in English The object of this diploma thesis is to answer the question, how can international organizations (UN, Council of Europe and OSCE) effectively regulate conflicts among their member states, or which instruments are they for this purpose equipped with. The thesis is divided into three main parts - theoretical study, part dedicated to the individual international organizations and the case study. The first part offers a definition of basic legal concepts, as they will be used in the following parts of the study with an emphasis on the definition of the concept "coercion". The following part deals with the instruments of coercion the international organizations are equipped with. In the third part are the findings from the previous parts confronted with a real case of the effort to regulate the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno Karabakh. This structure of the thesis can be also described as a progress from a theoretic basis, through an applied theory contained in particular agreements, to their practical realization in the concrete case. Based on the completed study the author concludes that unilateral instruments of coercion, that the particular organizations have at their disposal, are often not appropriate (exclusion from organization), ineffective (political declaration)...

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Today, political scientists working with international organizations seek to resolve internal conflicts in Bosnia- Herzegovina, Cyprus, and Kashmir. To solve such crises, political scientists have mostly tried to apply domestic comparative politics approaches. These techniques emphasize agreements among internal actors and have not been successful in most cases. In the case of the Transdniestrian conflict in the Republic of Moldova, mediators have found it difficult to achieve internal agreement because external factors also have played a significant role during the conflict. Therefore, even if an internal agreement is achieved, it will remain fragile due to the vulnerable geographic location of the Republic of Moldova and to the limited state capacity to counter influential external actors. For the purpose of solving the Transdniestrian conflict in the long run, this thesis analyzes the possibilities of creating regional complex interdependence around the Republic of Moldova, which would strengthen an internal agreement to resolve the conflict. Regional complex interdependence inter-connects the countries interested in the region around the Republic of Moldova: Romania, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine. This solution presumes external and internal interconnections based on the complex interdependence theory of neo-liberalism. The main potential drawback is that any asymmetrical dependencies in the initial stage of cooperation will imbalance the proposed complex interdependence causing unilateral dependence (most likely on Russia) leading other actors to take countermeasures. In fact, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe as a neutral party has been being a legal umbrella for mediation since all parties consider it an appropriate organization for the negotiations. Nevertheless, creating such an arrangement requires an initial role of the United States of America and the European Union to balance Russian influence until the region becomes interdependent. At that moment, the continuation of the Transdniestrian conflict will become irrelevant because the pre-conditions for conflict will be eliminated. / Major, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Moldova

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis analyses the causes and evolution of the conflict in the Republic of Moldova and capabilities of three conflict-regulating mechanisms to facilitate the final political solution of this conflict. The leading cause of the conflict is the competition among post-Soviet politicians, fighting over the division of the Soviet state and redistribution of politico-economic benefits. In their fight for power, the elites mobilized instrumental and primordial grievances of the population, thus giving an ethnic aspect to the confrontation. As an important intervening variable for the conflict escalation into a military confrontation is Russian interest in maintaining politico-economic and military domination over the region. Over time, all ethnic causes had been eliminated, thus creating the necessary conditions for the final political settlement of the conflict. However, the status quo, created around this conflict, suits the politico-economic interests of the Transdniestrian elites, and reinforced by the Russian interest in keeping the region under its influence, is encouraging them to promote a radical position toward the process of negotiations and to demand anything but independence, a fact that cannot be accepted by the legal Moldovan Government. In such circumstances, the final solution depends on the attitudes of the external players. However, the international players are dispersed over the methods of resolving this conflict, thus reinforcing the deadlock situation in the process of negotiation. This thesis argues that under the current circumstances, none of the conflict regulating mechanism, partition, confederation and federation will solve that particular conflict. However, the federalism has the most potential to serve as a tool for unification and conflict-resolution, but only if the international community and internal players will promote democratic values, rule of law and free marked orientation in the region, will reduce the benefits of the status quo situation and, finally, will offer substantial politico-economic and cultural autonomy combined with fair representation at the central level to the Transdniestrian region. / Lieutenant Colonel, Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova

The thesis analyses endeavour of the international community to affect events in disintegrating Yugoslavia. It describes and judges individual activities of the UN, EU, USA and the rest of the world seeking a reconciliation among fighting sides. It also describes development of Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war and gives predictions of its possible future progress in the context of international supervision and assistance.

The diploma thesis deals with the contemporary position of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in the European security architecture and, in particular, it is devoted to the assessment of the reform possibilities of this organization whose efficiency and relevance are being questioned these days. The thesis concentrates on the unique features of the OSCE as well as on the analysis of its strong and weak points and of the interests of the key players too. Previous attempts of the OSCE's reform including the most recent initiatives and proposals in a wide European security negotiations framework are also profoundly discussed. On the basis of preceding findings, summarizing conclusions are finally drawn and the thesis predicts probable scenarios concerning the future of OSCE and its reform process.

This thesis deals with cooperation between France, Germany and the United Kingdom within the area of foreign and security policy. Two case studies are presented, one of them concerning cooperation between the three states within and outside institutions in 1980 following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the other dealing with cooperation concerning the crisis in Macedonia in 2001. In accordance with the approach of neoliberal institutionalism the primary hypothesis is that cooperation is primarily determined by the interests of states but it is also limited by norms and affected by the institutions of which the three states are members. The study describes the large variety of forms of cooperation that exist between France, Germany and the United Kingdom, in which the United States also plays an important part, and which also includes their cooperation within a number of international institutions. The study also points to the new forms of interaction between states and institutions that have come about since the Cold War ended, and which give a stronger role to institutions and the cooperation between them. Still, however, states retain a decisive role in cooperation within the field of foreign and security policy.

The purpose of this study was to explore nurse educators‟ perception of Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation (OSCE) as summative assessment for students‟ clinical competence ,with the aim of recommending alternatives to the current situation. The rationale behind the study is that the researcher became aware of concerns raised by nurse educators regarding the appropriateness of OSCE as summative assessment of students clinical competence and differences of opinion on the matter. An explorative, descriptive, contextual, qualitative research design was chosen. The sample included nurse educators actively involved in OSCE as summative assessment of nursing students in the provincial nursing college for at least 5 years or more. Data was collected by means of two (2) focus group interview sessions with fourteen (14) participants. During data analysis it became clear that data saturation had not been reached and a third focus group interview was conducted with seven (7) participants from the original sample who were available. The focus of the interviews was to explore participants‟ perception of Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation as summative assessment for students‟ clinical competence. The data was independently analyzed by the researcher as well as an independent co-coder according to the principles for content analysis as described by Creswell (2008:251). Three (3) themes and nine (9) sub-themes emerged from the data collected from participants. The first theme described the value of OSCE as summative assessment method for students‟ clinical competence. Theme two described the obstacles in using OSCE as summative assessment for students‟ clinical competence. Theme three described the suggested alternatives. The collected data was discussed and integrated with relevant national and international literature to culminate in three (3) conclusive statements. The conclusive statements served as basis for recommending alternatives to the nursing educators and managers in order to enhance the value of OSCE as summative assessment forstudents‟ clinical competence. / Thesis (MCur)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore nurse educators‟ perception of Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation (OSCE) as summative assessment for students‟ clinical competence ,with the aim of recommending alternatives to the current situation. The rationale behind the study is that the researcher became aware of concerns raised by nurse educators regarding the appropriateness of OSCE as summative assessment of students clinical competence and differences of opinion on the matter. An explorative, descriptive, contextual, qualitative research design was chosen. The sample included nurse educators actively involved in OSCE as summative assessment of nursing students in the provincial nursing college for at least 5 years or more. Data was collected by means of two (2) focus group interview sessions with fourteen (14) participants. During data analysis it became clear that data saturation had not been reached and a third focus group interview was conducted with seven (7) participants from the original sample who were available. The focus of the interviews was to explore participants‟ perception of Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation as summative assessment for students‟ clinical competence. The data was independently analyzed by the researcher as well as an independent co-coder according to the principles for content analysis as described by Creswell (2008:251). Three (3) themes and nine (9) sub-themes emerged from the data collected from participants. The first theme described the value of OSCE as summative assessment method for students‟ clinical competence. Theme two described the obstacles in using OSCE as summative assessment for students‟ clinical competence. Theme three described the suggested alternatives. The collected data was discussed and integrated with relevant national and international literature to culminate in three (3) conclusive statements. The conclusive statements served as basis for recommending alternatives to the nursing educators and managers in order to enhance the value of OSCE as summative assessment forstudents‟ clinical competence. / Thesis (MCur)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

This paper discusses the main variables, analysis and conclusions of the studies conducted by the Centro de Análisis y Resolución de Conflictos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú and the Contraloría General de la República from Peru. The author bases its investigation on the comparison between the two organisms; furthermore, he contrasts its conclusions andproposals with the data collected in the development of arbitration. / El artículo comenta las principales variables, análisis y conclusiones de los estudios efectuados por Centro de Análisis y Resolución de Conflictos de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú y de la Contraloría General de la República. Para ello, el autor efectúa una comparación entre ambos, así como contrasta ambas conclusiones y propuestas con los datos que recoge en el desenvolvimiento del arbitraje.

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