Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Candidate: Alena Čunátová Supervisor of Diploma Thesis: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D. Title of Diploma Thesis: The fluctuation of fatty acids levels in the tissues of suddenly deceased persons and comparison with values in pathological states Fatty acids and their metabolites are significantly involved in many physiological and pathological processes. This thesis monitors the levels of selected fatty acids in human tissues and the effect of long-term disease on their stores. In addition to the general characteristics, the theoretical part focuses on the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their importance in the human body. It also deals with the effects of eicosanoids and other fatty acid metabolites. Methods used in fatty acid bioanalysis are also described. In the experimental part, the proportion of fatty acids in seven tissue types was compared between two groups of donors. One of them included 8 relatively young, healthy, suddenly deceased individuals. The second group included 12 elderly polymorbid patients. The obtained tissue samples were adjusted using extraction and derivatization techniques. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used for analysis. The measured...

Bakgrund: Astma är en inflammationssjukdom i luftvägarna, och en av de vanligaste kroniska sjukdomarna hos barn globalt sett. Vanligast är astma hos barn mellan 3 och 15 år, men hälften av alla barn som diagnostiserats med astma som barn har även betydande besvär upp i vuxen ålder. För en del av populationen har inte traditionell läkemedelsbehandling någon effekt, varför alternativa behandlingsmetoder så som omega-3 tillskott bör undersökas. Syfte: Syftet med innevarande litteraturstudie var att kartlägga om det finns evidens för om omega-3 tillskott kan användas i förebyggande eller symtomlindrande syfte hos barn (0–18 år) som löper hög risk för att utveckla astma eller som är diagnostiserade med astma. Metod: Studien utformades som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Litteratursökningar har genomförts i databaserna Pubmed, CINAHL och Medline. Sökningarna bestod av sökblocken astma, barn eller ungdomar och omega-3 tillskott/omega-3 fettsyror. Resultat: Denna studie inkluderar fem RCT-studier med syftet att undersöka om omega-3 tillskott kunde förebygga astma eller minska symtomen av astma hos barn, totalt 939 barn med astma har studerats i de fem studierna. Fyra studier påvisade att omega-3 tillskott till barn med astma inte har någon klinisk relevans medan en studie påvisade att klinisk relevans fanns. Slutsats: Denna systematiska litteraturstudie resulterade i att det inte finns någon evidens för att omega-3 tillskott skulle verka förebyggande eller symtomlindrande för barn med astma. RCT-studierna som inkluderats i denna systematiska litteraturöversikt är mycket heterogena och därför behövs vidare forskning på omega-3 tillskotts kliniska relevans. / Background: Asthma is an inflammatory disease in the airways, and is one of the most common chronic diseases in children globally. Asthma is most common in children between 3 to 15 years of age, but 50 % of children diagnosed with asthma as a child also have significant problems as adults. For some part of the population traditional drug treatment has no effect, indicating that alternative treatment methods, such as omega-3 supplements, should be investigated further. Aim: The aim of the current literature study was to investigate if there is any evidence of whether omega-3 supplements can be used for preventive or symptom-relieving purposes in children (0-18 years of age), who are at high risk of developing asthma or who have been diagnosed with asthma. Methods: The study was designed as a systematic review. Literature searches have been conducted using the Pubmed, CINAHL and Medline databases. The searches consisted of the search blocks asthma, children or adolescents and omega-3 supplements/omega-3 fatty acids. Results: This study includes five RCT studies that was aimed to investigate whether omega-3 supplements could prevent asthma or reduce the symptoms of asthma in children, a total of 939 children with asthma have been studied in the five studies. Four studies showed that omega-3 supplements for children with asthma have no clinical relevance, while one study showed that clinical relevance existed. Conclusion: This systematic review proved that no evidence for omega-3 supplements treatment, for preventive or symptom relieving purposes, in children with asthma exists. The RCT studies included in this systematic review are very heterogeneous and therefore further research on the clinical relevance of omega-3 supplement is needed.

Maximising investment returns is the primary goal of asset management but managing and mitigating portfolio risk also plays a significant role. Successful active investing requires outperformance of a benchmark through skilful stock selection and market timing, but these bets necessarily foster risk. Active investment managers are constrained by investment mandates such as component asset weight restrictions, prohibited investments (e.g. no fixed income instruments below investment grade) and minimum weights in certain securities (e.g. at least 𝑥�% in cash or foreign equities). Such strategies' portfolio risk is measured relative to a benchmark (termed the tracking error (TE)) – usually a market index or fixed weight mix of securities – and investment mandates usually confine TEs to be lower than prescribed values to limit excessive risk taking. The locus of possible portfolio risks and returns, constrained by a TE relative to a benchmark, is an ellipse in return/risk space, and the sign and magnitude of this ellipse's main axis slope varies under different market conditions. How these variations affect portfolio performance is explored for the first time. Changes in main axis slope (magnitude and sign) acts as an early indicator of portfolio performance and could therefore be used as another risk management tool. The mean-variance framework coupled with the Sharpe ratio identifies optimal portfolios under the passive investment style. Optimal portfolio identification under active investment approaches, where performance is measured relative to a benchmark, is less well-known. Active portfolios subject to TE constraints lie on distorted elliptical frontiers in return/risk space. Identifying optimal active portfolios, however defined, have only recently begun to be explored. The Ω ratio considers both down and upside portfolio potential. Recent work has established a technique to determine optimal Ω ratio portfolios under the passive investment approach. The identification of optimal Ω ratio portfolios is applied to the active arena (i.e. to portfolios constrained by a TE) and it is found that while passive managers should always invest in maximum Ω ratio portfolios, active managers should first establish market conditions which determine the sign of the main axis slope of the constant TE frontier) and then invest in maximum Sharpe ratio portfolios when this slope is > 0 and maximum Ω ratios when the slope is < 0. / Dissertation (MSc (Financial Engineering)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Mathematics and Applied Mathematics

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Candidate: Kamila Kynclová Supervisor of Diploma Thesis: Mgr. Monika Kuchařová, Ph.D. Title of Diploma Thesis: Determination of fatty acids levels in selected human tissues Fatty acid are an essential part of many metabolic processes in the body. The theoretical part of the the thesis presents primarily omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, their general characteristics, metabolism and their effect on various disease. The roles of fatty acid in cancer, neuropsychiatric and inflammatory diseases are described here. The thesis also mentions the method of gas chromatography, which was used to determine the levels of fatty acids. The experimental part of the thesis includes method, chromatographic analysis and results. 13 fatty acids in 7 different tissues were analyzed: subendocardial tissue, liver parenchymal tissue, kidney and adrenal tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, adipose and brain tissue. Tissues were collected from 20 healthy, suddenly deceased, cadavers. Donors were divided into two groups according to age. The obtained data were statistically processed and divided according to individual fatty acids. In the end the results between the two groups were evaluated with a possible explanation of the...

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Despite being a low fat fish and consequently a low omega-3 fish, tilapia have widespread consumer acceptability due to its mild taste, cheap price and low mercury content. However some sources claim that farmed tilapia can be detrimental to human health due to high omega-6:3 ratios and low omega-3 content specifically eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. The objective of this study was to create an omega-3 enriching feed that would increase omega-3 content in tilapia and subsequently decrease the omega-6:3 ratio. An 8 week feeding trial was conducted. Tilapia were cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system on one of eight diets (control, commercial, 1, 3, 5% fish oil or 1.75, 5.26, 8.77% ALL-G-Rich (algae). Water quality, selected fish biometrics and growth performance were recorded. Fillet and rib meat tissues were collected at weeks 4 and 8, and liver and mesenteric fat tissues were collected at week 8. Fat was extracted, trans-methylated and identified as fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Docosahexaenoic acid increased in concentration in all tissues as percent fish oil and ALL-G-Rich increased in the diets with 8.77% ALL-G-Rich resulting in significantly (P<0.0001) greater concentrations in the fillet and mesenteric fat compared to all other diets after 8 weeks. The 8.77% ALL-G-Rich diet resulted in significantly (P=0.003) greater cumulative accumulation of EPA, DPA and DHA on a mg/4oz fillet basis after 4 weeks compared to control. The results of this study suggest that an ALL-G-Rich finishing feed could be produced that would result in a value added farmed tilapia fillet. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Increased consumer interest in omega-3 fatty acids (FA) has led to novel foods with added omega-3 FA. Additional information regarding omega-3 FA fate within foods is needed for improving quality and stability. This research modeled DHA, an omega-3 FA, fate and explored means of preventing degradation and oxidation of FA in algal oil and mozzarella cheese. In algal oil, TBHQ (synthetic antioxidant) at 0.0175g/g algal oil prevented DHA degradation for at least 6 weeks, and mixed tocopherols (natural antioxidant) at 400ppm prevented DHA degradation and oxidation for about 4 weeks. DHA degradation in algal oil was modeled by an autocatalytic equation. The fate of DHA from algal oil in mozzarella cheese was also modeled by an autocatalytic equation. In an effort to prevent DHA degradation and oxidation, mixed tocopherols were added. The optimum combination of those tested was found, using a response surface design, to be 3% algal oil with 110ppm mixed tocopherols for maximum DHA and minimum oxidation over 2 weeks. This algal oil/antioxidant combination in mozzarella cheese successfully prevented oxidation and DHA degradation over 3 weeks of storage. Approximately 0.1g DHA may be consumed from a 28g serving of this cheese. Approximately 0.5-18 servings of this cheese are equivalent to DHA consumed from a 3oz serving of fish, depending on fish type. Sensory evaluation tests found consumers could distinguish between mozzarella cheese with/without algal oil. Results from this study improve understanding of omega-3 FA behavior in mozzarella cheese and provide a means for preserving quality and nutrition. / Master of Science

Résumé : L’apolipoprotéine E (apoE) joue un rôle important dans le transport des acides gras (AG) via les lipoprotéines. Cependant, il existe possiblement une perturbation dans l’homéostasie des AG au niveau des lipoprotéines chez les porteurs du génotype de l’apolipoprotéine E epsilon 4 (E4+). L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer le profil en AG dans les lipoprotéines de hautes et de faibles densités (HDL et LDL) chez les E4+ et les non-porteurs (E4-), pendant une supplémentation en AG oméga-3 (n-3) de 28 jours. Matériels et Méthodes: 80 participants (34 hommes et 46 femmes) en santé, âgés entre 20-35 ans, ont consommé 1,6 g/jour d’AG n-3 sur une période de 28 jours. Des prélèvements sanguins à jeun ont été récoltés chaque semaine. Les lipoprotéines ont été séparées par ultracentrifugation sur gradient discontinu de sucrose. Les lipides totaux des particules de HDL et de LDL ont été analysés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Les génotypes de l’APOE (E4+ ou E4-) ont été déterminés par la méthode de polymorphisme de longueur des fragments de restriction (RFLP) et les données ont été analysées par logiciel SAS à l’aide d’une procédure MIXED. Résultats: Les caractéristiques anthropométriques et habitudes de vies ne variaient pas significativement entre les E4+ et E4-. Le ratio d’AG n-6/n–3 était environ 17% plus élevé chez les E4+ dans les LDL (P = 0.043) pendant la supplémentation. Ceci peut être attribuable au niveau plus élevé d’AG n-6, sans changement dans le niveau d’AG n-3 chez les E4+. Une interaction génotype × temps a été trouvée pour l’acide linoléique (LA) dans les HDL ainsi qu’un effet génotype pour les AG n-6 totaux dans les HDL et LDL (P ≤ 0.05). De plus, l’acide palmitique (PA) et palmitoléïque (PAL) est plus bas chez les E4+ comparativement aux E4-. Conclusion: Le débalancement de la distribution des AG dans les HDL et LDL chez les E4+ peut être causé par une altération de la spécificité de la β-oxydation des AG chez les E4+. Plus d’investigation doit être faite à cet égard afin de confirmer ces hypothèses.