O Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) é uma espécie nativa do Brasil com ampla distribuição geográfica. Sua plantação e utilização estão em constante crescimento, devido às características apresentadas pela espécie. A principal utilização da madeira de Paricá tem sido a fabricação de lâminas de compensados. Entretanto, esses painéis experimentam redução de oferta, devido sua substituição por OSB. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a viabilidade técnica de produção de painéis OSB fabricados com partículas de madeira da espécie Schizolobium amazonicum e resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona. Com a finalidade de proporcionar maior durabilidade e qualidade a estes painéis, também foi avaliada a influência do tratamento das partículas com preservante CCA e CCB e a variação de três teores de adesivo (8, 10 e 12%). O desempenho dos painéis para as propriedades de inchamento em espessura e absorção de água após períodos de 2 e 24 horas de imersão, módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e módulo de ruptura (MOR) para as direções paralela e perpendicular à orientação das partículas e adesão interna, foram avaliados segundo o documento normativo europeu EN 300 (2006). A resistência ao arrancamento de parafuso de face e de topo foi investigada de acordo com a norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14810-2 (2006). Os resultados apontaram excelentes propriedades físico-mecânicas para os painéis OSB produzidos neste estudo, quando comparados com os valores mínimos recomendados pelas normas citadas e com os valores encontrados na literatura, para painéis desta natureza com finalidades comerciais. Desta maneira ficou comprovada a viabilidade da utilização da espécie Paricá, quando tratada com preservantes CCA e CCB, e quando utilizada \"in natura\", juntamente com a resina poliuretana à base de óleo de mamona na fabricação de painéis OSB. / Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) is a Brazilian native wood specie, with wide geographic distribution. Their plantation and utilization are constantly growing due to the features presented by the specie. Primary use of wood has been in manufacture of plywood sheets. However, these panels present a gradual offer reduction, being replaced by OSB. This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility of producing OSB, using Paricá particles and castor oil based polyurethane resin. With the purpose of improve durability and quality of these panels, effect of treating the particles with preservative CCA and CCB and the variation of three levels of adhesive (8%, 10% and 12%) were also evaluated. OSB performance in thickness swelling and water absorption after periods of 2 to 24 hours of immersion, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), directions parallel and perpendicular to the particles orientation and internal bonding were evaluated according to the European normative document EN 300 (2006). Pullout strength of the screw (face and top) was investigated according to norm ABNT NBR 14810 (2006). The results showed excellent physical and mechanical properties for the OSB produced in this study, when compared with the minimum recommended by the standards and the values cited in the literature, such panels for commercial purposes. Thus it was proved the feasibility of using Paricá specie when treated with preservatives CCA and CCB, and when used \"in natura\" with castor-oil based polyurethane resin in OSB production.

O OSB é um produto derivado da madeira desenvolvido nos Estados Unidos em 1970. É definido como um painel de partículas orientadas, as quais são distribuídas em camadas múltiplas de uma forma predeterminada. À época, o OSB foi criado para substituir o painel de madeira compensada. Todavia, geralmente suas propriedades na flexão estática são inferiores. A proposta principal deste trabalho foi produzir e analisar o desempenho de painéis OSB de Pinus sp e resina poliuretana à base de óleo mamona com inclusão de telas metálicas, objetivando acréscimo nas propriedades de resistência e de rigidez na flexão estática. A produção seguiu o processo laboratorial, consistindo em gerar as partículas, distribuir o adesivo, confeccionar o colchão e prensar à temperatura de 100°C por 10 minutos. O teor de resina adotado foi de 12% tendo como base a massa seca das partículas. Os painéis foram confeccionados com três camadas, as externas tendo direção paralela ao comprimento da chapa e a interna com distribuição randômica. A proporção face/miolo/face foi na faixa de 20:60:20. Com base nas recomendações de documentos normativos brasileiros e europeus foram realizados ensaios de flexão estática, de onde foram determinados os módulos de ruptura (MOR), e módulo de elasticidade (MOE), ensaios de arrancamento de parafusos, adesão interna, teor de umidade, absorção de água, inchamento em espessura e determinação da densidade aparente. Os resultados apontam a eficiência dos painéis OSB produzidos quando comparadas suas propriedades com os valores mínimos exigidos pelas normas e valores encontrados na literatura para painéis desta natureza. A utilização da tela metálica se mostrou não necessária, dada a pouco relevante diferença de MOE e MOR entre os painéis com e sem a tela. / OSB is a wood based product developed in the United States, since 1954. It\'s defined as oriented particles panels, which are distributed in multiple layers of a predetermined shape. At the time, the OSB was created to replace the plywood panel, but usually its bending properties are inferior. The main purpose of this study was to produce and analyze the performance of OSB from Pinus sp and castor oil based polyurethane resin with inclusion of metallic gauzes, aiming to increase strength and stiffness properties in static bending. Panel production followed laboratory process, consisting of particles generation, adhesive distribution, mattress making and a pressing in 100ºC temperature for 10 minutes. The resin content was set at 12% based on particles dry weight. Panels were produced with three layers: the outers with strands in direction parallel to the panel length; internal in randomized distribution. Face/core/face particle proportion was in range of 20:60:20. Based on Brazilian and European codes recommendations, several tests were performed to determine: modulus of rupture (MOR) and modules of elasticity (MOE), in static bending; screw pullout; internal adhesion; moisture content; water absorption; thickness swelling and density. Results showed efficiency of OSB produced comparing their properties with basic codes requirements the standards and literature values for such panels. The use of metallic gauze has been shown not necessary, because of small relevant difference between MOE and MOR for panels with and without gauze inclusion.

<p>detta examensarbete handlar om produktutveckling av ett golv och har gått ut på att ge Kährs trägolv en större scen i det offentliga rummet, då främst i hotellobbys. Jag har velat göra användaren uppmärksam på materialet och dess kvalité genom att skapa ett nytt uttryck för framtiden. Utgångspunkten blev iden om att ta till vara på det spill som blir över i dagens golvproduktionoch inspiration från byggskivan OSB.</p>

detta examensarbete handlar om produktutveckling av ett golv och har gått ut på att ge Kährs trägolv en större scen i det offentliga rummet, då främst i hotellobbys. Jag har velat göra användaren uppmärksam på materialet och dess kvalité genom att skapa ett nytt uttryck för framtiden. Utgångspunkten blev iden om att ta till vara på det spill som blir över i dagens golvproduktionoch inspiration från byggskivan OSB.

There are four big medium density fibreboard (MDF) plants in New Zealand with a total production capacity of close to one million cubic meters per year. A significant quantity of boards (nearly 3% or about 30,000 cubic meters per year) is rejected due to defects such as weak core, low modulus of rupture and elasticity, low internal bonding and delamination. The main cause of these defects, is lack of complete understanding of the inter relationship during the hot-pressing stage between the initial inputs such as temperature, moisture content, platen pressure and its impact on the properties of boards. The best solution is to develop a mathematical model to assist in understanding these relationships and to solve the equations in the model by using advanced software. This will reduce the number of expensive experiments and will enable us to see some of the parameters, which are otherwise difficult to visualise. Several earlier researchers have tried to model hot pressing of wood composites, mostly either for particle board or oriented strand board (OSB), and only a few are for MDF. The type of numerical methods used to solve the model equations and various assumptions, changes from one investigator to the other. The non-availability of source code to convert the mathematical equations into programme, is one of the reasons for this model development. To improve the productivity of MDF plants in New Zealand, there was a need to develop a computer programme which can include all the latest findings and can remove the defects which are present in earlier models. This model attempts a more complete integration than in the previous models of all the components such as heat transfer, moisture movement and vertical density profile formation in a one-dimensional model of hot pressing of MDF. One of the important features added in the heat and mass transfer part of the model is that the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) equation given for solid wood was modified to be applicable for the MDF fibres. In addition, this EMC equation can cover the complete range of hot pressing temperature from 160ºC to 200ºC. The changes in fibre moisture content due to bound water diffusion, which was were earlier neglected, was considered. The resin curing reactions for phenol formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde resins are also incorporated into the model, with the energy and water released during the curing reaction being included in the energy and mass balances. The validation of the heat and mass transfer model was done by comparing the values of core temperature and core pressure from the model and the experiments. The experimental value of core pressure and core temperature is obtained by putting a thermocouple and pressure transducer in the middle of the mat. The experimental core temperature results show qualitative agreement with the predicted results. In the beginning, the core temperatures from both experiment and model overlap each other. In the middle of the press cycle, the experimental core temperature is higher by 10ºC and by the end the difference decreases to 5ºC. The vertical density profile (VDP) is a critical determining factor for the strength and quality of MDF panels. The earlier concept of ratio of modulus of elasticity of the layer to the sum of modulus of elasticity of all the layers in the previous time step, given by Suo and Bowyer (1994), is refined with the latest published findings. The equation given by Carvalho et al. (2001) is used to calculate the MOE of different layers of the mat. The differential equation of a Maxwell element given by Zombori (2001) is used to measure stress, nonlinear strain function and relaxation of fibres. The model gives good agreement of peak and core density at lower platen temperature at 160ºC but with the increase of platen temperature to 198ºC, the rise in peak density is comparatively higher. There is a distinct increase in predicted peak density by 150 kg/m³ in comparison to the experimental result, where the increase is only by 10 kg/m³. There is a large decline (50 kg/m³) in core density in the experimental results in comparison to only a slight decline (13 kg/m³) in the predicted results. The use of Matlab provides a very convenient platform for producing graphical results. The time of computation at present is nearly 20 hrs in a personal computer with Pentium four processor and one GB RAM. The model can predict properties of a pressed board for the standard manufacturing conditions and also the new hot pressing technologies such as the use of steam injection or a cooling zone in the continuous press. A comparative study has been done to show the advantages of using new hot pressing technology. The present model will become an important tool in the hands of wood technologist, process engineers and MDF manufacturing personnel, to better understand the internal processes and to improve production and quality of MDF boards. This theoretical model helped in developing better understanding of internal processes. By using it, we can analyse the impact of platen temperature, moisture content on the core temperature, core pressure and density profile. It gives better insight into the relationship between core pressure and delamination of the board. The model is also able to predict the internal changes in the new hot pressing technologies such as the steam injection pressing and the use of a cooling zone in a continuous press. Using the simulation results, the exact time needed for the complete curing of resin can be calculated and then these results can be applied in the commercial plants. If the pressing time is reduced, then the over all production of both batch press and continuous press will increase. The second part of the project is the development of an empirical model to correlate the physical properties from the MDF board to the mean density. The empirical model is simple and straightforward, and thus can be applied in commercial operation for control and optimization. The empirical model can predict peak density, core density, and modulus of rupture, elasticity and internal bonding within the limits in which those relationships are derived. The model gives good results for thickness ranging from 10 to 13.5 mm and density ranging from 485 kg/m³ to 718 kg/m³.

In this investigation, thirty-six shear walls measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) in width and possessing heights of 8, 9 and 10 feet (2.4, 2.7 and 3.0 m) were subjected to the reversed, cyclic loading schedule of the standard CUREE protocol in order to determine the performance capabilities of shear walls greater than 8 feet (2.4 m) in height sheathed with long panels. Of the thirty-six walls, a total of twelve walls measuring 9 and 10 feet (2.7 and 3.0 m) in height were sheathed with 4 x 8 feet (1.2 x 2.4 m) panels which required additional blocking members between the studs of the frame. Values obtained from the tests performed on these walls provided a direct comparison to those obtained from the walls of equal height, but sheathed with a long panel capable of spanning the entire height of the wall. The capabilities of long panels were investigated when used as the sheathing elements of shear walls with and without a mechanical hold-down device attached to the base of the end stud. An advantage of the long panel was investigated in which it was extended past the bottom plate and down onto the band joist to determine if significant resistance to the uplift present in walls without mechanical hold-down devices could be provided. Also, the effects of orienting the fibers of a 4 x 9 feet (1.2 x 2.7 m) panel in the alternate direction were examined. Average values of the parameters produced by walls sheathed with long panels either matched or exceeded those of its counterpart sheathed with 4 x 8 feet (1.2 x 2.4 m) panels in all configurations except the 10 feet (3.0 m) tall wall without hold-down devices. In fact, 4 x 9 feet (1.2 x 2.7 m) panels increased the performance of 9 feet (2.7 m) tall walls equipped with hold-down restraint significantly. Extending the long panels past the bottom plate and down onto the band joist improved the performance of both 8 and 9 feet (2.4 and 2.7 m) tall prescriptive shear walls significantly. Walls sheathed with panels made of fibers oriented in the alternate direction performed identically to those sheathed with panels of typical fiber orientation until the point of peak load. Once peak load was reached, walls sheathed with panels of alternate oriented fibers failed in a more sudden and brittle manner. / Master of Science

O desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico dos paises sempre é acompanhado da geração de resíduos, cujo aproveitamento reduz os problemas ambientais e proporciona novos horizontes para a sociedade. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade técnica do emprego de partículas longas e orientadas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar na confecção de painéis OSB (Oriented Strand Board), produto derivado da madeira, muito utilizado em diversos seguimentos industriais. Como adesivo, foram empregadas as resinas poliuretana à base de mamona e a resina Cascomel M 08 ME. Inicialmente, o bagaço de cana foi submetido a análise química para determinação das temperaturas acima das quais se processa sua degradação. Na continuação, foram produzidos painéis, em escala de laboratório, mantendo-se fixa a pressão de prensagem (5 MPa), variando-se a porcentagem das resinas (10 e 20%) e a temperatura de prensagem (90 e 130ºC), seguindo as sugestões de outros pesquisadores. Dos painéis obtidos foram retirados corpos-de-prova para determinação de propriedades físicas e mecânicas de acordo com as recomendações do documento normativo EN-300/2002, originalmente voltado para o OSB, dada a inexistência de normas especificas para painéis de partículas longas e orientadas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade da produção dos mencionados painéis, cujas propriedades atenderam aos requisitos das diferentes faixas de uso propostas pela norma padrão. / Scientific and technological development brings togheter residues generation, which, employment reduces social and environmental problems. The aim of, this study is to demonstrate the true possibily of using long and oriented particles of sugar cane bagasse in the manufacture of panels similar to OSB (Oriented Strand Board), a wood based product widely applied in several industry segments. As adhesives were employed: polyurethane resin based on castor-oil and cascomel M 08 ME. The first step was to submit sagar cane bagasse to chemical analysis in order to determine degradation temperatures. So, in laboratory scale, panels were producted, in following conditions: fixed production pressure (5 MPa); variable resin content (10 and 20%) and variable production temperature (90 e 130ºC), according to suggestions proposed by other researchers. After, specimens were obtained from the manufactured panels and tested obeying normative recommendations of EN-300/2002 ( code related to OSB panels, because no specific documents concerned to sugar cane bagasse panels are available). Results demonstrated the good performance of the mentioned panels, whose properties are compatible with the proposed levels to OSB established in standard norm.

Um dos painéis derivados de madeira que tem se destacado é o OSB (Oriented Strand Board). Cada vez mais se evidencia a necessidade de novas tecnologias relacionadas à avaliação das propriedades mecânicas desse tipo de derivado de madeira, atualmente realizada através de ensaios destrutivos, efetuados horas ou dias após a respectiva produção. A utilização de métodos não-destrutivos tem se mostrado eficiente na caracterização mecânica e na avaliação da qualidade da madeira, e promissora em relação aos derivados de madeira. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi investigar a eficiência de técnicas não-destrutivas de ensaio, de ultra-som e de stress wave, na estimativa de parâmetros físicos e mecânicos de painéis OSB fabricados no país. Foram considerados dois grupos, com 10 painéis de espessuras nominais de 15mm cada, que possuíam valores de resistência e de módulos de elasticidade na flexão estática, na direção longitudinal, distintos entre si. Primeiramente foram conduzidos os ensaios não-destrutivos, de ultra-som e de stress wave, nos painéis OSB e, em seguida, os ensaios destrutivos para a caracterização físico-mecânica e subseqüentes comparações. Os painéis estudados apresentaram valores de velocidades e constantes dinâmicas diferenciados na espessura e nas direções longitudinal e transversal. Os coeficientes de correlação obtidos entre os valores de velocidades e de constantes dinâmicas e os das propriedades físico-mecânicas, dos dois grupos de painéis, na espessura e direção transversal, não atingiram 0,70 e, na direção longitudinal superaram 0,90. Mostrou-se que é equivalente a estimativa de parâmetros mecânicos na flexão estática, ou até mesmo o estudo de painéis OSB, com a utilização dos métodos não-destrutivos de ultra-som e de stress wave. Com os resultados obtidos são gerados importantes subsídios para possibilitar a avaliação da produção de painéis OSB, viabilizando eventuais correções e ajustes até no decorrer do próprio processo produtivo. / Wood based materials production has grown in the national market, as it is the current international trend. Such products have been an interesting alternative to the sawn wood. Among them, OSB (Oriented Strand Board) has been of an outstanding importance. Its potential of production in the national context is expressive when supplying civil construction, furniture industry, and others. However, this fact also makes clear the need of innovative technologies for mechanical properties evaluation of this wood based material, since until the present day it has been conducted with destructive tests which are only made hours or days after production. Nondestructive methods utilization has been proven to be efficient for mechanical characterization and quality evaluation of sawn wood, and quite promising for wood based materials. The main goal of this research has been to investigate the efficiency of nondestructive testing (ultrasound and stress wave) when estimating physical and mechanical parameters of OSB panels made in Brazil. Two groups of ten 15mm thick panels have been used, having each one of them strength and modulus of elasticity in static bending values distinct from each other in longitudinal direction. First the two types of nondestructive testing have been conducted on all OSB panels and then destructive tests have also been conducted for physical-mechanical characterization and following comparisons. Values of velocities and dynamic constants both in thickness and longitudinal and transversal directions have been different in the two groups of studied panels. Correlation coefficients between values of velocity and dynamic constants and values of physical-mechanical properties of the two groups of panels have not reached 0,70 in thickness and transversal direction, but they have exceeded 0,90 in longitudinal direction. It has been shown that ultrasound is analogous to stress wave either when estimating static bending mechanical parameters or studying OSB panels by nondestructive testing. Such results generate some important subsidies to the evaluation of OSB production, making feasible eventual corrections and adjustments even in the course of its process.

Um dos painéis derivados de madeira que tem se destacado é o OSB (Oriented Strand Board). Cada vez mais se evidencia a necessidade de novas tecnologias relacionadas à avaliação das propriedades mecânicas desse tipo de derivado de madeira, atualmente realizada através de ensaios destrutivos, efetuados horas ou dias após a respectiva produção. A utilização de métodos não-destrutivos tem se mostrado eficiente na caracterização mecânica e na avaliação da qualidade da madeira, e promissora em relação aos derivados de madeira. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi investigar a eficiência de técnicas não-destrutivas de ensaio, de ultra-som e de stress wave, na estimativa de parâmetros físicos e mecânicos de painéis OSB fabricados no país. Foram considerados dois grupos, com 10 painéis de espessuras nominais de 15mm cada, que possuíam valores de resistência e de módulos de elasticidade na flexão estática, na direção longitudinal, distintos entre si. Primeiramente foram conduzidos os ensaios não-destrutivos, de ultra-som e de stress wave, nos painéis OSB e, em seguida, os ensaios destrutivos para a caracterização físico-mecânica e subseqüentes comparações. Os painéis estudados apresentaram valores de velocidades e constantes dinâmicas diferenciados na espessura e nas direções longitudinal e transversal. Os coeficientes de correlação obtidos entre os valores de velocidades e de constantes dinâmicas e os das propriedades físico-mecânicas, dos dois grupos de painéis, na espessura e direção transversal, não atingiram 0,70 e, na direção longitudinal superaram 0,90. Mostrou-se que é equivalente a estimativa de parâmetros mecânicos na flexão estática, ou até mesmo o estudo de painéis OSB, com a utilização dos métodos não-destrutivos de ultra-som e de stress wave. Com os resultados obtidos são gerados importantes subsídios para possibilitar a avaliação da produção de painéis OSB, viabilizando eventuais correções e ajustes até no decorrer do próprio processo produtivo. / Wood based materials production has grown in the national market, as it is the current international trend. Such products have been an interesting alternative to the sawn wood. Among them, OSB (Oriented Strand Board) has been of an outstanding importance. Its potential of production in the national context is expressive when supplying civil construction, furniture industry, and others. However, this fact also makes clear the need of innovative technologies for mechanical properties evaluation of this wood based material, since until the present day it has been conducted with destructive tests which are only made hours or days after production. Nondestructive methods utilization has been proven to be efficient for mechanical characterization and quality evaluation of sawn wood, and quite promising for wood based materials. The main goal of this research has been to investigate the efficiency of nondestructive testing (ultrasound and stress wave) when estimating physical and mechanical parameters of OSB panels made in Brazil. Two groups of ten 15mm thick panels have been used, having each one of them strength and modulus of elasticity in static bending values distinct from each other in longitudinal direction. First the two types of nondestructive testing have been conducted on all OSB panels and then destructive tests have also been conducted for physical-mechanical characterization and following comparisons. Values of velocities and dynamic constants both in thickness and longitudinal and transversal directions have been different in the two groups of studied panels. Correlation coefficients between values of velocity and dynamic constants and values of physical-mechanical properties of the two groups of panels have not reached 0,70 in thickness and transversal direction, but they have exceeded 0,90 in longitudinal direction. It has been shown that ultrasound is analogous to stress wave either when estimating static bending mechanical parameters or studying OSB panels by nondestructive testing. Such results generate some important subsidies to the evaluation of OSB production, making feasible eventual corrections and adjustments even in the course of its process.

O desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico dos paises sempre é acompanhado da geração de resíduos, cujo aproveitamento reduz os problemas ambientais e proporciona novos horizontes para a sociedade. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade técnica do emprego de partículas longas e orientadas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar na confecção de painéis OSB (Oriented Strand Board), produto derivado da madeira, muito utilizado em diversos seguimentos industriais. Como adesivo, foram empregadas as resinas poliuretana à base de mamona e a resina Cascomel M 08 ME. Inicialmente, o bagaço de cana foi submetido a análise química para determinação das temperaturas acima das quais se processa sua degradação. Na continuação, foram produzidos painéis, em escala de laboratório, mantendo-se fixa a pressão de prensagem (5 MPa), variando-se a porcentagem das resinas (10 e 20%) e a temperatura de prensagem (90 e 130ºC), seguindo as sugestões de outros pesquisadores. Dos painéis obtidos foram retirados corpos-de-prova para determinação de propriedades físicas e mecânicas de acordo com as recomendações do documento normativo EN-300/2002, originalmente voltado para o OSB, dada a inexistência de normas especificas para painéis de partículas longas e orientadas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade da produção dos mencionados painéis, cujas propriedades atenderam aos requisitos das diferentes faixas de uso propostas pela norma padrão. / Scientific and technological development brings togheter residues generation, which, employment reduces social and environmental problems. The aim of, this study is to demonstrate the true possibily of using long and oriented particles of sugar cane bagasse in the manufacture of panels similar to OSB (Oriented Strand Board), a wood based product widely applied in several industry segments. As adhesives were employed: polyurethane resin based on castor-oil and cascomel M 08 ME. The first step was to submit sagar cane bagasse to chemical analysis in order to determine degradation temperatures. So, in laboratory scale, panels were producted, in following conditions: fixed production pressure (5 MPa); variable resin content (10 and 20%) and variable production temperature (90 e 130ºC), according to suggestions proposed by other researchers. After, specimens were obtained from the manufactured panels and tested obeying normative recommendations of EN-300/2002 ( code related to OSB panels, because no specific documents concerned to sugar cane bagasse panels are available). Results demonstrated the good performance of the mentioned panels, whose properties are compatible with the proposed levels to OSB established in standard norm.