Thesis focuses on the proposal of the structure and production of composite material from wooden sliver leaves and acrylic glass. The thesis contains information about the development of the structure of composite material from the very beginning till the final acceptable appearance and promising characteristics of created acrylic panel. There is described a ratio of individual components and the acrylic-sliver panel undergoes examinations to find physical and mechanical characteristics: resistance of the surface against abrasion according to ČSN 910276, impact resistance according to BS 3962, surface water resistance according to ČSN 492120, surface roughness ČSN 490211, finding swelling values when stored in water according to ČSN 49 0166, finding flexural modulus according to ČSN EN 310, determining density according to ČSN EN 323 and humidity ČSN EN 13183-1 and following assessment. In the Conclusion there is a comparison of acrylic-sliver panel characteristics with other composite materials and proposal of the panel use in practice.

This study aims to investigate the potential advantages and disadvantages of bringing the production of MDF- and OSB-boards to Sweden, as well as the possibility of implementing such a plan. The goal is to give the reader a comprehensive analysis of the potential economic and environmental benefits of bringing the production of MDF- and OSB-boards to Sweden. As well as the challenges and obstacles that would need to be overcome to make such a change a reality. The world market has been affected by unexpected events, including a world pandemic and the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. Companies have realized the benefits of production closer to the market, and wood-based boards are essential in the construction industry. The study uses a qualitative interview approach to gain insights into the industry's current trends, challenges, and opportunities. The results show that while Sweden has the theoretical possibility to manufacture these boards, challenges such as profitability, raw materials, and competition on the market stand in the way. Porter's five forces model and the Triple Bottom Line were used for a comprehensive analysis, leading to the conclusion that the challenges for the manufacture of MDF- and OSB- boards in Sweden are currently too great.

This study investigated the lateral shear resistance of multi-staple joints, static and fatigue bending moment resistances of stapled gusset-plate joints, and fatigue bending performance of full size sofa structural members in three oriented strandboard (OSB) materials. It is concluded that the lateral shear resistance capacity of multi-staple joints in OSB can be predicted with power equations including single-staple lateral resistance capacity, number of staples, and material density. The bending moment resistance of stapled gusset plate joints in OSB can be predicted by mechanical models including the lateral resistance property of multi-staple joints. The static moment capacity study of a gusset-plate joint concluded that its maximum moment resistance is 2 times of its corresponding proportional limit moment resistance. Experimental results indicated that there was no significant difference in lateral shear resistance among vertically-aligned multi-staple joints constructed of three OSB materials even though there were significant differences in lateral resistance among single-staple joints in these three materials. However, there were significant differences in lateral resistances among horizontally-aligned multi-staple joints in three OSB materials. Fatigue test results concluded that the ratio of static to passed fatigue moment capacity of gusset-plate joints was 2.6. The proposed equations reasonably estimated fatigue life of less brittle OSB materials subjected to cyclic stepped and constant fatigue loads but underestimated the brittle OSB material. The ratios of material modulus of rupture to passed fatigue stress were 2.17 and 2.25 for cyclic stepped and constant cyclic tests, respectively.

The purpose of this study is to test the mechanical, dimensional stability, and weathering durability of OSB (oriented strand board) panels that have been treated with varying natural wood preservatives that were chosen from an array of natural antimicrobial compounds. Wood is increasing in popularity for new construction projects but has been limited by its vulnerability to biological degradation. The addition of natural antimicrobial compounds will increase the use life of wood-based strand board allowing its use to expand with the growing construction demand but has little data on how natural antimicrobial compounds impact different properties of the OSB. The preliminary specimens produced will be tested for mechanical, dimensional stability, and weathering durability properties, and then larger specimens will be made to test the properties at a larger scale.

A utilização de produtos provenientes de fontes renováveis e livres de substâncias tóxicas é tendência global, prova disso é o constante aumento da demanda por produtos à base de madeira. Segundo o Forest Products Statistics (2015), a produção mundial de painéis de madeira reconstituída, em 2014, foi de 388 milhões de m³, um aumento de 5,5% em comparação com o ano anterior e um aumento de 34% quando comparado com 2010. No entanto, o setor industrial de painéis de madeira há décadas enfrenta um grande desafio com relação às emissões tóxicas vindas dos adesivos convencionais. Diante destes problemas, a proposta do presente trabalho foi testar a viabilidade da produção de painéis aglomerados e painéis OSB, com significativa redução da emissão de formaldeído, a partir de resíduos de madeira de Pinus sp. e Tectona grandis (Teca). Neste sentido, buscou-se contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento científico sobre a utilização do polímero natural polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e do resíduo de tinta à base de resina epóxi como adesivos alternativos. Os painéis foram fabricados variando-se os parâmetros de produção para obtenção de melhores condições de processo, sendo estes: densidade baixa, média e alta; teor de adesivo de 20, 30 e 40%; adição de partículas de Teca nas proporções de 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) e ANSI A208.1 (2009). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (densidade, percentual de adesivo e fração de Teca), além das interações entre tais fatores nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Os resultados apontaram para excelentes propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis aglomerados de média e alta densidade, tendo resíduo de tinta, principalmente, nas proporções de 30 e 40%. Na maioria dos casos as propriedades de tais painéis foram superiores aos requisitos estipulados pela norma brasileira e pelas internacionais. Assim, ficou confirmada a viabilidade de produção dos aglomerados com pelo menos um dos insumos estudados bem como seu potencial de emprego para as finalidades compatíveis com produtos desta natureza. / The use of products from renewable sources and free of toxic substances is a global trend, the proof is the steady increase in demand for wood-based products. According to the Forest Products Statistics (2015), world production of reconstituted wood panels in 2014 was 388 million cubic meters, an increase of 5.5% compared to the previous year and an increase of 34% compared to 2010. However, the industrial sector of wood panels for decades faces a major challenge with regard to toxic emissions coming from conventional adhesives. Faced with these problems, the purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of production of panels and OSB panels, with significant reduction of formaldehyde emissions from wood waste Pinus sp. and teak (Teak). In this sense, we sought to contribute to the increase of scientific knowledge on the use of natural polymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and residual ink resin-based epoxy as alternative adhesives. The panels were manufactured by varying the production parameters to obtain the best processing conditions, namely: low density, medium and high; resin content of 20, 30 and 40%; adding particles of Teak in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels was evaluated based on the standards NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009). Held analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the influence of individual factors (density, adhesive percentage and fraction Teak), and the interactions among these factors in the physical-mechanical properties of the panels. The results showed excellent physical and mechanical properties of the panels average clusters and high density, and ink residue, mainly in the proportions of 30 and 40%. In most cases the properties of these boards were superior to the requirements set by the Brazilian and international standards. Thus, it was confirmed production of agglomerates with at least one viability of inputs studied as well as their potential for employment for purposes compatible with products of this nature.

Bei strukturorientierten, aus relativ großen Holzpartikeln aufgebauten Holzwerkstoffen wie z.B. OSB (oriented strand board) addieren sich die gerichteten Festigkeiten der einzelnen Lagen je nach Orientierung der Partikel und der Verteilung ihrer Größenparameter. Wünschenswert wäre eine Messung der Partikelgeometrie und Orientierung möglichst im Prozess, z.B. am Formstrang vor der Presse direkt durch den „Blick auf das Vlies“. Bisher sind regelmäßige on-line-Messungen der Spangeometrie aber nicht möglich, und Einzelspanmessungen werden nicht vorgenommen, weil sie zu aufwändig wären. Um die Partikelkonturen zunächst hinreichend für die Vermessung zu restaurieren und dann zu vermessen, muss ein mehrstufiges Verfahren angewendet werden, das eine Szene mit Strands und mehr oder weniger deutlichen Kanten zunächst als „Grauwertgebirge“ auffasst. Zur Segmentierung reicht ein Watershed-Algorithmus nicht aus. Auch ein zweistufiger Kantendetektor nach Canny liefert allein noch kein ausreichendes Ergebnis, weil sich keine geschlossenen Objektkonturen ergeben. Hinreichend dagegen ist ein komplexes Verfahren auf der Grundlage der Höhenschichtzerlegung und nachfolgenden Synthese: Nach einer Transformation der Grauwerte des Bildes in eine reduzierte, gleichverteilte Anzahl von Höhenschichten werden zwischen diesen die lokalen morphologischen Gradienten berechnet und herangezogen für die Rekonstruktion der ursprünglichen Spankonturen. Diese werden aus den Höhenschichten aufaddiert, wobei allerdings nur Teilflächen innerhalb eines für die gesuchten Spangrößen plausiblen Größenintervalls einbezogen werden, um Störungen zu unterdrücken. Das Ergebnis der Rekonstruktion wird zusätzlich verknüpft mit den bereits durch einen Canny-Operator im Originalbild detektierten deutlichen Kanten und morphologisch bereinigt. Diese erweiterte Höhenschichtanalyse ergibt ausreichend segmentierte Bilder, in denen die Objektgrenzen weitgehend den Spankonturen entsprechen. Bei der nachfolgenden Vermessung der Objekte werden Standard-Algorithmen eingesetzt, wobei sich die Approximation von Spankonturen durch momentengleiche Ellipsen als sinnvoll erwies. Verbliebene Fehldetektionen können bei der Vermessung unterdrückt werden durch Formfaktoren und zusätzliche Größenintervalle. Zur Darstellung und Charakterisierung der Größenverteilungen für die Länge und die Breite wurden die nach der Objektfläche gewichtete, linear skalierte Verteilungsdichte (q2-Verteilung), die Verteilungssumme und verschiedene Quantile verwendet. Zur Umsetzung und Demonstration des Zusammenwirkens der verschiedenen Algorithmen wurde auf der Basis von MATLAB das Demonstrationsprogramm „SizeBulk“ entwickelt, das Bildfolgen verarbeiten kann und mit dem die verschiedenen Varianten der Bildaufbereitung und Parametrierung durchgespielt werden können. Das Ergebnis des Detektionsverfahrens enthält allerdings nur die vollständigen Konturen der ganz oben liegenden Objekte; Objekte unterhalb der Außenlage sind teilweise verdeckt und können daher nur unvollständig vermessen werden. Zum Test wurden daher synthetische Bilder mit vereinzelten und überlagerten Objekten bekannter Größenverteilung erzeugt und dem Detektions- und Messverfahren unterworfen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Größenstatistiken durch den Überlagerungseffekt und auch die Spanorientierung zwar beeinflusst werden, dass aber zumindest die Modalwerte der wichtigsten Größenparameter Länge und Breite meist erkennbar bleiben. Als Versuchsmaterial dienten außer den synthetischen Bildern verschiedene Sortimente von OSB-Strands aus Industrie- und Laborproduktion. Sie wurden sowohl manuell vereinzelt als auch zu einem Vlies arrangiert vermessen. Auch bei realen Strands zeigten sich gleiche Einflüsse der Überlagerung auf die Größenverteilungen wie in der Simulation. Es gilt aber auch hier, dass die Charakteristika verschiedener Spankontingente bei gleichen Aufnahmebedingungen und Auswerteparametern gut messbar sind bzw. dass Änderungen in der gemessenen Größenverteilung eindeutig den geometrischen Eigenschaften der Späne zugeordnet werden können. Die Eignung der Verarbeitungsfolge zur Charakterisierung von Spangrößenverteilungen bestätigte sich auch an Bildern, die ausschließlich am Vlies auf einem Formstrang aufgenommen wurden. Zusätzlich wurde nachgewiesen, dass mit der erweiterten Höhenschichtanalyse auch Bilder von Spanplattenoberflächen ausgewertet werden könnten und daraus auf die Größenverteilung der eingesetzten Deckschichtspäne geschlossen werden kann. Das vorgestellte Verfahren ist daher eine gute und neuartige Möglichkeit, prozessnah an Teilflächen von OSB-Vliesen anhand von Grauwertbildern die Größenverteilungen der Strands zu charakterisieren und eignet sich grundsätzlich für den industriellen Einsatz. Geeignete Verfahren waren zumindest für Holzpartikel bisher nicht bekannt. Diese Möglichkeit, Trends in der Spangrößenverteilung automatisch zu erkennen, eröffnet daher neue Perspektiven für die Prozessüberwachung. / The strength of wood-based materials made of several layers of big and oriented particles like OSB (oriented strand board) is a superposition of the strengths of the layers according to the orientation of the particles and depending from their size distribution. It would be desirable to measure particle geometry and orientation close to the production process, e.g. with a “view onto the mat”. Currently, continuous on-line measurements of the particle geometry are not possible, while measurements of separated particles would be too costly and time-consuming. Before measuring particle shapes they have to be reconstructed in a multi-stage procedure which considers an image scene with strands as “gray value mountains”. Segmentation using a watershed algorithm is not sufficient. Also a two-step edge detector according to Canny does not yield closed object shapes. A multi-step procedure based on threshold decomposition and recombination however is successful: The gray values in the image are transformed into a reduced and uniformly distributed set of threshold levels. The local morphological gradients between these levels are used to re-build the original particle shapes by adding the threshold levels. Only shapes with a plausible size corresponding to real particle shapes are included in order to suppress noise. The result of the reconstruction from threshold levels is then matched with the result of the strong edges in the original image, which had been detected using a Canny operator, and is finally cleaned with morphological operators. This extended threshold analysis produces sufficiently segmented images with object shapes corresponding extensively to the particle shapes. Standard algorithms are used to measure geometric features of the objects. An approximation of particle shapes with ellipses of equal moments of inertia is useful. Remaining incorrectly detected objects are removed by form factors and size intervals. Size distributions for the parameters length and width are presented and characterized as density distribution histograms, weighted by the object area and linearly scaled (q2 distribution), as well as the cumulated distribution and different quantiles. A demonstration software “SizeBulk” based on MATLAB has been developed to demonstrate the computation and the interaction of algorithms. Image sequences can be processed and different variations of image preprocessing and parametrization can be tested. However, the detection procedure yields complete shapes only for those particles in the top layer. Objects in lower layers are partially hidden and cannot be measured completely. Artificial images with separated and with overlaid objects with a known size distribution were generated to study this effect. It was shown that size distributions are influenced by this covering effect and also by the strand orientation, but that at least the modes of the most important size parameters length and width remain in evidence. Artificial images and several samples with OSB strands from industrial and laboratory production were used for testing. They were measured as single strands as well as arrangements similar to an OSB mat. For real strands, the same covering effects to the size distributions revealed as in the simulation. Under stable image acquisition conditions and using similar processing parameters the characteristics of these samples can well be measured, and changes in the size distributions are definitely due to the geometric properties of the strands. The suitability of the processing procedure for the characterization of strand size distributions could also be confirmed for images acquired from OSB mats in a production line. Moreover, it could be shown that the extended threshold analysis is also suitable to evaluate images of particle board surfaces and to draw conclusions about the size distribution of the top layer particles. Therefore, the method presented here is a novel possibility to measure size distributions of OSB strands through the evaluation of partial gray value images of the mat surface. In principle, this method is suitable to be transferred to an industrial application. So far, methods that address the problem of detecting trends of the strand size distribution were not known, and this work shows new perspectives for process monitoring.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF14MA026.pdf: 1971973 bytes, checksum: e7806baddd2385da2fbe8f6b2b96ca89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / The present study aimed to evaluate technically the feasibility of production of oriented strand board (OSB) of Eucalyptus benthamii Maiden et Cambage 13 years of age through different levels of resin and compositions of particles between the layers of the mattress. Therefore, the characterization of density and dimensional stability of solid wood by NBR 7190 (1997) was performed. The experimental design for the study on the OSB consisted of 8 treatments with four different compositions between the layers (30:40:30 , 20:60:20 , 25:50:20 and 100%) and two percentages resin (4 and 6%). Three panels were produced by treatment with dimensions of 49 x 42 x 1.5 cm, which were subjected to a cycle of hot pressing temperature 180 °C, pressure of 40 kgf/cm2 for a time of 8 minutes. The technological tests on panels were made according to the procedures of ASTM D1037 (1996) and DIN 52362 (1982). The statistical analysis used was a Factorial Analysis and Tukey Test at 95% probability, as well as the comparison with the minimum values specified in the standard CSA 0437 (1993). The results for the physical properties of solid wood, it has been density of 0.53 g/cm3 with mean value and the realization of high dimensional stability of the parts analyzed. Regarding physical properties of the panels, it was found that the average density was 0.63 g/cm3 and swells for 2 hours and 24 hours were 12,35 % and 34,43 %, respectively , which overcomes the maximum setting of 10 % to 24 hours of immersion in the standard CSA 0437 (1993). For mechanical testing bending strength uniformity were observed values of rupture and elastic modulus in the direction parallel module, however, in perpendicular direction, an increase of the values of strength and stiffness as it increased the amount of particles in the inner layer of the mattress. For internal bond, there was a strong influence of the increase in the percentage of resin, with an average value of 0.36 MPa, thus, only treatments with 6% resin reached the minimum values established by the referenced standard. The results of this study indicate that Eucalyptus benthamii can be an alternative for the production of oriented strand board (OSB), through adjustments to be made in the production process / O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar tecnicamente a viabilidade da produção de painéis OSB a partir de toras de Eucalyptus benthamii com 13 anos de idade por meio de diferentes teores de resina e composições de partículas entre as camadas do colchão. Para tanto, foi realizada a caracterização da massa específica e da estabilidade dimensional da madeira sólida por meio da NBR 7190(1997). O delineamento experimental para o estudo relativo aos painéis OSB foi composto por 8 tratamentos, com 4 diferentes composições entre as camadas (30:40:30, 20:60:20, 25:50:20 e 100%) e duas porcentagens de resina (4 e 6%). Foram produzidos 3 painéis por tratamento com dimensões de 49 X 42 X 1,5 cm, os quais foram submetidos a um ciclo de prensagem à quente de 180oC de temperatura, 40 kgf/cm2 de pressão por um tempo de 8 minutos. Os ensaios tecnológicos dos painéis foram feitos de acordo com os procedimentos da ASTM D1037 (1996) e da DIN 52362 (1982). A análise estatística adotada foi a Análise Fatorial e Teste de Tukey a 95% de probabilidade, bem como a comparação com os valores mínimos especificados na norma CSA 0437 (1993). Como resultado para as propriedades físicas da madeira sólida, tem-se a massa específica aparente básica com 0,53 g/cm3 de valor médio e a constatação da alta instabilidade dimensional das peças analisadas. Quanto às propriedades físicas dos painéis, constatou-se que a massa específica média foi de 0,63 g/cm3 e os inchamentos para 2 horas e 24 horas foram de 12,35% e 34,43%, respectivamente, o que supera o parâmetro máximo de 10% para 24 horas de imersão pela norma CSA 0437 (1993). Para os ensaios mecânicos de flexão estática, observou-se uma homogeneidade dos valores de módulo de ruptura e de módulo de elasticidade no sentido paralelo, no entanto, no sentido perpendicular, houve um aumento nos valores de resistência e rigidez à medida que se aumentava a quantidade de partículas na camada interna do colchão. Para ligação interna, verificou-se uma forte influência do aumento da porcentagem de resina nos resultados apresentados, com valor médio de 0,36 MPa, assim, somente os tratamentos com 6% de resina atingiram os valores mínimos estabelecidos pela norma referenciada. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a madeira de Eucalyptus benthamii pode ser uma alternativa para a produção de painéis de partículas orientadas (OSB), mediante ajustes a serem realizados no processo produtivo

A utilização de produtos provenientes de fontes renováveis e livres de substâncias tóxicas é tendência global, prova disso é o constante aumento da demanda por produtos à base de madeira. Segundo o Forest Products Statistics (2015), a produção mundial de painéis de madeira reconstituída, em 2014, foi de 388 milhões de m³, um aumento de 5,5% em comparação com o ano anterior e um aumento de 34% quando comparado com 2010. No entanto, o setor industrial de painéis de madeira há décadas enfrenta um grande desafio com relação às emissões tóxicas vindas dos adesivos convencionais. Diante destes problemas, a proposta do presente trabalho foi testar a viabilidade da produção de painéis aglomerados e painéis OSB, com significativa redução da emissão de formaldeído, a partir de resíduos de madeira de Pinus sp. e Tectona grandis (Teca). Neste sentido, buscou-se contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento científico sobre a utilização do polímero natural polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e do resíduo de tinta à base de resina epóxi como adesivos alternativos. Os painéis foram fabricados variando-se os parâmetros de produção para obtenção de melhores condições de processo, sendo estes: densidade baixa, média e alta; teor de adesivo de 20, 30 e 40%; adição de partículas de Teca nas proporções de 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) e ANSI A208.1 (2009). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (densidade, percentual de adesivo e fração de Teca), além das interações entre tais fatores nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Os resultados apontaram para excelentes propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis aglomerados de média e alta densidade, tendo resíduo de tinta, principalmente, nas proporções de 30 e 40%. Na maioria dos casos as propriedades de tais painéis foram superiores aos requisitos estipulados pela norma brasileira e pelas internacionais. Assim, ficou confirmada a viabilidade de produção dos aglomerados com pelo menos um dos insumos estudados bem como seu potencial de emprego para as finalidades compatíveis com produtos desta natureza. / The use of products from renewable sources and free of toxic substances is a global trend, the proof is the steady increase in demand for wood-based products. According to the Forest Products Statistics (2015), world production of reconstituted wood panels in 2014 was 388 million cubic meters, an increase of 5.5% compared to the previous year and an increase of 34% compared to 2010. However, the industrial sector of wood panels for decades faces a major challenge with regard to toxic emissions coming from conventional adhesives. Faced with these problems, the purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of production of panels and OSB panels, with significant reduction of formaldehyde emissions from wood waste Pinus sp. and teak (Teak). In this sense, we sought to contribute to the increase of scientific knowledge on the use of natural polymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and residual ink resin-based epoxy as alternative adhesives. The panels were manufactured by varying the production parameters to obtain the best processing conditions, namely: low density, medium and high; resin content of 20, 30 and 40%; adding particles of Teak in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels was evaluated based on the standards NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009). Held analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the influence of individual factors (density, adhesive percentage and fraction Teak), and the interactions among these factors in the physical-mechanical properties of the panels. The results showed excellent physical and mechanical properties of the panels average clusters and high density, and ink residue, mainly in the proportions of 30 and 40%. In most cases the properties of these boards were superior to the requirements set by the Brazilian and international standards. Thus, it was confirmed production of agglomerates with at least one viability of inputs studied as well as their potential for employment for purposes compatible with products of this nature.

Master´s thesis deals with the design and assessment of the roof construction of the multi-purpose hall in Holice. The other two dimensions of the hall are 28 x 45 m. Height of the hall is 11,28 m. Roofing is done in three variants. The final solution is processed for one presentation. The main supporting element is formed by cross-linking arc beam made of laminated wood. Girders are spaced 5 m and connected purlins. Stability of the construction by three field bracings. The cladding is a rafter, shuttering of OSB particle that carry the roof deck.

The Diploma thesis deals with the realisation of the reconstruction of a farmhouse in the village of Všeradov. The main task of this thesis is to produce a constructional preparation of the project for the complete reconstruction of the ceiling and wall construction of the farmhouse and to create a new attic flat. All constructional modifications need to be in accordance with the requirements of CHKO Žďárské vrchy as the building belongs to a large protected zone. The aim of this thesis is to make a constructional and technological project which is feasible from financial, time and technological point of view.