It was demonstrated that induction of a major outer protein, HI, was associated with increased resistance to chelators of divalent cations such as EDTA and to the cationic antibiotics polymyxins and aminoglycosides. Outer membrane protein HI was the major cellular protein in cells grown in Mg²⁺-deficient medium (0.02 mM Mg²⁺) and in mutants selected for resistance to polymyxin. Increase in protein HI was associated with decrease in cell envelope Mg²⁺. Induction of protein HI was prevented by supplementation of Mg²⁺-deficient medium with 0.5 mM Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺ or Sr²⁺, but not by Zn²⁺, Ba²⁺, or Sn²⁺. Cells grown in Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺ or Zn²⁺ showed enhanced levels of these cations as main major cell envelope associated cation. Only cells grown in the presence of those cations which failed to prevent HI induction were resistant to chelators, polymyxin B and gentamicin. Protein HI overproducing cells also demonstrated altered streptomycin uptake. It was further demonstrated that aminoglycosides could interact with the outer membrane so as to make it more permeable to other substances. Mg²⁺ inhibited aminoglycoside-mediated permeabilization. Both aminoglycosides and polymyxin B could be shown to displace a small amount of Mg²⁺ from the cell envelope. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate

Since heparin combines with some antibiotics to decrease the toxicity of the antibiotic to the patient, the purpose of this investigation is to determine whether it has any effect upon the development of resistance to antibiotics by Staphylococcus aureus.

L’émergence de phénomènes de résistance au paclitaxel (Taxol®), un agent stabilisateur de microtubules (MTs), est un obstacle majeur au succès de cette molécule dans les chimiothérapies anticancéreuses et limite son utilisation. Au laboratoire, un nouveau mécanisme de résistance au Taxol® a été mis en évidence dans les cellules tumorales mammaires MDA-MB 231. Il est basé sur une restauration de la dynamique microtubulaire et implique i) deux modifications post-traductionnelles de la tubuline (MPTs), la détyrosination/retyrosination et la polyglutamylation et ii) la surexpression et la relocalisation du cytosquelette d’actine sur les MTs de plusieurs septines, des GTPases filamenteuses impliquées dans la cytocinèse et la compartimentation membranaire. Plus précisément, une boucle fonctionnelle entre le recrutement des septines et la polyglutamylation des MTs a été démontrée : la polyglutamylation de la tubuline stimule le recrutement des septines sur les MTs et les septines jouent un rôle de protéine d’échafaudage pour les enzymes responsables de la polyglutamylation, favorisant l’élongation des chaines latérales de glutamate. Toutes ces modifications résultent en un recrutement accru sur les MTs de deux +TIPs, la kinésine dépolymérisante MCAK et le facteur de sauvetage CLIP-170, permettant ainsi de maintenir une dynamique microtubulaire malgré la présence du paclitaxel.De plus, l’étude de la contribution relative de chacun de ces acteurs dans ce mécanisme de chimiorésistance a permis de montrer que la stimulation de la polyglutamylation associée à la surexpression d’un ensemble de septines incluant la SEPT9_i1 est indispensable et suffisante pour induire une relocalisation des septines des microfilaments d’actine vers les MTs, une augmentation de la liaison de CLIP-170 et de MCAK aux MTs et une résistance au paclitaxel, non seulement dans les MDA-MB 231 mais aussi dans un certain nombre de lignées cellulaires sensibles (RPE-1, HeLa et CHO). L’analyse de ce phénomène a par ailleurs permis de montrer qu’à l’état basal, dans des cellules chimiosensibles, les MTs jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’organisation subcellulaire des filaments de septines sur l’actine, qu’un transport dépendant de la kinésine-1 était impliqué. / Acquired resistance to the microtubule (MT)-stabilizing agent paclitaxel (Taxol®) is a major obstacle for successful chemotherapy and limits its use as an anticancer drug. We evidenced a new mechanism of Taxol® resistance acquired by MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells which is based on the restoration of MTs dynamics and involves i) two tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs); detyrosination/retyrosination and polyglutamylation, and ii) overexpression and relocalization from the actin microfilaments to the MT network of several septins, a family of filamentous GTPases implicated in cytokinesis and membrane compartmentalization. More precisely, a functional loop between septin recruitment to MTs and tubulin polyglutamylation has been uncovered: tubulin polyglutamylation stimulates septin association with MTs, and septins act as scaffold proteins for tubulin polyglutamylation enzymes, thus promoting the elongation of lateral polyglutamate chains. Altogether, these modifications enhance the recruitment to MTs of two +TIPs, the MT-depolymerizing kinesin MCAK and the rescue factor CLIP-170, which would in turn compensate for paclitaxel-mediated inhibition of MT dynamics.Studying the relative contribution of each of these actors in this new chemoresistance mechanism further showed that stimulation of tubulin polyglutamylation together with the overexpression of a panel of septins that comprised the SEPT9_i1 isoform were necessary and sufficient to relocate septin filaments from actin microfilaments to MTs, to increase the binding of CLIP-170 and MCAK to MTs and to induce Taxol®-resistance, not only in MDA-MB 231but also in several other Taxol®-sensitive cell lines (RPE-1, HeLa and CHO). The analysis of this phenomenon also showed that, in Taxol®-sensitive cells, MTs play an essential role in the assembly and subcellular localization of septin filaments to actin microfilaments, and that a kinesin1-dependent transport is involved.

Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is antibiotics active against most of Gram-negative bacteria. In the pas decade, emergency of multidrug-resistant bacteria led to increase of colistin administration as a last resort antibiotic for human infections. The first plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 was identified in 2015 in animals in China and after first detection, additional mcr genes: mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, mcr-6, mcr-7 a mcr-8 were described throughout the world. The aim of this thesis was to clarify whether there is horizontal transmission colistin resistance encoded by the mcr genes in gram-negative bacteria isolated from the environment, animals and their breeding and food. The mcr-1 gene was detected in 2 strains Escherichia coli isolated from waste water. The mcr-4 gene was detected in 1 strain Shewanella putrefaciens isolate obtained from the lake. The environment is the most important source and way of spreading this type of resistance in the Czech Republic.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Malaria is an infectious disease which continues to kill more than one million people every year and the African continent accounts for most of the malaria death worldwide. New classes of medicine to combat malaria are urgently needed due to the surge in resistance of the Plasmodium falciparum (the parasite that causes malaria in humans) to existing antimalarial drugs. One approach to circumvent the problem of P. falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs could be the discovery of novel compounds with unique scaffolds and possibly new mechanisms of action. Natural products (NP) provide a wide diversity of compounds with unique scaffolds, as such, a library of virtual compounds (VC) designed from natural products with antiplasmodial activities (NAA) can be a worthy starting point.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / We analyzed the association between antibiotic resistance and recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) by Escherichia coli. Susceptibility levels to 14 antimicrobial agents and the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were established using MicroScan. Incidences of multidrug resistant (MDR), extensively drug resistant (XDR), and ESBL-producer isolates as well as rUTIs were estimated. The time to recurrence was established adjusted for number of antibiotic-resistant families and MDR as predictors of interest, respectively. Overall, 8,553 urinary tract infection (UTI) cases related to E. coli, including 963 rITU, were analyzed with levels of resistance >30% in all cases, except for amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and carbapenems. The incidence of rUTI was of 11.3%, being 46.5%, 24.3%, and 42.5% for MDR, XDR, and ESBLs, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed that rUTI was associated with age, gender, resistance to specific antimicrobials, MDR, and XDR. The number of antibiotic families tested as resistant, MDR, XDR, gender, and age were associated with time to recurrence when adjusted for number of antibiotic families, and MDR, gender, and age were related when adjusted for MDR. High rates of antibiotic resistance to the usual antibiotics was observed in E. coli causing UTI, with female sex, age, and antibiotic resistance being risk factors for the development of rUTI. / Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación Tecnológica / Revisión por pares

This study examined the relationship between average concentric velocity (ACV) and repetitions in reserve (RIR) in the back squat, bench press, and deadlift. Fourteen resistance-trained men performed three experimental sessions (one for each exercise), which was comprised of 4 sets to failure at 80% of one-repetition maximum. The ACV was recorded on every repetition of every set and cross-referenced with RIR. The main findings of this study were that RIR was a significant predictor of ACV for all three exercises; the mean set ACV was significantly different between exercises (p<0.001); and the relationship between RIR and ACV was set-dependent (p<0.001). However, the within-exercise difference in ACV from set-to-set is unlikely to be practically significant as all of these ACV differences were below the threshold of 0.06 m.s-1, which is the smallest worthwhile change in ACV. Therefore, these results suggest that the RIR/ACV relationship is exercise-specific, and is stable from set-to-set. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

No description available.

The linkage relationship and arm location of the gene for greenbug resistance in the variety Will was determined by using primary trisonomics and tertiary trisomic homozygous translocations. The gene for greenbug resistance was found to be on linkage group 1 by using primary trisonomics. The gene was located on the cetromere segment of the Tl-6a translocation by using a tertiary trismoic homozygous for greenbug resistance. The data further substantiates the feasibility of using trisomics in placing genes on proper linkage groups.

Strawberry powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera aphanis, affects leaves, fruit, and runners of strawberry plants. Infected leaves have reduced photosynthetic capability and infected fruit become unmarketable. Both of these factors translate to economic loss for the grower and therefore merit taking measures to control the disease. One objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance developed in populations of strawberry powdery mildew to chemical control measures. A fungicide assay was developed to evaluate the efficacy of six treatments (penthiopyrad, quinoxyfen, myclobutanil, trifloxystrobin, cyflufenamid, fluopyram + trifloxystrobin) for control of the disease. Nineteen isolates of strawberry powdery mildew were collected from Balico, Salinas, Watsonville, San Luis Obispo, Santa Maria, Ventura, and Oxnard CA and tested through the assay. The number of isolates resistant to each treatment was: penthiopyrad (7), quinoxyfen (6), myclobutanil (7), trifloxystrobin (2), cyflufenamid (1), fluopyram + trifloxystrobin (0). This documents resistance in P. aphanis to multiple chemicals used for its control. Documentation of any resistance is novel in California and novel worldwide with resistance to Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) codes 7 and 13. Another objective of this study was to evaluate host plant resistance to strawberry powdery mildew. Twelve cultivars were evaluated in a winter greenhouse trial, sixteen cultivars in a summer greenhouse trial, and the ten cultivars shared in both trials were also evaluated in two fields. The cultivars found to be most susceptible to mildew infection were BG 3.324 and Royal Royce. The cultivars found to be the least susceptible to mildew infection were Fronteras, San Andreas, and Sweet Ann. The cultivars evaluated represent more than 55% of the state’s acreage and the host plant resistance information will be a valuable tool to growers looking to culturally control powdery mildew.