Dentro da região litorânea central do Estado de Santa Catarina, compreendida entre as praias do Ouvidor e dos Ingleses, foram delimitadase estudadas cinco áreas que abrigam tanto campos de dunas ativos quanto estabilizados. Com base em dados meteorológicos obtidos de 1962 a 2010, como registros diários de precipitação e deintensidade e rumo de vento, inferiu-se que a tendência de estabilização recente, observada nos campos de dunas atuais por comparação de fotografias aéreas de diferentes datas, resulta da combinação de aumento da precipitação com redução da intensidade do vento. Este dois fatores inibem o transporte eólico de sedimentos para o campo de dunas, seja pelo efeito de aumento de coesão da areia exercido pela umidade seja pelo favorecimento da colonização vegetal nas zonas de deflação. Persistentes nas últimas três décadas, estes fatores têm reduzido gradualmente as áreas deareia expostas ao retrabalhamento eólico, o que diminui cada vez mais a deriva eólica efetiva, culminando na fixação dos campos de dunas. Os depósitos sedimentares de dunas e paleodunas eólicas foram agrupados, por critérios morfológicos, estratigráficos, granulométricos e mineralógicos, em quatro gerações (G1 a G4), correlatas às reconhecidas previamente na literatura. A geração mais antiga (G1) possui, todavia, distribuição de idades mais ampla do que se pensava, podendo portanto, por critérios geocronológicos, vir a ser subdividida. Os resultados sedimentológicos apontam para tendências de engrossamento, melhora de seleção granulométrica e assimetria mais positiva, da geração mais antiga para a mais nova, o que é atribuído a influência de sucessiva reciclagem de sedimentos entre as gerações, sem descartar o efeito, em paralelo, de mudanças de energia e/ou morfodinâmica costeira. As idades obtidas para as gerações antigas pelo método da luminescência opticamente estimulada (LOE) permitem observar certa coincidência com contextos de linha de costa estável e de clima em transição de menos úmido para mais úmido. A relação observada entre as idades LOE obtidas e as curvas de variação do nível relativo do mar (NRM) e de paleopluviosidade, associadas ao modelo de estabilização de dunas recentes por aumento de umidade e queda de energia eólica, permite sugerir que a iniciação dos campos de dunas costeiros da região, em suas diferentes gerações, seja favorecida por situações de NRM estável e/ou em inversão de tendência, e por clima menos úmido e mais ventoso. A estabilização dos campos de dunas, em contrapartida, seria favorecida pela subida de NRM, pelo aumento da chuva e pela diminuição da intensidade dos ventos. Do ponto de vista do controle climático, a condição de iniciação de campos de dunas mencionadacoincidiria com momentos de enfraquecimento do Sistema de Monções da América doSul (SMAS), correlatos a períodos mais quentes no hemisfério norte. E a condição favorávelà estabilização de campos de dunas ocorreria nos momentos de intensificação do SMAS, correlatos a períodos mais frios no hemisfério norte. / This master dissertation refers to five areas withactive and stabilized eolian dune fields in the central coast of the Santa Catarina State, southernBrazil. In this region, a recent tendency to stabilization of active dune fields is inferred from the comparison between aerial photographs of different years. Meteorological data obtained between 1962 and 2010, including daily records of rainfall, wind intensity and wind direction, indicate increasing precipitation and weakening wind to this period. The combination of these two factors inhibits the eolian sediment transport to the dune field, as effect of increasing sand cohesion by wetting and vegetal colonization in deflation zones. Being persistent in the last three decades, these factorshave reduced gradually the sand areas exposed to eolian reworking and decreased more and more the effective eolian drift, culminating in the stabilization of dune fields. The sedimentary deposits of eolian dunes and paleodunes were grouped, by morphological, stratigraphic, granulometric and mineralogical criteria in four generations (G1 to G4), analogous to that previously recognized in the literature. The older generation (G1) has a wider age distribution than previously thought and can be subdivided regarding the geochronological aspect. The grain-size analysis data indicate trends of sediment coarsening, better sorting and more positive skewness, from the older to the younger generation,what is attributed to the influence of successive reworking of sediments between generations, withoutdiscarding the effect of changes in the transport energy and/or beach morphodynamics. The ages of the three older generations obtained by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method show coincidence with contexts of stable coastline and with climate in transition from less to more wet. The observed relationship between the OSL ages andthe relative sea level (RSL) and paleoprecipitation curves, besides the model of recent dune stabilization by the wet increasing and wind energy decreasing, allow us to suggest that the initiation of the dune fields in their different generations, in this coastal region, can be favoredby moments of stable and / or in reversal trend RSL, as well by less humid and more windy weather. In other hand, the stabilization of the dune fields would be favored by higher RSL, increasing rain and decreasing wind intensity. From the perspective of climate control, the mentioned condition to initiation of dune fields agree with moments of weakening of the South America Summer Monsoon System (SASM), related to warmer periods in the northern hemisphere. Analogously, the favorablecondition for the stabilization of dune fields would coincide with moments of intensification of the SASM, related to colder periods in the northern hemisphere.

Idades por luminescência opticamente estimulada foram obtidas nos depósitos eólicos do litoral leste maranhense. As datações permitiram reconhecer ao menos quatro gerações de dunas eólicas, incluindo a atual. As duas gerações mais antigas (G1/G0: idades LOE de 258,9±24,6 a 88,0±8,6 ka A.P.) não são distinguíveis por critérios de campo, somente por dados geocronológicos. A geração eólica 2 corresponde a feições eólicas estabilizadas pela vegetação que ocorrem a até 135 km da linha de costa atual. As idades LOE-SAR de estabilização obtidas para essas feições eólicas compreendem um intervalo estreito de tempo (19 a 14 ka A.P.) no Pleistoceno superior. Essa fase estabilização do sistema eólico é correlacionada com o evento climático HS-1. Durante esse período no leste maranhense, sob maior influência da Zona de Convergência Intertropical pelo seu deslocamento para sul, ocorreu diminuição da intensidade dos ventos alísios e aumento da precipitação. Essas variações climáticas diminuíram a capacidade de transporte eólico e levou o sistema à estabilização. A análise de proveniência sedimentar com base em minerais pesado identificou como principal fonte sedimentar do litoral leste maranhense a plataforma continental localizada a leste da foz do rio Parnaíba, alimentada via deriva litorânea longitudinal para oeste. O rio Parnaíba aparentemente tem contribuição minoritária como fonte sedimentar, tanto para o sistema atual como para as gerações eólicas pretéritas. A dinâmica sedimentar do sistema eólico atual, evidenciada por minerais pesados, granulometria e parâmetros morfoplanimétricos, aponta para intenso retrabalhamento por rios que o limitam parcialmente ao interior e por drenagens intermitentes, de caráter entrelaçado, que o atravessam. O estudo do método de datação LOE e as características LOE dos sedimentos de diferentes localidades do Brasil permitiu identificar a boa aplicabilidade do método vista a alta sensibilidade LOE do quartzo e bom desempenho nos testes aplicados. A sensibilidade LOE do quartzo foi identificada como a principal característica determinante da qualidade da datação LOE. A proposição da razão de sensibilidade Quartzo-\"Al IND.2\'\'O IND.3\':C (\'delta\'\'POTs\' Q) permitiu tanto a padronização do cálculo da sensibilidade LOE como a comparação de medidas interlaboratoriais. A observação de grandes variações nos valores de sensibilidade LOE de quartzo para sedimentos de diferentes localidades são resultado tanto das rochas fonte como dos ciclos de sedimentação e retrabalhamento. A identificação de diferentes proveniências sedimentares com base no uso da sensibilidade LOE foi aplicada, com sucesso, na análise de variações climáticas baseada em mudanças de proveniência sedimentar na Ilha Comprida -SP. / Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages were obtained in eolian deposits from the east coast of Maranhão, Brazil. OSL dating allowed the identification of at least four generations of eolian dunes, including the active dunefields. The two oldest generations (G1/G0: OSL ages 258.9±24.6 to 88.0±8.6 ky B.P.) are not distinguishable by field criteria, only geochronological data. Generation 2 corresponds to eolian features stabilized by vegetation that occurs up to 135 km from the current coast line. OSL-SAR ages of stabilization of these features are between 19 and 14 ky B.P., a narrow time interval during Pleistocene. This event is related to the climatic event HS-1. During this period the intensity of trade winds decreased and precipitation increased in the area due to a greater influence of the Intertropical Covergence Zone, which was shifting south. These climatic variations reduced the capacity of eolian transportation and the led system to to stabilization. Provenance analyzes by heavy minerals identified the continental shelf located east of the Parnaiba river mouth as sedimentary source for the east coast of Maranhão, which is fed by longitudinal litoral drift to west. Parnaiba river apparently has a minor contribution as sedimentary source for recent and past eolian generations. Sedimentary dynamic of the recent eolian system, as indicated by heavy minerals analyzes, grain size analyzes and morphoplanimetric parameters, is characterized by strong reworking by rivers, braided intermittent drainages, that cross the dunefield. All analyzed Brazilian sediments presented relatively high OSL sensitivity and good behavior regarding their luminescence characteristics relevant for radiation dose estimation. The OSL sensitivity of quartz was identified as the main characteristic interfering the OSL dating quality. We propose to standardize the definition of quartz OSL sensitivity using the Quartz-to-\'Al IND.2\'\'O IND.3\':C sensitivity ratio (\'delta\'\'POT.s\'Q). The standardization is a prerequisite to compare data obtained under different measurement conditions and to investigate and develop geological applications of quartz OSL sensitivity. We observed that the major factor controlling the OSL sensitivity is the sedimentary history of the sediment. Longer sedimentary transport provided by huge drainage systems and long-distance littoral drift increases the OSL sensitivity. The use of OSL sensitivity as provenance proxy was successfully applied at Ilha Comprida-SP to analyze climate variations.

No description available.

No description available.

A number of studies have been published in the last few decades on Pleistocene palaeo-temperature reconstruction based on isotopic studies on deep sea cores and ice core records from Greenland. Such temporal high-resolution data represents northern hemispheric circulations and has to be reconfirmed through the study of terrestrial archives in order to recognise the character of such fluctuations in different regions. Loess-palaeosol sequences (LPSs) are suitable to interpret them as palaeoenvironmental archives, because loess is a widely distributed terrestrial deposit and is datable using luminescence techniques. The Saxon loess region (SLR) is characterised by a loess cover of ca. 8 m thickness, mainly representing deposits of the last glacial cycle. Over the past 35 years, Saxon loess remains under-researched wherefore a reactivation with the objective of contributing to the European loess research is important. There is a clear need to re-examine Saxon LPSs and close this gap of knowledge, because in recent years much work has been done on important and European-wide known loess sections as well as in adjacent loess areas. In this study, LPSs from Saxony were investigated and a regional palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the last Glacial/Interglacial cycle was developed. The established stratigraphical scheme has to be advanced by results of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. The stratigraphical results should be compared with previous work from Saxony and with results from adjacent loess areas, to verify if our results have to be interpreted as singularities or if they are in accordance with known European conceptions. Therefore, 8 sections, mostly never investigated before, were described and correlated with each other to finally generate an independent standard stratigraphy for this area. Carbonate content, pH-value, soil organic matter, total and pedogenic iron, magnetic susceptibility and classical grain size analyses were obtained from every section. Furthermore, rare earth elements concentrations were measured from selected positions in order to prove if there are variations in the deposit composition during the glaciation. The OSL dating results were processed by Kreutzer (2012). As previously noted, the first step towards a regional palaeoenvironmental reconstruction was to establish a standard stratigraphic scheme where all found units are involved. Based on features regarding grain size distribution, the found palaeosols and the magnetic susceptibility Baumgart et al. (2013), 5 units could be defined. Unit V reflects the pre-Weichselian sediments modified by the Eemian soil formation. Unit IV contains deposits from the beginning of the Weichselian glaciation. Typically, this unit starts with the first Weichselian deposit, a bright-greyish Mn- and Fe-precipitates enriched layer which shows an aggregation of charcoal at its top. This layer is covered by a greyish, humus-enriched and reworked relict of a Chernozem-like soil. After a Gelic Gleysol and a reddish-brownish soil sediment, a loess package with an embedded interstadial Cambisol-like soil is preserved. The top of the unit is represented by another brownish soil sediment which forms the lower part of the Gleina complex. Typically, unit IV is characterised by stronger reworked layers and soil sediments but at the Rottewitz section an older loess package is preserved. Unit III represents the reactivation of aeolian sedimentation. The base of this unit is made up of a strong Gelic Gleysol (upper part of the Gleina complex). The deposits of this unit are mostly pedogenically overprinted and show features of at least two Gelic Gleysols. Unit II is dominated by unweathered loess. Its lower part (unit IIb) is built of a more stratified loess facies whereas the upper part (unit IIa) is built of a homogeneous loess facies. They are separated by a strong Gelic Gleysol. Unit I represent the upper part of the loess section, which is modified by the Holocene and Late Pleistocene soil development. Within this succession, a huge hiatus is found between unit III and IV of ca. 35 ka. It is labelled as the Gleina complex according to Lieberoth (1963). Furthermore, we demonstrate how combined analyses of high-resolution grain size distributions and microscopic analysis can be used to discriminate depositional and pedogenetic features of loess-palaeosol profiles from the SLR. Generally, it was observed that an increase of coarse material is linked with an increase of the mineralogical components which refers to slope processes. Rounded shapes of Mn- and Fe-precipitates, mostly found in Early Weichselian humus layers, indicate strong interstadial soil development modified by subsequent redeposition. Further observations suggest that the class of medium sand is dominated by secondary precipitates. The varying amount of very fine sand shows that sequences are cyclically built up of pure loess comparable to the Nussloch section. Studying coarse grain size fractions by microscopic analysis, a differentiation between loessic layers formed by periglacial slope processes and layers overprinted by pedogenetic processes is possible. Furthermore, an increase of fine material and secondary Mn- and Fe-precipitates can be attributed to soil forming processes (clay formation, redoximorphic processes, and illuviation). Additionally, a palaeoenvironmental reconstruction for the Late Pleistocene is proposed. As palaeo-temperature proxies ice wedges, pure loess sedimentation or the platy soil structure due to former ice lensing for cold periods and soil formations or vegetation remnants for warmer periods were used. A reconstruction of wind speed is directly deduced from the very fine sand content. The stability/instability of the landscape surface could be indicated by soil formation (stable) or through an increase of coarse sand (active). The type of soil development for the reconstruction is of major importance. For example, a humus enriched soil indicates warmer and dryer conditions than a Gelic Gleysol. The results of grain size analyses reveal a similar temporal and lithogenic pattern of Weichselian aeolian dynamics of the study area and other records from Europe. Furthermore, grain size results independently confirm the luminescence chronology of the studied sections. Reworked loess-like sediments show varying OSL age estimates; aeolian loess shows a systematic change of OSL ages. Generally, the findings of this study agree with observations from other loess areas. In most areas, a similar hiatus between Middle and Upper Weichselians is documented. Additionally, OSL dating suggests that we found an older loess package with an age between ca. 60 and 70 ka and a younger loess package with an age of ca. 15 and 30 ka. These periods of aeolian deposition are in accordance with MIS 4 and MIS 2 as well as with dust concentrations results derived from lake sediments and from ice cores. A major finding of this study is that we uncover the internal differences of loess-palaeosol sequences regarding their temporal resolution. In periods of loess sedimentation, a temporally high-resolution record is preserved. In contrast, in periods dominated by interstadial soil development or redeposition, a temporal low-resolution record is preserved and a reconstruction of palaeoenvironment is almost impossible. / In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wurden viele Studien über die Rekonstruktion der pleistozänen Temperaturentwicklung veröffentlicht, welche anhand von Isotopenanalysen aus Tiefsee- und Eisbohrkernen des grönländischen Eises abgeleitet werden konnten. In solchen zeitlich hochaufgelösten Daten sind nordhemisphärische Klimaschwankungen repräsentiert und diese sollten durch Untersuchungen terrestrischer Archive validiert und deren regionale Ausprägung in verschiedenen Räumen abgeschätzt werden. Löss-Paläobodensequenzen eignen sich hervorragend als Paläoumweltarchiv, da der Löss ein weit verbreitetes Sediment und mittels Lumineszenzverfahren datierbar ist. Die Sächsische Lössregion ist durch eine ca. 8 m mächtige Lössdecke charakterisiert, welche vornehmlich aus Ablagerungen des letzten glazialen Zyklus besteht. In den vergangenen 35 Jahren wurde die Lössforschung in diesem Raum vernachlässigt, sodass eine Wiederbelebung wichtig ist, um einen Beitrag zur europäischen Lössforschung zu leisten. Da in den letzten Jahren an wichtigen europäischen Lössprofilen, wie auch in angrenzenden Lössregionen, intensiv geforscht wurde besteht der dringende Bedarf, die Forschungen an sächsischen Löss-Paläobodensequenzen wieder aufzunehmen und die entstandene Wissenslücke zu schließen. In dieser Studie werden sächsische Löss-Paläobodensequenzen untersucht und eine regionale Umweltrekonstruktion für den letzten glazialen Zyklus vorgestellt. Die Standardstratigraphie wird dabei durch optisch stimulierte Lumineszenz (OSL)-Alter erweitert. Die Ergebnisse werden mit älteren Arbeiten aus diesem Raum verglichen, um abzuschätzen, ob es sich hierbei um Einzelbefunde handelt oder ob sich die Ergebnisse in schon bekannte europäische Konzepte einordnen lassen. Es werden 8, meist noch nie bearbeitete Profile beschrieben und miteinander korreliert, um schließlich eine unabhängige Standardstratigraphie für diesen Raum zu erarbeiten. Von jedem Profil wurde der Kalkgehalt, der pH-Wert, der Anteil der organischen Substanz, das pedogene und Gesamteisen, die magnetische Suszeptibilität und die Korngrößenverteilung (klassisch) bestimmt. Zudem wurde die Konzentration der Seltene Erden Elemente an ausgewählten Positionen bestimmt, um zu prüfen, ob es Verschiebungen in der mineralogischen Zusammensetzungen über das letzte Glazial hinweg gab. Die OSL-Datierungen wurden dabei von Kreutzer (2012) realisiert. Wie schon erläutert wurde, bestand der erste Arbeitsschritt darin, eine Standardstratigraphie zu erarbeiten, worin alle Befunde integriert werden können. Auf Grundlage der Korngrößenverteilung, der gefundenen Paläoböden und der magnetischen Suszeptibilität Baumgart et al. (2013) konnten 5 Einheiten ausgewiesen werden. Die Einheit V stellt die prä-weichselzeitlichen Sedimente dar, welche von der eemzeitlichen Bodenbildung überprägt wurden. Einheit IV beinhaltet die Sedimente vom Beginn der Weichselkaltzeit. Typischerweise befindet sich an der Basis dieser Einheit eine hellgraue, an Mn- und Fe-Konkretionen angereicherte Schicht, welche eine Häufung von Holzkohlebruchstücken im oberen Bereich zeigt. Diese Schicht ist wiederum von einem Rest einer schwarzerdeähnlichen Bodenbildung überlagert und zeigt eine Anreicherung an organischer Substanz. Über einem Nassboden und einem rotbraunen Bodensediment ist ein Lösspaket, mit einem zwischengelagerten interstadialen braunerdeartigen Boden, erhalten. Der obere Bereich der Einheit IV ist durch ein weiteres rötlichbraunes Bodensediment geprägt, welches dem unteren Teil des Gleinaer Komplexes entspricht. Normalerweise ist die Einheit IV in Sachsen durch stark umgelagerte Schichten charakterisiert, jedoch ist im Profil Rottewitz in dieser Einheit ein älteres Lösspaket erhalten. Die Einheit III repräsentiert eine Reaktivierung der äolischen Sedimentation. Ihre Basis bildet ein kräftiger Nassboden (oberer Teil des Gleinaer Komplex). Die Sedimente dieser Einheit sind meist pedogen überprägt und es können mindestens zwei separate Nassböden ausgewiesen werden. Die Einheit II besteht vornehmlich aus unverwittertem kalkhaltigen Löss. Ihr unterer Abschnitt (Einheit IIb) wird durch eine streifige Löss-Fazies gebildet, wohingegen der obere Teil von einer homogenen Löss-Fazies dominiert wird. Diese sind durch einen kräftigen Nassboden voneinander getrennt. Die Einheit I bildet den oberen Teil des Lössprofiles und ist durch die pedogene Überprägung der spätpleistozänen und holozänen Bodenentwicklung geprägt. In dieser Abfolge ist ein Alterssprung von ca. 35 ka zwischen der Einheit IV und III nachgewiesen. Dieser Hiatus befindet sich im durch Lieberoth (1963) definierten Gleinaer Komplex. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit Hilfe einer kombinierten Untersuchung aus Korngrößenanalyse und Mikroskopieren es möglich ist, eine durch Bodenbildung bedingte und eine durch Umlagerung hervorgerufenen Überformung von Lösssedimenten voneinander zu unterscheiden. Generell wurde festgestellt, dass ein Anstieg der groben Kornfraktionen oft mit einer Erhöhung der mineralischen Komponente einhergeht und dies auf laterale Umlagerungsprozesse hindeutet. Abgerundete Mn- und Fe-Konkretionen aus humosen frühweichselzeitlichen Schichten lassen eine kräftige interstadiale Bodenentwicklung mit anschließender Umlagerung vermuten. Es wurde zudem festgestellt, dass die Mittelsandfraktion durch sekundäre Fe- und Mn-Konkretionen dominiert wird. Der variierende Feinstsandanteil zeigt, dass die Sequenzen in verschiedenen Zyklen aus unverwittertem Löss aufgebaut wurden, wie es auch aus dem Profil Nussloch beschrieben wird. Bodenbildungsprozesse bedingen demgegenüber ein Anstieg der Feinkomponenten und der Mn- und Fe-Konkretionen in den Sandfraktionen. Weiterhin wird eine Paläoumweltrekonstruktion für das Spätpleistozän vorgeschlagen. Hierbei werden verschiedenste Indikatoren als Paläotemperaturzeiger herangezogen. Für kalte Phasen stehen zum Beispiel Eiskeilpseudomorphosen, Pakete aus unverwittertem Löss oder plattige Strukturen infolge von Schichteisbildung. Für wärmere Phasen sprechen Paläoböden oder Pflanzenreste. Eine Rekonstruktion der Paläowindgeschwindigkeiten wird direkt über die Feinstsandanteile abgeleitet. Die Stabilität einer Landschaftoberfläche wird durch Bodenbildungen (stabil) oder einem Anstieg der groben Sandkomponenten (aktiv) repräsentiert. Den Paläoböden kommt bei einer solchen Rekonstruktion eine Schlüsselstellung zugute. Zum Beispiel signalisiert ein Steppenboden wärmere und trockenere Bedingungen im Vergleich mit einem Nassboden. Die Ergebnisse der Korngrößenuntersuchungen zeigen, dass hinsichtlich ihres Aufbaues und ihrer chronologischen Einordnung die äolisch dominierten Phasen der sächsischen Lössprofile bekannten Mustern aus anderen Archiven in Europa folgen. Zudem zeigt sich, dass die Ergebnisse der Korngrößenverteilung die mittels OSL bestimmten Alter untermauern. Umgelagerte Sedimente zeigen größere Altersschwankungen, wohingegen äolische Sedimente eine kontinuierliche Altersentwicklung haben. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen stimmen mit Beobachtungen aus anderen Lössgebieten überein. In den meisten Regionen wird ein ähnlicher Hiatus zwischen der mittleren und oberen Weichselkaltzeit beschrieben. Zudem deuten die OSL-Ergebnisse an, dass in Sachsen ein älteres Lösspaket mit einem Alter von ca. 60 bis 70 ka und ein jüngeres Lösspaket mit einem Alter von ca. 15 bis 30 ka existiert. Die beiden äolischen Phasen korrelieren mit der marinen Isotopenstufe 4 (MIS) beziehungsweise der MIS 2, sowie mit Ergebnissen pleistozäner Staubkonzentration der Atmosphäre, abgeleitet aus Seesedimenten oder Eisbohrkernen. Eine wichtige Erkenntnis dieser Untersuchungen ist, dass wir innerhalb eines Lössprofiles Pakete unterschiedlicher zeitlicher Auflösung identifizieren konnten. Aus Phasen kräftiger Lösssedimentation sind zeitlich hoch aufgelöste Sequenzen erhalten. Demgegenüber ist aus Phasen, dominiert durch Bodenbildungen oder Umlagerungen, ein zeitlich nur sehr schlecht aufgelöstes Archiv erhalten, weshalb anhand dieser Abschnitte eine Paläoumweltrekonstruktion nur bedingt möglich ist.

This thesis is a study of the morphology and sediment transport dynamics of mountain streams in southeast Australia. Mountain streams represent important geomorphological and ecological systems in Australia which have hitherto been poorly studied. The variability of mountain stream reach morphology was investigated at the regional scale using topographical surveys and sediment sampling techniques. Study sites were stratified by slope and local lithology. Eight channel-morphologies including Bedrock, Cascade, Step-pool, Planebed, Pool-Riffle, Cascade-pool, Riffle-step and Infilled, were identified using an objective statistical approach. Overall, channel types were found to correspond to existing reach-scale mountain stream templates. Five morphologies were associated with a specific lithology type which controlled the size and shape of grains supplied to the channels. Differences in coarse sediment transport processes between morphologies were investigated using stream monitoring techniques and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Monitoring results from a 3 year period indicated that channel beds are resistant to entrainment with shear stress thresholds for bedload transport ranging between 64 to 74 N/m2. Transport of reach median grain sizes requires floods that exceed bankfull discharge. Existing competence equations were found to over-predict the hydraulic driving force and consequently, a modified entrainment model was used to account for the regional channel characteristics. OSL dating was investigated as a tool to provide data on long-term sediment transport processes. Minimum age model results from the OSL dates show overall agreement with a selected entrainment model, and indicate differences in sediment transport dynamics between some reach morphology types. A regime model was used to quantify the physical domains of different channel morphologies. Limitations of the model were overcome by modifying the sediment supply surrogate to better reflect the dominant transported bedload size. Morphology types were delineated according to different sediment transport capacity-sediment supply domains. The distribution of channel morphology types within a series of catchments in southeast Australia was modelled within a GIS platform using the diagnostics of reach morphology derived from this study. The model provides a conceptual framework to evaluate the potential link between channel form, potential habitat diversity and aquatic biodiversity within the channel network in mountain streams.

This thesis is a study of the morphology and sediment transport dynamics of mountain streams in southeast Australia. Mountain streams represent important geomorphological and ecological systems in Australia which have hitherto been poorly studied. The variability of mountain stream reach morphology was investigated at the regional scale using topographical surveys and sediment sampling techniques. Study sites were stratified by slope and local lithology. Eight channel-morphologies including Bedrock, Cascade, Step-pool, Planebed, Pool-Riffle, Cascade-pool, Riffle-step and Infilled, were identified using an objective statistical approach. Overall, channel types were found to correspond to existing reach-scale mountain stream templates. Five morphologies were associated with a specific lithology type which controlled the size and shape of grains supplied to the channels. Differences in coarse sediment transport processes between morphologies were investigated using stream monitoring techniques and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Monitoring results from a 3 year period indicated that channel beds are resistant to entrainment with shear stress thresholds for bedload transport ranging between 64 to 74 N/m2. Transport of reach median grain sizes requires floods that exceed bankfull discharge. Existing competence equations were found to over-predict the hydraulic driving force and consequently, a modified entrainment model was used to account for the regional channel characteristics. OSL dating was investigated as a tool to provide data on long-term sediment transport processes. Minimum age model results from the OSL dates show overall agreement with a selected entrainment model, and indicate differences in sediment transport dynamics between some reach morphology types. A regime model was used to quantify the physical domains of different channel morphologies. Limitations of the model were overcome by modifying the sediment supply surrogate to better reflect the dominant transported bedload size. Morphology types were delineated according to different sediment transport capacity-sediment supply domains. The distribution of channel morphology types within a series of catchments in southeast Australia was modelled within a GIS platform using the diagnostics of reach morphology derived from this study. The model provides a conceptual framework to evaluate the potential link between channel form, potential habitat diversity and aquatic biodiversity within the channel network in mountain streams.

This thesis is a study of the morphology and sediment transport dynamics of mountain streams in southeast Australia. Mountain streams represent important geomorphological and ecological systems in Australia which have hitherto been poorly studied. The variability of mountain stream reach morphology was investigated at the regional scale using topographical surveys and sediment sampling techniques. Study sites were stratified by slope and local lithology. Eight channel-morphologies including Bedrock, Cascade, Step-pool, Planebed, Pool-Riffle, Cascade-pool, Riffle-step and Infilled, were identified using an objective statistical approach. Overall, channel types were found to correspond to existing reach-scale mountain stream templates. Five morphologies were associated with a specific lithology type which controlled the size and shape of grains supplied to the channels. Differences in coarse sediment transport processes between morphologies were investigated using stream monitoring techniques and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating. Monitoring results from a 3 year period indicated that channel beds are resistant to entrainment with shear stress thresholds for bedload transport ranging between 64 to 74 N/m2. Transport of reach median grain sizes requires floods that exceed bankfull discharge. Existing competence equations were found to over-predict the hydraulic driving force and consequently, a modified entrainment model was used to account for the regional channel characteristics. OSL dating was investigated as a tool to provide data on long-term sediment transport processes. Minimum age model results from the OSL dates show overall agreement with a selected entrainment model, and indicate differences in sediment transport dynamics between some reach morphology types. A regime model was used to quantify the physical domains of different channel morphologies. Limitations of the model were overcome by modifying the sediment supply surrogate to better reflect the dominant transported bedload size. Morphology types were delineated according to different sediment transport capacity-sediment supply domains. The distribution of channel morphology types within a series of catchments in southeast Australia was modelled within a GIS platform using the diagnostics of reach morphology derived from this study. The model provides a conceptual framework to evaluate the potential link between channel form, potential habitat diversity and aquatic biodiversity within the channel network in mountain streams.

Un piémont constitue la zone de transition entre une chaîne de montagnes et son bassin d'avant-pays. Tectonique et climat se partagent le contrôle de son évolution géomorphologique à toutes les échelles de temps. L'étude de l'exemple du piémont Nord du Tian Shan oriental (Nord-Ouest de la Chine) permet une description précise de ces influences, ainsi qu'une quantification des phénomènes majeurs observés. Le signal tectonique intervient sur le long terme, par le soulèvement actif de la chaîne qui induit un flux de matière vers le piémont, ainsi que par la migration de la déformation vers le bassin dzungar sous forme de plis d'avant-pays. Au contraire, le signal climatique se manifeste à court et moyen terme, suivant les grands cycles climatiques globaux plus ou moins nuancés à l'échelle régionale. En période glaciaire, le matériel érodé dans les bassins versants montagneux est difficilement exporté de la chaîne. Le transport est facilité à la transition vers l'interglaciaire, par l'augmentation brutale des flux d'eau qui provoque la mise en place dans le piémont de grands cônes alluviaux, abandonnés vers 12 \pm 2 ka BP. A partir de ce moment, les rivières s'encaissent profondément dans les cônes, à des taux d'incision moyens de 1 à 2.5~cm/an sur l'Holocène. Les terrasses d'abrasion abandonnées au cours de cette phase sont d'abord de largeurs plurikilométriques, puis les vallées se font de plus en plus étroites sans que les rivières ne cessent d'inciser. Nous modélisons l'évolution du profil d'une de ces rivières au cours de l'Holocène à partir de la théorie du transport de Bagnold, en cherchant à retrouver la décroissance des paléo-pentes du lit de la rivière observée à l'aide de la topographie actuelle des terrasses. Cette reconstruction nous mène à considérer que la largeur du lit varie peu, alors que sa sinuosité diminue pendant la progression de l'encaissement. Elle suggère en outre que le débit de la rivière a chuté d'un facteur 3 entre la mi-Holocène et l'actuel. Cette étude est complétée par l'exploitation de données de paléo-niveaux holocènes du lac exutoire du piémont. Des lignes de rivage repérées à plus de 50~m montrent en effet que le lac s'est étendu sur une surface triple de sa surface actuelle au début de l'Holocène. Le calcul de bilans hydrologiques pour les conditions actuelles et mi-holocènes atteste que les apports des rivières vers 6000~ans~BP étaient supérieurs d'un facteur 2.6 aux apports actuels. La synthèse de ces deux approches révéle que la région a connu pendant la première moitié de l'Holocène un climat beaucoup plus humide que l'actuel, dans une mesure jusqu'alors ignorée des reconstitutions paléoclimatiques.

<p>LAG ELLER VÄRDEGRUND. VAD STYR I PRAKTIKEN?Öberg, MariaÖstberg, YlvaÖrebro UniversitetAkademin för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbeteSocionomprogrammetSocialt arbete, 61-90 poängC-uppsats, 15 poängHt 2009</p><p> </p><p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Studien syftar till att belysa den problematik som finns gällande tillämpningen av lagstiftningen i brottsbalken (BrB, 1962:700) och offentlighet – och sekretesslagen (OSL, 2009:400) då brukare inom 9:9 lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS, 1993:387) begår brott. Dessutom vill vi undersöka chefers tillämpning av ovan nämnda lagstiftning utifrån fiktiva fall. Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka hur de etiska grundprinciperna inom LSS påverkar enhetschefernas beslut om åtgärder gällande situationer då brukare begått brott. Vi vill också undersöka om det finns en problematik med att brukare inom LSS begår brott.</p><p>Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod där fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med chefer inom verksamhetsområdet. Intervjuerna utgick delvis ifrån två fiktiva fall. Vi ville med det ge alla respondenter samma utgångs punkt. Vi har transkriberat vårt material för att tematisera och tolka det.</p><p>Studien visar på att det finns en problematik med tillämpningen av lagstiftningen. Samtliga respondenter visste i teorin hur lagstiftningen såg ut, men ingen av respondenterna visste hur lagstiftningen tillämpades. Resultatet visar också att det finns en skillnad i synen på värdegrunderna beroende på hur nära brukaren respondenten arbetar. De respondenter som arbetat närmast brukarna vill skydda brukarna från allt ont, vilket ibland kan påverka brukarnas möjligheter att uppleva de värdegrunder som finns inom LSS. Respondenterna som inte arbetade nära brukarna uppfattade brukarna som vilka medborgare som helst.</p><p>Nyckelord: Lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade (LSS 1993:387), Offentlighet och sekretesslagen (OSL 2009:400), Brottsbalken (BrB 1962:700), värdegrunder inom LSS, chef.</p><p> </p> / <p>LAW OR VALUES? WHAT RUNS IN PRACTICE? Öberg, MariaÖstberg, YlvaÖrebro UniversityDepartment for Behavioral, Social and Legal SciencesSocial Work programSocial work, 61-90 pointsC-essay, 15 pointsAutumn term 2009</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p>The study aims to highlight the problems that are related to enforcement of the law for criminal code (BrB, 1962:700) and law of publicity and confidentiality ( OSL, 2009:400) when patient in the 9:9 § in law of support and service for some functional disability peoples (LSS, 1993:387) commit crimes. We also want to investigate managers' implementation of the said law on the basis of fictitious cases. Furthermore, the study aims to examine how the basic ethical principles of LSS affects of Unit Decision on measures concerning situations where patient have committed crimes. We also want to investigate if there is a problem with users, within LSS, committing crimes.</p><p>We have used a qualitative approach in which four semi-structured interviews conducted with managers in the business field. The interviews were based in part from two fictional cases. We wanted to give it all respondents the same starting point. We have transcribed our material for themed and interpret it.</p><p>The study shows that there is a problem in law enforcement. All respondents knew in theory how the legislation looked like, but none of the respondents knew what the law was applied. The results also show that there is a difference of opinion on the value basis depending on how close to the patient the respondent works. Respondents who worked closest to the patient want to protect patient from all trouble, this sometimes can affect patient' ability to experience the values that exist in the LSS. Respondents who did not work close to patient, perceived the patient´s as any other citizens.</p><p>Keywords: patient, functional disability, ethnical values, crime, manager.</p><p> </p>