The analogy of optical system to other physical systems has been attracting much attention over the past decades. In coupled optical lattices, phenomena originated from electronic systems, such as Bloch oscillations, Dynamic localization and Zener tunneling, have been extensively investigated and led to novel research directions and applications. Following this idea, harmonic oscillations are spatially mimicked by the propagation of supermodes in quadratically-coupled waveguide arrays. By analyzing the field envelope with the propagation constants and the superposition of the supermodes, we achieve conjugate-imaging at the half-period plane and self-imaging at the full-period plane, which give rise to the linear switching. Combining the linear switching and the nonlinear light propagation triggered at high power level, we demonstrate the superior performances of nonlinear power switching compared with traditional nonlinear directional couplers. Through the linear and nonlinear observation on AlGaAs waveguide array, we present the first experimental proof of the harmonic oscillations in optical waveguide arrays.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

In einer kürzlich erschienenen Arbeit haben Greatbatch und Zhang darauf hingewiesen, daß interdekadische Oszillationen in einem Ozean-Becken-Modell gefunden werden können, falls dieses mit festgehaltenen Wärmeflüssen angetrieben wird. Diese Oszillationen haben Ahnlichkeit mit jenen, welche Delworth et al. in einem gekoppelten Ozean-Atmosphären-Modell fanden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Mechanismen verglichen, die in drei einfachen Ozeanmodellen mit festgehaltenen Antrieben zu Schwingungen führen. Die Experimente mit einem drei-dimensionalen Becken-Modell werden ausführlich beschrieben. In diesen Experimenten zeigt sich der voll dreidimensionale Charakter der Schwingungen. Die Oszillationen stehen im Zusammenhang mit einer Reduktion der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von kalten Randstörungen im nordwestlichen Teil des Ozeanbeckens. Der Grund dafür ist ein anomal großes Gebiet tiefreichender Konvektion in dieser Region. Kräftige Temperaturanomalien enstehen dann infolge von anomaler Advektion. Ganz wesentlich für das Vorkommen von ungedämpften Oszillationen ist eine Verlängerung der Zeitspanne mit starker (schwacher) meridionaler Zirkulation im drei-dimensionalen Modell (\"Schleifen\"-Modell) durch einen Überkompensationsmechanismus. Letzendlich bestätigen diese Experimente die Ansicht von Winton, daß sich die Oszillationen in drei-dimensionalen Modellen nicht mit einfachen \"Schleifen\"-Modellen nachvollziehen lassen. / In a recent paper Greatbatch and Zhang reported the finding of interdecadal oscillations in an idealized ocean basin forced by constant heat flux. This oscillation has many similarities to that found by Delworth et al. in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. We have used three simple models with fixed surface fluxes, a box model, a Welander-like loop model and a three-level three-dimensional ocean basin model, in order to compare mechanisms associated with interdecadal oscillations in these models. Our experiments with the basin model revealed the three-dimensional character of the oscillations in three-dimensional models. Self-sustained oscillations are associated with a reduction of the propagation speed of cold anomalies in the north-western corner of the model because of anomalous strong convection in that region. Then anomalous gyre circulation leads to the development of strong temperature anomalies. The extension of the period of strong (low) overturning in the three-dimensional (loop) model by some overcompensation mechanism is crucial for the occurrence of self-sustained oscillations. In conclusion we confirm Wintons view that fixed flux variability is not a meridional plane phenomenon related to loop oscillators.

The experiments in this thesis investigated the mechanisms controlling input and output gating of working memory. In chapter 3, accuracy and reaction time data from a precision/capacity working memory task with prospective and retrospective cues were analysed. The results suggest that retrocues boost performance by facilitating output gating from working memory. In chapter 4, the role of perceptual cortex in mediating the cue benefits in this task was investigated with magnetoencephalography (MEG). The pattern of alpha (8-12Hz) power in visual cortex was modulated by cue direction following both precues and retrocues, but whilst this modulation was sustained following a precue (until presentation of the memory array) it was transient following a retrocue, suggesting that a memory representation was briefly retrieved or refreshed, but that there was not a sustained biasing of top-down input to visual cortex following retrocues. This argues against the standard model of working memory as sustained attention to internal representations, and in favour of a more dynamic view in which perceptual cortex is recruited transiently, and otherwise freed up for on-going processing. In chapter 5, the role of frontal networks in precueing and retrocueing was investigated. An fMRI meta-analysis identified control networks involved in preparatory and mnemonic selection: whilst the fronto-parietal network is recruited in both cases, the cingulo-opercular network is recruited only by retrocues. This spatial pattern was replicated with a source-space ROI analysis of MEG induced-responses. These data also characterised the time-course of control network activation shedding light on their functional roles. The fronto-parietal network was activated immediately following both precues and retrocues, consistent with a direct role in top-down influence over perceptual cortex. By contrast, the cingulo-opercular network was activated following retrocues only after the perceptual refreshing event was complete, suggesting a downstream role, perhaps in selecting representations to guide action. Chapter 6 investigated the role of reward associations in controlling access to working memory, testing behavioural predictions of two theories implicating the dopamine system and basal ganglia in control of working memory. The results supported a temporal gating account in which encountering reward associated items triggers a brief (<300ms) window in which there is a boost of encoding for WM. Chapter 7 discusses the implications of the current work and suggests some future directions.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

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O estudo da variação de massa na superfície do eletrodo pode fornecer importantes informações a respeito de processos interfaciais. Quando bem interpretados, os resultados podem auxiliar na elucidação do mecanismo reacional. Assim, aspectos como adsorção de espécies eletroativas, formação e oxidação de adsorbatos, e processos de transferência de carga e sua dependência com o potencial podem ser avaliados. O aparecimento de instabilidades cinéticas em sistemas eletroquímicos, em particular durante a eletro-oxidação de moléculas orgânicas pequenas, tem sido tema de vários estudos. A eletro-oxidação de metanol foi estuda sobre platina em meios alcalino e ácido utilizando a técnica de nanobalança eletroquímica a cristal de quartzo. Os cátions de metais alcalinos têm um papel muito importante sobre os processos eletródicos, influenciando a formação de PtO e a corrente de oxidação do combustível. A oxidação da superfície em KOH é favorecida em relação ao LiOH e a variação de massa para esse processo é maior no primeiro caso. Contudo, a massa molar calculada para espécies oxigenadas na superfície foi maior para a solução contendo LiOH. Para verificar a interação da superfície de platina oxidada com o orgânico foram realizadas medidas de potencial de circuito aberto e verificou-se que na solução contendo íons Li+ o tempo que antecede a íngreme queda de potencial foi maior, sendo a variação de massa durante o transiente de -69,0 ng.cm-2 e -62,3 ng.cm-2 para as soluções de hidróxido de potássio aquoso e hidróxido de lítio aquoso, respectivamente. Nos experimentos conduzidos em meio ácido o foco foi estudar a variação de massa durante as oscilações em condições galvanostáticas. Verificou-se que essa variação de massa foi muito pequena, cerca de 4,7 ng.cm-2, quando utilizado eletrólito aquoso de ácido sulfúrico, e com resolução relativamente boa. Em seguida etapa foi estudada a eletro-oxidação do metanol em solução de ácido perclórico na ausência e na presença de íons cloreto, sobre platina. A oxidação da superfície de plantina é adiada para potenciais um pouco mais elevado na solução contendo cloreto do que em relação àquela sem estes íons. Após a adição de metanol foi realizada uma estimativa do recobrimento de óxido na superfície para as duas situações em questão. O valor de &theta;O encontrado foi de 3,1 e de 3,4 para a solução sem cloreto e com cloreto, respectivamente. Nos experimentos galvanostáticos, verificou-se que as oscilações de potencial e massa apresentaram frequência maior quando havia íons Cl- na solução. Com os experimentos de nanogravimetria foi possível calcular a variação de &theta;CO durante uma oscilação. Os valores obtidos foram 0,08 e 0,12 para a solução com e sem cloreto, respectivamente. Em uma última etapa, o eletrodo foi polarizado em 1,4 V durante 300 s e em seguida abriu-se o circuito e esperou-se até que atingisse o potencial de equilíbrio. Foi observado que o tempo para que este potencial fosse atingido foi de 9,1 s para solução sem cloreto e de 31 s para aquela contendo os ânions. Além disso, foi calculado o valor de &theta;O para as duas soluções. Para a primeira o valor foi de 4,2 e para a segunda foi de 5,1. Os íons cloreto influenciam o processo de redução do óxido nos experimentos de potencial de circuito aberto durante todo o transiente devido o processo de quimissorção que ocorre e a competição com as moléculas de metanol por sítios livres. Este fenômeno também é, possivelmente, responsável pela maior variação de massa observada no transiente e consequentemente no valor de &theta;O. / The study of the mass variation on the surface of the electrode can provide important information about interfacial processes. If there is a good interpretation, the results may aid in the elucidation of the reaction mechanism. So, aspects like adsorption of electroactive species, formation and oxidation of adsorbents, load transfer processes and their dependence on potential can be evaluated. The appearance of kinetic instabilities in electrochemical systems, particularly during the electro-oxidation of small organic molecules, has been the subject of several studies. The electro-oxidation of methanol was studied on platinum in alkaline and acid media using the technique of nanobalance electrochemical scale to quartz crystal. The alkali metal cations have a very important role on the electrodes processes, influencing the formation of PtO and the oxidation current of the fuel. The oxidation of the KOH surface is favored in relation to LiOH and the mass variation for this process is greater in the first case. However, the calculated molar mass for oxygenated species on the surface was higher for the solution containing LiOH. To verify the interaction of the oxidized platinum surface with the organic, open-circuit potential measurements were performed and it was found that in the solution containing Li+ ions the time before the steep drop in potential was greater, corresponding during the transient mass variation of -69.0 ng.cm-2 and - 62.3 ng.cm-2 for the solutions of aqueous potassium hydroxide and aqueous lithium hydroxide, respectively. In the acid experiments, the focus was to study the mass variation during oscillations under galvanostatic conditions. It was noted that this variation of mass it was very small, about 4.7 ng.cm-2, when aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte was used, and with relatively good resolution. Then, the electro-oxidation of methanol in solution of perchloric acid in the absence and presence of chloride ions on platinum was studied. The oxidation of the plantine surface is delayed to potentials a little more high in the solution containing chloride than in relation to that without these ions, After the addition of methanol an estimation of the coating of oxidation in the surface was realized for the two situations in question. The value of &theta;O found was 3.1 and 3.4 for the solution without chloride and with chloride, respectively. In the galvanostatic experiments, it was verified that the oscillations of potential and mass presented higher frequency when there were Cl- ions in the solution. With the nanogravimetry experiments, it was possible to calculate the variation of &theta;CO during an oscillation. The values obtained were 0.08 and 0.12 for the solution with and without chloride, respectively. In a final step, the electrode was polarized at 1.4 V for 300 s and then the circuit was opened and waited until it reached equilibrium potential. It was observed that the time for this potential to be reached was 9.1 s for solution without chloride and 31 s for the one containing the anions. In addition, the value of &theta;O was calculated for the two solutions. For the first, the value was 4.2 and for the second it was 5.1. The chloride ions influence in the oxidation reduction process in open circuit potential experiments throughout the transient due to the chemisorption process that occurs and competition with the methanol molecules through free sites. This phenomenon is also possibly responsible for the mass observed in the transient and consequently in the value of &theta;O.

Research report to School of Electrical and Information Engineering / An investigation was conducted into how a variable speed drive can provide a damping torque when mechanical oscillations are present. The modeling of mechanical oscillations via an analogous electrical circuit was performed. Simulation was used to demonstrate how a variable speed drive is able to damp speed oscillations using Direct Torque Control (DTC). Damping of mechanical oscillations is done by means of the variable speed drive providing a damping torque component that is in-phase with the speed deviation. The simulation showed that by applying a small torque component with the speed variation results in torque oscillations being damped by 60% after the initial disturbance. Damping is further improved by applying a torque component equal to the speed variation resulting in the oscillations being damped by 80% when compared to the initial disturbance. / MT2017

Ritmos biológicos são regulados por mecanismos homeostáticos que asseguram a confiabilidade funcional do relógio fisiológico independentemente de mudanças de temperatura no ambiente. Compensação de temperatura, ou a independência do período oscilatório em relação à temperatura, é conhecida por exercer um papel central em muitos ritmos biológicos, mas um fenômeno raro em osciladores químicos. Estudou-se nessa dissertação a influência da temperatura na dinâmica oscilatória durante a oxidação catalítica de ácido fórmico sobre eletrodo de platina policristalina. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em cinco temperaturas diferentes de 5 à 25 ºC, e as oscilações foram estudadas sob controle galvanostático. Resultados experimentais foram comparados a um novo modelo proposto para a eletro-oxidação de ácido fórmico, considerando formato como intermediário ativo e a desidrogenação da água em altos potenciais. Sob condições oscilatórias apenas comportamento anti-Arrhenius foi observado. Sobre-compensação com coeficiente de temperatura (q10, definido como a razão entre a constante de velocidade à temperatura T + 10 ºC e em T) < 1 é achada para a maioria dos casos, exceto em altas correntes aplicadas onde compensação de temperatura, q10 ~ 1 predomina. O comportamento do período e amplitude resulta de uma combinação complexa entre a temperatura e corrente aplicada ou, equivalentemente, a distância do equilíbrio termodinâmico. Altas energias de ativação aparente foram obtidas em condições voltamétricas, não-oscilatórias, as quais implicam que o comportamento anti-Arrhenius observado sob regime oscilatório resulta de um acoplamento entre as rotas reacionais em vez de uma fraca dependência da temperatura nas etapas elementares. Mecanisticamente, os experimentos e o modelo matemático sugerem que o período em regime de (sobre)compensação de temperatura durante a eletro-oxidação de ácido fórmico sobre platina é governado pelo acoplamento entre as taxas reacionais de formação/remoção de monóxido de carbono e formato em condições oscilatórias. / Biological rhythms are regulated by homeostatic mechanisms that assure that physiological clocks function reliably independent of temperature changes in the environment. Temperature compensation, i.e. the independence of the oscillatory period on temperature, is known to play a central role in many biological rhythms, but it is rather rare in chemical oscillators. It was studied in this master thesis the influence of temperature on the oscillatory dynamics during the catalytic oxidation of formic acid on a polycrystalline platinum electrode. The experiments are performed at five temperatures from 5 to 25 ºC, and the oscillations studied under galvanostatic control. Experimental results are compared to a new model proposed for formic acid electro-oxidation, which includes formate as an active intermediate and water dehydrogenation at high potentials. Under oscillatory conditions only non-Arrhenius behavior is observed. Over-compensation with temperature coefficient (q10, defined as the ratio between the rate constants at temperature T + 10 ºC and at T) < 1 is found in most cases, except that temperature compensation with q10 ~ 1 predominates at high applied currents. The behavior of the period and the amplitude result from a complex interplay between temperature and applied current or, equivalently, the distance from thermodynamic equilibrium. High, positive apparent activation energies were obtained under voltammetric, non-oscillatory conditions, which implies that the non-Arrhenius behavior observed under oscillatory conditions results from the interplay among reaction steps rather than from a weak temperature dependence of the individual steps. Mechanistically, the experiments and the mathematical model suggest that the period in temperature (over)compensation regime during electro-oxidation of formic acid at platinum is governed by the coupling among the reaction rates of formation/removal of carbon monoxide and formate coverage in oscillatory conditions.

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