistemas OFDM. / [en] The demand for high rate transmission systems, for example in HDTV, third and fourth generation cellular telephony, DSL and so on, causes the rise of a problem: The multipath communications channel (specially in wireless communications), which leads to intersymbol interference phenomenon (ISI). The present work investigates the performance of single-carrier (SC) transmission systems with frequency-domain linear equalization. Different recursive algorithms are presented in order to implement these FIR filters. Besides the linear equalizers, a non- linear structure is introduced, where the past decisions made by the detectors are used to mitigate the effect of ISI on the detection of the forthcoming symbols. This set is known as Decision Feedback Equalizers (DFE). Finally, the results of the aforementioned systems are compared to the well-known OFDM. OFDM transmission relies on sub-carriers, frequency orthogonal to each other, in which the data is sent in a parallel basis. The results obtained show that SC- FDE systems outperform OFDM systems.