OligossacarÃdeos prebiÃticos sÃo carboidratos capazes de chegar ao intestino grosso onde sÃo metabolizados pelas bidifidobactÃrias e lactobacilos ali presentes estimulando o seu crescimento. A importÃncia destes microrganismos està associada a sua relaÃÃo com a melhoria da intolerÃncia à lactose, melhora da funÃÃo intestinal, melhoria do sistema imunolÃgico, reduÃÃo de enzimas mutagÃnicas e sÃntese de vitaminas do complexo B. A enzima dextrana-sacarase pode ser facilmente obtida a partir da fermentaÃÃo do Leuconostoc mesenteroides em meio contendo sacarose como fonte de carbono. Esta enzima catalisa a formaÃÃo de dextrana em meio contendo sacarose como Ãnico substrato. Quando um aceptor està presente no meio de cultura, parte das unidades de glicose da sacarose sÃo desviadas da sÃntese de dextrana formando oligossacarÃdeos. A utilizaÃÃo do suco de caju, rico em glicose e frutose, visa o aproveitamento de excedentes agrÃcolas, reduzindo assim o custo do processo final. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a sÃntese de oligossacarÃdeos prebiÃticos a partir da fermentaÃÃo de duas linhagens de Leuconostoc mesenteroides; B512F e B742, ambas nÃo patogÃnicas e seguras do ponto de vista alimentar. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o processo fermentativo utilizando o suco de caju como substrato apresentou bons resultados, principalmente no que se refere ao crescimento microbiano, produÃÃo da enzima dextrana-sacarase e crescimento de Lactobacillus sendo sua utilizaÃÃo, portanto viÃvel. / Prebiotic oligosaccharides are carbohydrates able to reach the large intestine being metabolizated by bidifidobacterium and lactobacillus and stimulating their growth. The importance of these microorganisms is related with its improvement of the intolerance to the lactose, improvement of the intestinal function and the imunologic system, mutagenic enzyme reduction and vitamin synthesis of the complex B. The enzyme dextransucrase can be easily obtained through the fermentation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides in a medium containing sucrose as carbon source. This enzyme catalyzes the formation of dextran in a medium containing sucrose as the only substrate. When an acceptor is present in the culture medium, part of the glucose moieties from sucrose are deviated from the dextran synthesis forming prebiotic oligosaccharides. The use of the cashew juice, rich in glucose and fructose, aims to the use of an agriculture excess, reducing the cost of the final process. This work had as objective the study of synthesis of prebiotic oligosaccharides from the fermentation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides, B512F and B742, both non pathogenic and safe from the alimentary point of view. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that the fermentative process using the cashew juice as substratum presented good results, mainly for the microbial growth, production of the enzyme dextransucrase and growth of Lactobacillus being its use, therefore viable.

A indústria cosmética tem se dedicado a desenvolver produtos com apelo antienvelhecimento no intuito de prevenir, retardar e amenizar rugas, englobando assim diversos benefícios para pele em um único produto. Dessa forma, é de fundamental importância avaliar a influência da associação de diferentes ativos cosméticos em uma mesma formulação no que se refere à eficácia da mesma. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver formulações cosméticas contendo oligossacarídeos da alfafa, polissacarídeos da mandioca e filtros solares, bem como a analisar a influência desses componentes no sensorial, textura e eficácia clínica de tais formulações após uma única aplicação (efeitos imediatos) e com o uso prolongado (efeitos em longo prazo). Para tal, formulações cosméticas, contendo ou não filtros solares e ativos objeto de estudo, isolados ou em associação, foram desenvolvidas e submetidas a estudo de estabilidade. As formulações estáveis foram analisadas quanto à textura, espalhabilidade e sensorial. Foram avaliados os efeitos imediatos das formulações com relação a hidratação, função barreira e microrrelevo da pele. Ademais, foi realizada a eficácia clínica das formulações após 45 dias de aplicação na hidratação, função barreira, controle da oleosidade, propriedades mecânicas e microrrelevo da pele. Além disso, foi avaliada a quantidade e largura de poros, padrão de coloração de manchas na pele, ecogeneicidade e espessura da derme. De acordo com os resultados as formulações desenvolvidas foram estáveis e a formulação que contendo filtros e ativos obteve melhores resultados em relação a textura, espalhabilidade e sensorial. No estudo de eficácia clínica, a formulação multifuncional contendo filtros solares e os ativos mostrou efeitos mais pronunciados na melhora da hidratação, microrrelevo e viscoelasticidade da pele. Com relação à influência dos componentes da formulação, a presença de filtros solares na formulação interferiu negativamente nos efeitos imediatos na hidratação e função barreira da pele e positivamente nos parâmetros relacionados ao microrrelevo cutâneo. Os oligossacarídeos de alfafa e polissacarídeos da mandioca mostraram influência positiva e sinergismo na melhora das propriedades mecânicas da pele. Em síntese, a formulação contendo a associação de ativos e filtros solares mostrou eficácia na melhora imediata e em longo prazo das condições gerais da pele envelhecida, além de possuir características sensoriais que atenderam às expectativas das voluntárias, mostrando a importância. Por fim, este estudo mostrou a importância do conhecimento dos componentes das formulações cosméticas e da combinação de substâncias ativas e filtros solares para a elaboração de protocolos de Pesquisa & Desenvolvimento para a obtenção de cosméticos multifuncionais eficazes / The cosmetic industry has been dedicated to develop products with anti-aging appeal in order to prevent, delay and soften wrinkles, combining many benefits for the skin in a single product. Thus, it is crucial to evaluate the influence of the association of different cosmetic actives in the same formulation as regards the effectiveness thereof. In this context, the present study aimed to develop cosmetic formulations containing oligosaccharides alfalfa, polysaccharides cassava and sunscreens, as well as to analyze the influence of these components in the sensory, texture and clinical efficacy of such formulations after a single application (immediate effect) and prolonged use (long-term effects). The cosmetic formulations, with or without sunscreens and active ingredients studied, alone or in combination, were developed and undergone to stability studies. The stable formulations were analyzed regarding texture, spreadability and sensory. The immediate effects of the formulations were evaluated in relation to moisture, barrier function and skin microrelief. Furthermore, the clinical efficacy of the formulations were performed after 45 days of application and were observed the hydration, barrier function, control of sebum, mechanical properties and the skin microrelief. In addition, the number and width of pores staining pattern of spots, echogenicity and thickness of the dermis was evaluated. According to the results the developed formulations were stable and the formulation containing filters and actives showed better results in relation to texture, spreadability and sensory. In the study of clinical efficacy, multifunctional formulation containing sunscreens and actives showed more pronounced effects in improving hydration, micro relief and skin viscoelasticity. Regarding the influence of the formulation components, the presence of sunscreens in the formulation had a negative influence on the immediate effects on the skin hydration and barrier function and positive influence in the parameters related to the skin microrelief. The oligosaccharides and polysaccharides alfalfa cassava showed positive influence and synergism in improving the mechanical properties of the skin. In summary, the correlation of the techniques used were essential to the establishment of a stable multi-functional formulation, with sensory characteristics that met to the expectations of the volunteers and with proven clinical efficacy improving immediate and long-term effects of the general conditions of aging skin. Finally, this study showed the importance of knowledge of cosmetic formulations components for directing the Research & Development of effective multifunctional cosmetics.

Orientador: Gláucia Maria Pastore / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T02:44:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lemos_AdrianeCristinaGarcia_D.pdf: 1535863 bytes, checksum: be0f41cf63bbd79b46b680df59cba450 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Galacto-oligosacarídeos (GOS) são prebióticos obtidos via transgalactosilação enzimática da lactose. Dentre os vários benefícios associados ao consumo de GOS destaca-se a capacidade de estimular o crescimento e atividade de bactérias benéficas no cólon. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades prebióticas dos GOS sintetizados, a partir da lactose, por ß-galactosidase de Scopulariopsis sp. A digestibilidade e a fermentabilidade foram avaliadas in vitro, enquanto os efeitos prebióticos foram avaliados in vivo em um conjunto de experimentos com ratos Wistar. Os resultados observados in vitro demonstraram que os GOS produzidos neste estudo são indigeríveis, altamente fermentáveis e convertidos em ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (acetato, propionato e butirato). Estudos in vivo demonstraram que o consumo de diferentes doses de GOS por 42 dias não produziu efeitos tóxicos nos animais, evidenciado a partir de avaliações clínicas, exames hematológicos, bioquímicos, necroscópicos e histológicos. Os ratos suplementados com GOS apresentaram maior (p<0.05) população cecal de bifidobactérias (log10 10,05 ± 0,27 UFC/g) e lactobacilos (log10 8,92 ± 0,16 UFC/g). Para os ratos não suplementados com GOS estas proporções foram de log10 8,22 ± 0,33 e 7,2 ± 0,15 UFC/g, para bifidobacterias e lactobacilos,respectivamente. Por outro lado, a população de Escherichia coli foi significativamente reduzida (p<0.05), sendo 24,75% menor, quando comparada ao grupo controle sem GOS. Além disso, a fermentação dos GOS pelas bactérias intestinais resultou em um aumento na produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta de 2,73 vezes, em relação aos animais sem acréscimo de GOS na dieta.Observou-se, ainda, que o grupo suplementado com GOS apresentou maiores valores de espessura total da mucosa, altura dos vilos e profundidade das criptas,evidenciado pela maior relação altura de vilosidades:profundidade de cripta em relação ao grupo controle / Abstract: Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics obtained via transgalactosylation enzymatic of lactose. Among the many benefits associated with consumption of GOS stands the ability to stimulate growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties of prebiotic GOS synthesized from lactose by ß-galactosidase from Scopulariopsis sp. The digestibility and fermentability were evaluated in vitro, while the prebiotic effects were evaluated in vivo in a series of experiments with Wistar rats. The results observed in vitro showed that the GOS produced by this study are indigestible highly fermentable and converted into short-chain fatty acids (acetate,propionate and butyrate). In vivo studies have showed that consumption of different doses of GOS for 42 days produced no toxic effects in animals, as evidenced from clinical, hematological, biochemical, and histological necropsy. The rats supplemented with GOS had higher (p<0.05) cecal populations of bifidobacteria (log10 10.05 ± 0.27 UFC/g) and lactobacillus (log10 8.92 ± 0.16 UFC/g). For rats not supplemented with GOS these proportions were log10 8.22 ± 0.33 and 7.2 ± 0.15 UFC/g, for bifidobacteria and lactobacillus, respectively.Furthermore, the population of Escherichia coli was significantly reduced (p<0.05) and 24.75% less when compared to controls without GOS. Furthermore, the GOS fermentation by intestinal bacteria resulted in an increase in the production of short chain fatty acids from 2.73 times in compared with those without the addition of GOS diet.It was observed also the supplemented group with GOS showed higher values of total mucosal thickness, villous height and crypt depth, evidenced by the higher ratio of villus height: crypt depth in the control group / Doutorado / Ciência de Alimentos / Doutora em Ciência de Alimentos

Our large intestine is like a large metabolic organ colonised by microorganisms. Beneficial probiotic bacteria are of interest since they might metabolise certain prebiotic carbohydrates and produce metabolites that are suggested to promote health and prevent diseases.   Strains of Weissella have proven probiotic properties since they, for example, show ability to metabolise prebiotic oligosaccharides, are resistant to a low pH (pH 2-3) and bile salt. In a previous project, six new strains of Weissella were isolated from Indian fermented food and vegetables, and four of them, including strain 92, were able to ferment xylooligosaccharides and form short chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially acetic acid. This strengthened the probiotic potential of these strains.   The aim of this project was to see if previously untested oligosaccharides (arabinooligosaccharides (AOS), laminarioligosaccharides (LOS) and chitooligosaccharides (COS)) could be metabolised by Weissella strain 92.   This study includes the following steps; cell growth in MRS (De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) medium on different carbohydrates measured with spectrophotometer, pH measurement (analysing the difference of MRS medium (pH 6.42) pre and post cell growth, where reduced pH indicates acid production), and analysis of fermentation products (including SCFA (short chain fatty acids, e.g. acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid), lactic acid and ethanol) with an HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) instrument.   This research study has shown that Weissella strain 92 produces acetic and butyric acid as a consequence of use of AOS, LOS and COS, this indicates that the oligosaccharides are prebiotic and emphasizes the probiotic potential of Weissella strain 92.

CONTEXTE: Les " Type I Congenital disorders of glycosylation " (CDG-I) comportent des déficits de biosynthèse de l'oligosaccharide lié au dolichol (DLO) qui est nécessaire pour la N-glycosylation des protéines. Ces déficits induisent : 1) une hypoglycosylation des protéines qui serait à l'origine de la pathologie ; et 2) une accumulation de DLO tronqués à partir desquels, par un mécanisme encore inconnu, des structures oligosaccharidiques libres phosphorylées (OSP) sont générées dans le cytosol. Afin de comprendre le rôle de ce processus dans le CDG, il était donc nécessaire de caractériser l'activité qui est à l'origine des OSP.RESULTATS: J'ai caractérisé biochimiquement une DLO diphosphatase (DLODP) qui génère des OSP et du dolichol phosphate à partir de DLO. L'activité DLODP co-fractionne avec un marqueur de l'appareil de Golgi (AG) mais pas avec les enzymes réticulaires qui utilisent le dolichol phosphate. Cette localisation inattendue de DLODP m'a conduit à étudier la génération des OSP dans les cellules en utilisant la bréfeldine A (BFA) qui fusionne l'AG avec le RE. La BFA ne modifie pas les taux de DLO tronqués ni ceux des OSP cytoplasmiques dans un modèle cellulaire de CDG-I. Cependant, dans ces cellules et dans les cellules témoins, la BFA induit une forte augmentation des OSP dans le système endomembranaire à partir de DLO non-tronqués.CONCLUSION: L'identification de différents pools d'OSP, topologiquement distincts et pouvant être modulés de façon indépendante, révèle la multiplicité des mécanismes pour la génération d'OSP et suggère que la DLODP Golgienne n'est pas forcément l'enzyme responsable de la génération des OSP dans le contexte de CDG-I. / BACKGROUND: Type I congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG-I) are caused by genetic defects in the biosynthetic pathway for the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide (DLO) that is required for protein N-glycosylation. These mutations result in the accumulation of truncated DLO and protein hypoglycosylation. Although protein hypoglycosylation is thought to be the main pathogenic factor in CDG-I, the role of truncated DLO intermediates in cellular homeostasis is not clear. Truncated DLO intermediates are known to give rise to cytoplasmic oligosaccharyl phosphates (OSP) by an uncharacterized mechanism. To understand this DLO editing process biochemical and molecular characterization of the activity that generate OSP is needed.RESULTS: I biochemically characterized a DLO diphosphatase (DLODP) that generates OSP and dolichol phosphate from DLO. Subcellular fractionation of mouse liver homogenates demonstrated a microsomal activity that co-distributes with a Golgi apparatus (GA) marker but not with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-situated dolichol phosphate utilizing enzymes. This unexpected localization of DLODP prompted me to study OSP generation in cells using brefeldin A (BFA), which fuses the GA with the ER. BFA did not affect the levels of truncated DLO or cytoplasmic OSP, present in a cellular model of CDG-I. However, in these, and control cells, BFA caused striking increases of OSP within the endomembrane system. CONCLUSION: the identification of topologically distinct, independently modulated, OSP pools indicates multiple mechanisms for OSP generation and suggest that the GA-situated DLODP may not be the enzyme responsible for OSP generation in CDG-I.

Cieľom tejto diplomovej práce je stanoviť kvalitu a zloženie medu, taktiež stanoviť jeho botanický pôvod na základe profilu sacharidov v mede. Med je prírodný produkt vysokej kvality a vďaka značnej spotrebe a nemalej trhovej hodnote je tiež terčom na falšovanie. S cieľom identifikovať podvody a cudzorodé látky, pochádzajúce z cukrových sirupov, boli analyzované oligosacharidy a polysacharidy na báze maltodextrínov. Teoretická časť popisuje chemické zloženie medu a hlavné princípy aplikovanej inštrumentálnej techniky. Poskytuje literárny prehľad existujúcich analytických metód na stanovenie sacharidov prítomných v mede a na odhalenie jeho falšovania. Boli definované hlavné body falšovania a autenticity, vrátane legislatívnych aspektov a opisu bežných druhov falšovania. Experimentálna časť obsahuje postupy, ktoré vedú k vývoju a optimalizácii chromatografických podmienok a parametrov elektrochemického detektora na stanovenie sacharidov a maltodextrínov (oligosacharidov a polysacharidov) vo vzorkách medu. Použitá analytická technika bola vysoko účinná aniónovo-výmenná chromatografia (HPAEC) spojená s pulzným amperometrickým detektorom (PAD). Vyvinutá a optimalizovaná chromatografická metóda bola taktiež validovaná z hľadiska linearity, dynamického rozsahu, analytických limitov, presnosti a správnosti. Na záver bola táto vypracovaná metóda úspešne zhodnotená analýzou autentických a falšovaných vzoriek medu rôzneho botanického pôvodu pochádzajúcich z členských štátov EÚ.

<p>The most common food and supplement prebiotic fiber is inulin – most commonly extracted from chicory root. Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is a smaller version of inulin, both containing mainly fructose units with β-1,2 linkages. FOS/inulin has been used, and studied, as a prebiotic for decades. The potential of alternative prebiotics intrinsic in whole foods, such as in tubers, grains, vegetables, and pulses – the world’s most common staple crops – are not as commonly recognized as prebiotics, though have this potential if fermentable in the gut. If such alternative sources of prebiotic ingredients could be established it would allow for cheaper, possibly more effective, and more diverse food product development options beyond FOS/inulin. </p> <p>This study demonstrates the potential of tubers, grains, and pulses as prebiotics in relation to their <i>in vitro</i> human fecal fermentation rate, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and microbiota indicators of alpha diversity and impact on key bacterial genera. Fecal samples were obtained from three diverse healthy human donors and used as the initial bacterial inoculum to simulate conditions in the human gut (colon). Substrates (n=35), after undergoing an upper gastrointestinal tract simulated digestion, were fermented by each individual donors’ inoculum separately, and measurements after 6, 12, and 24 h of fermentation were made on gas production, SCFA metabolite production, and microbiome composition. </p> <p>The results of this study establish high fermentability and potential prebiotic effects of dietary fibers from tubers, grains, and pulses. Whole foods, ground and cooked the same way, produced dietary fibers that were largely insoluble, but surprisingly fermentable with high SCFA levels, mostly slow fermentation profiles indicating high tolerability, and mostly promoting diverse microbiota responses compared to FOS. Generally, whole food fibers had higher fermentability than similar isolated fibers. Overall, the processing steps, such as atmospheric or pressure cooking, tested in some pulses did not detract, or add to, the prebiotic abilities of the substrates. Each food fiber substrate had unique effects on the gut microbiota parameters tested. Gut microbiome compositional responses to the same substrate varied significantly among the three donors, but notably SCFA metabolite responses were similar among donors. </p>

Cancer is a global risk for human wellness and health. Dietary habits could profoundly affect the risk of certain cancer, such as colorectal cancer (CRC) (Platz, 2000). CRC has listed the third leading cancer among male and female in the United States (Stewart, 2014). Surprisingly, the consumption of dietary fiber has an inverse correlation with the mortality of CRC (Song, 2018). However, most Americans do not consume enough dietary fiber to meet the recommended level of dietary fiber intake (Clemens, 2012; Lee-Kwan, 2017). Hence, it is reasonable to increase the nutrient density, i.e., dietary fiber, of current food model. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), an emerging prebiotics, showed multiple advantages over fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. For example, Hsu et al. (2004) reported XOS are more effective than FOS on increasing Bifidobacterium level in rat cecum (Hsu, 2004). It is also suggested that dietary fiber and phenolic compounds have synergistic effect on promoting gut health (Uehara, 2001; Matsukawa, 2009). Therefore, the application of XOS into a polyphenol-dense food vehicle (strawberry puree) could be a viable way to promote gastrointestinal health and help reduce CRC risk. First, the effect of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) incorporation on the quality attributes of strawberry puree was investigated. Rheological properties, color and physicochemical characteristics and composition such as water activity, pH, and total soluble solids, were investigated to determine the maximum XOS content that can be incorporated into the strawberry pure without significantly altering the original properties of samples. Based on the collected data, adding xylo-oligosaccharides greater than 7.5% w/w will significantly change the quality attributes of the strawberry puree including its rheological characteristics, color profile, water activity, and total soluble solids. The addition of XOS at 2.5% and 5% w/w did not significantly alter overall quality attributes of strawberry puree. Second, the effects of heat treatment (HTST, 75℃, 15s and UHT, 121℃, 2s) and storage condition (storage time: 1, 15, and 36 days; storage temperature: 4℃ and 55℃) on the quality attributes of xylo-oligosaccharides enhanced strawberry puree was studied (texture, color water activity, total soluble solids, and pH). In addition, the physicochemical (total phenolic, tannin, flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activity) evolution was studied. A 9-point Hedonic test was conducted to evaluate the sensory properties (overall, texture, color, appearance, sweetness, aroma, flavor) of purees (with and without XOS, 5%w/w) under different thermal treatments. Briefly, all nutritional attributes were retained better under cold storage (4 ℃) as compared to high-temperature storage (55 ℃). The result revealed that thermal treatment and high storage temperature showed an inverse correlation with puree consistency. As for chemical analysis, intense thermal treatment (UHT) caused the most degradation in TPC, TFC and tannin level. However, such treatments (UHT) helped significantly increase the measurable antioxidant level. For other physicochemical properties, processing methods (HTST / UHT) and high storage temperature exhibited more significance in changing the color profiles of the specimen than XOS incorporation. Overall, the addition of XOS up to 5% w/w could increase nutritional value of strawberry puree as well as consumer preference without significantly compromising quality attributes. Based on instrumental and sensory analysis, HTST treated strawberry puree with XOS incorporation (5% w/w) meet the standard of sensorial attributes of fresh puree with improved shelf-life stability and fiber concentration.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: An association between maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants has been reported. The impact of probiotics in an HIV-exposed very low birth weight (VLBW) infant on the occurrence of NEC is uncertain at present; however it is known that probiotics have protective effects against inflammation and prevent NEC. Postnatal growth restriction is a major issue in preterm, especially extremely-low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants and probiotics have been found to improve feeding tolerance in preterm infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) also known as the prebiotics of human milk, are known to have bifidogenic and anti-adhesive effects. Infants that receive human milk show a reduced incidence of NEC compared to those who receive infant formula. Very little is known about the composition of breast milk in the HIV-infected mother. Objective: The primary objective of the study was to assess the effect of probiotics on the incidence and severity of NEC in high-risk infants born to HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. The secondary objectives were to assess the effect of probiotic administration on feeding tolerance and growth outcomes of HIV-exposed but uninfected preterm infants, to describe the HMO composition of HIV-infected mothers breast milk and lastly to determine if HMO composition affects the incidence of NEC in HIV-exposed preterm very low birth weight infants. Patients and Methods: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial was conducted for the period July 2011 to August 2012. HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed premature (<34 weeks gestation) infants with a birth weight of ≥500g and ≤1250g were randomized to receive either a probiotic or a placebo. The probiotic consisted of 1x109 CFU, L. rhamnosus GG and B. infantis per day and was administered for 28 days. NEC was graded according to Bell’s criteria. Anthropometrical parameters and daily intakes were monitored. Breats milk samples were analysed for oligosaccharide content. Results: 74 HIV-exposed and 110 HIV-unexposed infants were enrolled and randomized (mean birth-weight, 987g; mean gestational 28.7 weeks). The incidence of death and NEC did not differ significantly between the HIV-exposed and unexposed groups but a significantly higher NEC incidence was found in the control group. There was no difference in the average daily weight gain for treatment groups or HIV exposure. The HIV-exposed group achieved significantly higher z-scores for length and head circumference at day 28 than the unexposed group (p<0.01 and p=0.03, respectively). There were no differences in the incidence of any signs of feeding intolerance and abdominal distension between the groups. Our results show significantly higher absolute concentrations of 2’-fucosyllactose, laco-N-tetraose and lacto-N-fucopentaose 1 and higher relative abundance of 3’-sialyllactose, difucosyl-lacto-N-tetraose and fucosyl-disialyllacto-N-hexaose in HIV-infected compared to -uninfected Secretor women. DSLNT concentrations were significantly lower in the breast milk of mothers whose infants developed NEC compared to infants without NEC. Conclusion: Probiotic supplementation reduced the incidence of NEC in the premature infants; however results failed to show a lower incidence of NEC in HIV-exposed premature infants. Probiotic supplementation did not affect growth outcomes or the incidence of any signs of feeding intolerance in HIV-exposure. The data confirms previous reports that HIV-infected mothers have higher 3’sialyllactose milk concentrations. Most intriguing though, the data also indicates that low levels of DSLNT in the mother’s milk increase the infant’s risk for NEC, which is in accordance with results from previously published animal studies and warrants further investigation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: ʼn Verwantskap tussen moederlike menslike immuniteitsgebreksvirus (MIV) en nekrotiserende enterokolitis (NEK) in premature babas is aangemeld. Die impak van probiotika in ʼn MIV-blootgestelde baie lae geboortemassa (BLGM) baba op die voorkoms van NEK is tans nog onseker, maar dit is wel bekend dat probiotika ʼn beskermende effek het teen inflammasie en die voorkoms van NEK. Nageboortelike groei beperkings is ʼn groot probleem in premature, veral ekstreme lae geboortemassa (ELGM) babas. Daar is gevind dat probiotika voeding toleransie in premature babas kan verbeter. Menslike melk oligosakkariede (MMO), ook bekend as die prebiotika van menslike melk, is bekend om bifidogeniese en anti-kleef effekte te hê. Babas wat moedersmelk ontvang toon ʼn verlaagde voorkoms van NEK in vergelyking met diegene wat baba formule melk ontvang. Baie min inligting is bekend oor die samestelling van borsmelk in die MIV-positiewe moeder. Doel: Die primêre doel van die studie was om die effek van probiotika op die voorkoms en die graad van NEK in hoë risiko babas van MIV-positiewe en MIV-negatiewe vroue te bepaal. Die sekondêre doelwitte was om die effek van probiotika op voeding verdraagsaamheid en groei uitkomste van MIV-blootgestelde, maar nie- geinfekteerde premature babas te evalueer sowel as die MMO samestelling van MIV-positiewe moeders se borsmelk te beskryf en laastens om die invloed van die MMO samestelling op die voorkoms van NEK in baie lae geboortegewig MIV-blootgestelde premature babas te beskryf. Pasiënte en Metodes: ʼn Gerandomiseerde, dubbelblinde, plasebo-beheerde studie is vir die tydperk Julie 2011 tot Augustus 2012 onderneem. MIV-blootgestelde en nie-blootgestelde premature (<34 weke) babas met 'n geboorte gewig van ≥500g en ≤1250g was ewekansig verdeel om probiotika of plasebo te ontvang. Die probiotika het bestaan uit 1x109 kolonie vormende eenhede, L. rhamnosus GG en B. infantis per dag en is toegedien vir 28 dae. NEK is gegradeer volgens Bell se kriteria. Antropometriese parameters en daaglikse inname is gemonitor. Borsmelk monsters is geanaliseer vir oligosakkaried inhoud. Resultate: 74 MIV-blootgestelde en 110 MIV-nie-blootgestelde babas is ingesluit en ewekansig ingedeel (gemiddelde geboorte gewig, 987g, gemiddelde gestasie 28,7 weke). Die voorkoms van die sterftes en NEK het nie beduidend verskil tussen die MIV-blootgestelde en nie-blootgestelde groepe nie, maar 'n beduidende verskil is gevind vir NEK voorkoms tussen die studie en die kontrole groep. Daar was geen verskil in die gemiddelde daaglikse gewigstoename tussen die behandelings groepe of MIV-blootstelling nie. Die MIV-blootgestelde groep het beduidend hoër z-tellings vir lengte en kopomtrek op dag 28 getoon teenoor die nie-blootgestelde groep (p <0.01 en p = 0,03, onderskeidelik). Daar was geen verskille in die voorkoms van voeding onverdraagsaamheid en abdominale distensie tussen die twee groepe nie. Ons resultate dui op aansienlik hoër absolute konsentrasies van 2'-fucosyllactose, laco-N-tetraose en lakto-N-fucopentaose 1 en hoër relatiewe voorkoms van 3'-sialyllactose, difucosyl-lakto-N-tetraose en fucosyl-disialyllacto-N-hexaose in MIV-positiewe vroue in vergelyking met-negatiewe Sekretor vroue. DSLNT konsentrasies was aansienlik laer in die melk van moeders wie se babas NEK ontwikkel het in vergelyking met babas sonder NEK. Gevolgtrekking: Probiotika aanvullings verminder die voorkoms van NEK in premature babas, maar die resultate kon nie ʼn laer voorkoms van NEK in MIV-blootgestelde premature babas bewys nie. Probiotiese aanvulling het geen invloed op groei uitkomste of die voorkoms van voeding onverdraagsaamheid in MIV-blootstelling getoon nie. Die data bevestig vorige verslae wat aandui dat MIV-besmette moeders hoër 3'sialyllactose borsmelk konsentrasies het. ʼn Interessante aspek is dat lae vlakke van DSLNT in die moeder se melk beduidend is van ʼn verhoogde risiko vir NEK, wat in ooreenstemming is met die resultate uit voorheen gepubliseerde dier studies en regverdig verdere ondersoeke.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.