Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Analyse eines neu entwickelten Verfahrens zur Oberflächenmodifizierung, das bereits während des Spritzgießens die Haftungs- und Benetzungseigenschaften einer Formteiloberfläche verbessert. Damit kann die teilweise kosten- und anlagenintensive Oberflächenbehandlung nach dem Formgebungsprozess, wie z. B. durch Beflammen, Korona- oder Plasmabehandlung, eingespart werden. Die in dieser Arbeit betrachtete chemische Oberflächenmodifizierung von Polycarbonatformteilen hängt vor allem von den beim Spritzgießen sich einstellenden thermischen Verhältnissen ab. Daher werden im ersten Teil der Arbeit mittels Simulationsrechnungen die Temperaturen in dem Bereich ermittelt, in dem die Reaktion stattfindet. Auf der Basis der Temperaturberechnungen lässt sich die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der Modifizierung abschätzen. Zudem sind die Temperaturen an der Formteiloberfläche experimentell gemessen, mit den Berechnungser-gebnissen verglichen und bewertet worden. Randwinkelmessungen sowie Untersuchungen der Verbundfestigkeit von verklebten Probekörpern stellen einen Zusammenhang zwischen den beim Spritzgießen gewählten Prozessparametern und dem Modifizierungsergebnis her. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass sich das in situ Modifizierungsverfahren nicht nur bei Polykondensaten wie dem Polycarbonat, sondern auch für Polyolefine (z. B. Polypropylen) anwenden lässt, wobei die verfahrenstechnischen Unterschiede und Einschränkungen aufgezeigt werden.

Gegenstand der Arbeit ist die Analyse eines neu entwickelten Verfahrens zur Oberflächenmodifizierung, das bereits während des Spritzgießens die Haftungs- und Benetzungseigenschaften einer Formteiloberfläche verbessert. Damit kann die teilweise kosten- und anlagenintensive Oberflächenbehandlung nach dem Formgebungsprozess, wie z. B. durch Beflammen, Korona- oder Plasmabehandlung, eingespart werden. Die in dieser Arbeit betrachtete chemische Oberflächenmodifizierung von Polycarbonatformteilen hängt vor allem von den beim Spritzgießen sich einstellenden thermischen Verhältnissen ab. Daher werden im ersten Teil der Arbeit mittels Simulationsrechnungen die Temperaturen in dem Bereich ermittelt, in dem die Reaktion stattfindet. Auf der Basis der Temperaturberechnungen lässt sich die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit der Modifizierung abschätzen. Zudem sind die Temperaturen an der Formteiloberfläche experimentell gemessen, mit den Berechnungser-gebnissen verglichen und bewertet worden. Randwinkelmessungen sowie Untersuchungen der Verbundfestigkeit von verklebten Probekörpern stellen einen Zusammenhang zwischen den beim Spritzgießen gewählten Prozessparametern und dem Modifizierungsergebnis her. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass sich das in situ Modifizierungsverfahren nicht nur bei Polykondensaten wie dem Polycarbonat, sondern auch für Polyolefine (z. B. Polypropylen) anwenden lässt, wobei die verfahrenstechnischen Unterschiede und Einschränkungen aufgezeigt werden.

This thesis addresses the metal nanocluster growth process on prepatterned substrates, the development of atomistic simulation method with respect to an acceleration of the atomistic transition states, and the continuum model of the ion-beam inducing semiconductor surface pattern formation mechanism. Experimentally, highly ordered Ag nanocluster structures have been grown on pre-patterned amorphous SiO^2 surfaces by oblique angle physical vapor deposition at room temperature. Despite the small undulation of the rippled surface, the stripe-like Ag nanoclusters are very pronounced, reproducible and well-separated. The first topic is the investigation of this growth process with a continuum theoretical approach to the surface gas condensation as well as an atomistic cluster growth model. The atomistic simulation model is a lattice-based kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) method using a combination of a simplified inter-atomic potential and experimental transition barriers taken from the literature. An effective transition event classification method is introduced which allows a boost factor of several thousand compared to a traditional KMC approach, thus allowing experimental time scales to be modeled. The simulation predicts a low sticking probability for the arriving atoms, millisecond order lifetimes for single Ag monomers and ≈1 nm square surface migration ranges of Ag monomers. The simulations give excellent reproduction of the experimentally observed nanocluster growth patterns. The second topic specifies the acceleration scheme utilized in the metallic cluster growth model. Concerning the atomistic movements, a classical harmonic transition state theory is considered and applied in discrete lattice cells with hierarchical transition levels. The model results in an effective reduction of KMC simulation steps by utilizing a classification scheme of transition levels for thermally activated atomistic diffusion processes. Thermally activated atomistic movements are considered as local transition events constrained in potential energy wells over certain local time periods. These processes are represented by Markov chains of multi-dimensional Boolean valued functions in three dimensional lattice space. The events inhibited by the barriers under a certain level are regarded as thermal fluctuations of the canonical ensemble and accepted freely. Consequently, the fluctuating system evolution process is implemented as a Markov chain of equivalence class objects. It is shown that the process can be characterized by the acceptance of metastable local transitions. The method is applied to a problem of Au and Ag cluster growth on a rippled surface. The simulation predicts the existence of a morphology dependent transition time limit from a local metastable to stable state for subsequent cluster growth by accretion. The third topic is the formation of ripple structures on ion bombarded semiconductor surfaces treated in the first topic as the prepatterned substrate of the metallic deposition. This intriguing phenomenon has been known since the 1960\'s and various theoretical approaches have been explored. These previous models are discussed and a new non-linear model is formulated, based on the local atomic flow and associated density change in the near surface region. Within this framework ripple structures are shown to form without the necessity to invoke surface diffusion or large sputtering as important mechanisms. The model can also be extended to the case where sputtering is important and it is shown that in this case, certain \\lq magic\' angles can occur at which the ripple patterns are most clearly defined. The results including some analytic solutions of the nonlinear equation of motions are in very good agreement with experimental observation.

A polymer brush is formed by densely grafting the chain ends of polymers onto a surface. This tethering of the long macromolecules has considerable influence on the surface properties, which can be additionally modified by changing the environmental conditions. In this context it is of special interest to understand and control the behavior of the grafted layer and to create surfaces that display a desired response to external stimulation. The present work studies densely grafted polymer brushes and the effects that such an environment imposes on an individual chain molecule in the grafted layer. For this purpose we developed a new self-consistent field approach to describe mixtures of heterogeneous chains comprised of differently sized hard spheres. Applying this method to the case of polymer brushes we consider a fraction of grafted molecules to be different from the majority brush chains. The modification of these chains includes a variation in the degree of polymerization, a different solvent selectivity behavior and a variable size of the free end-monomer. Due to the computational efficiency of the present approach, as compared for example to direct simulation methods, we can study the conformations of the modified 'guest' chains systematically in dependence of the relevant parameters. With respect to brush profile and the distribution of the free chain ends the new method shows very good quantitative agreement with corresponding simulation results. We also confirm the observation that these 'guest' chains can undergo a conformational transition depending on the type of modification and the solvent quality. For the cases studied in the present work we analyze the conditions to achieve a most sensitive behavior of this conformational switching. In addition, an analytical model is proposed to describe this effect. We compare its predictions to the numerical results and find good agreement.

Titanium and titanium alloys are frequently used for implants in bone contact. In some cases (diabetis, osteoporosis) there are requirements for improved osseointegration. Initial reactions after surgery show an important influence on the long time stability of the implants. Newer studies focus on the surface composition of the implants in particular the modification with biological components. Collagen is the main component of bone and is therefore an interesting substance for the base modification of titanium implants. The aim of the work was to investigate the adsorptive immobilisation of collagen type I on titanium surfaces. The influence of different adsorption parameters was studied. Several modified surfaces were characterized in matters of immobilized collagen amount, stability, change of conformation and influence on cell behavior. / Titanimplantate werden aufgrund ihrer ausgezeichneten Volumen- und Oberflächeneigenschaften seit vielen Jahren mit großem Erfolg als Implantatmaterialien im Knochenkontakt eingesetzt. Für bestimmte Patientengruppen, u.a. Diabetiker oder Patienten mit osteoporotischem Knochen, ist ein weitergehend verbessertes Einheilverhalten der Implantate anstrebenswert. Entscheidende Bedeutung für den Einheilprozess sowie für die Langzeitstabilität wird der initialen Reaktion des Körpers unmittelbar nach Implantation zugemessen. Neben zahlreichen Ansätzen, durch Modifizierung der chemischen und morphologischen Eigenschaften der Oberfläche in die Reaktionen des Körpers einzugreifen, rückt in neueren Studien zunehmend die Immobilisierung biologischer Komponenten (Proteine, Peptide, Wachstumsfaktoren) in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen. Die Einbeziehung von Kollagen als Hauptbestandteil der organischen Knochenmatrix stellt daher eine interessante Grundmodifikation dar. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, zu untersuchen, inwieweit durch eine adsorptive Immobilisierung von Kollagen eine stabile und funktionale Beschichtung von Titanoxidoberflächen erzielt werden kann. Da sowohl Tropokollagen als auch fibrilläres Kollagen prinzipiell zur Beschichtung von Titanoberflächen eingesetzt werden können, wurde das Adsorptionsverhalten beider Kollagenformen in bezug auf verschiedene Lösungsparameter untersucht und ausgewählte Zustände hinsichtlich ihrer Stabilität und der Erhaltung der biologischen Funktionalität charakterisiert.

A polymer brush is formed by densely grafting the chain ends of polymers onto a surface. This tethering of the long macromolecules has considerable influence on the surface properties, which can be additionally modified by changing the environmental conditions. In this context it is of special interest to understand and control the behavior of the grafted layer and to create surfaces that display a desired response to external stimulation. The present work studies densely grafted polymer brushes and the effects that such an environment imposes on an individual chain molecule in the grafted layer. For this purpose we developed a new self-consistent field approach to describe mixtures of heterogeneous chains comprised of differently sized hard spheres. Applying this method to the case of polymer brushes we consider a fraction of grafted molecules to be different from the majority brush chains. The modification of these chains includes a variation in the degree of polymerization, a different solvent selectivity behavior and a variable size of the free end-monomer. Due to the computational efficiency of the present approach, as compared for example to direct simulation methods, we can study the conformations of the modified 'guest' chains systematically in dependence of the relevant parameters. With respect to brush profile and the distribution of the free chain ends the new method shows very good quantitative agreement with corresponding simulation results. We also confirm the observation that these 'guest' chains can undergo a conformational transition depending on the type of modification and the solvent quality. For the cases studied in the present work we analyze the conditions to achieve a most sensitive behavior of this conformational switching. In addition, an analytical model is proposed to describe this effect. We compare its predictions to the numerical results and find good agreement.

This thesis addresses the metal nanocluster growth process on prepatterned substrates, the development of atomistic simulation method with respect to an acceleration of the atomistic transition states, and the continuum model of the ion-beam inducing semiconductor surface pattern formation mechanism. Experimentally, highly ordered Ag nanocluster structures have been grown on pre-patterned amorphous SiO^2 surfaces by oblique angle physical vapor deposition at room temperature. Despite the small undulation of the rippled surface, the stripe-like Ag nanoclusters are very pronounced, reproducible and well-separated. The first topic is the investigation of this growth process with a continuum theoretical approach to the surface gas condensation as well as an atomistic cluster growth model. The atomistic simulation model is a lattice-based kinetic Monte-Carlo (KMC) method using a combination of a simplified inter-atomic potential and experimental transition barriers taken from the literature. An effective transition event classification method is introduced which allows a boost factor of several thousand compared to a traditional KMC approach, thus allowing experimental time scales to be modeled. The simulation predicts a low sticking probability for the arriving atoms, millisecond order lifetimes for single Ag monomers and ≈1 nm square surface migration ranges of Ag monomers. The simulations give excellent reproduction of the experimentally observed nanocluster growth patterns. The second topic specifies the acceleration scheme utilized in the metallic cluster growth model. Concerning the atomistic movements, a classical harmonic transition state theory is considered and applied in discrete lattice cells with hierarchical transition levels. The model results in an effective reduction of KMC simulation steps by utilizing a classification scheme of transition levels for thermally activated atomistic diffusion processes. Thermally activated atomistic movements are considered as local transition events constrained in potential energy wells over certain local time periods. These processes are represented by Markov chains of multi-dimensional Boolean valued functions in three dimensional lattice space. The events inhibited by the barriers under a certain level are regarded as thermal fluctuations of the canonical ensemble and accepted freely. Consequently, the fluctuating system evolution process is implemented as a Markov chain of equivalence class objects. It is shown that the process can be characterized by the acceptance of metastable local transitions. The method is applied to a problem of Au and Ag cluster growth on a rippled surface. The simulation predicts the existence of a morphology dependent transition time limit from a local metastable to stable state for subsequent cluster growth by accretion. The third topic is the formation of ripple structures on ion bombarded semiconductor surfaces treated in the first topic as the prepatterned substrate of the metallic deposition. This intriguing phenomenon has been known since the 1960\'s and various theoretical approaches have been explored. These previous models are discussed and a new non-linear model is formulated, based on the local atomic flow and associated density change in the near surface region. Within this framework ripple structures are shown to form without the necessity to invoke surface diffusion or large sputtering as important mechanisms. The model can also be extended to the case where sputtering is important and it is shown that in this case, certain \\lq magic\' angles can occur at which the ripple patterns are most clearly defined. The results including some analytic solutions of the nonlinear equation of motions are in very good agreement with experimental observation.

Role of silane-treated stöber silica as reinforcing filler for nitrile rubber (NBR) has been studied. Stöber silica is synthesized by sol–gel method, and the surface of silica is modified with the treatment of silane-coupling agent viz. γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) in varying proportions. Average particle size of stöber silica of spherical shape in the range of 200 to 400 nm is evident from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface modification of silica particle with silane-coupling agents decreases surface energy and reduces agglomeration of silica particles in rubber matrix. Stress–strain study and dynamic mechanical analysis of silica-filled composites are compared with the unfilled ones. Analysis of cross-linking density, mechanical properties, and storage moduli indicates a strong rubber–filler interaction in the silane-treated, silica-filled NBR composites. Silane treatment is found to be effective in uniform dispersion of silica in rubber matrix and in improving the mechanical properties of rubber composite. Different functionalities of organosilane at its both end improve the compatibility of silica with rubber matrix and offer better rubber–filler interaction.

Polyethylene terephthalate multifilament fabrics used as filtration and operating room textiles possess through-thickness pore channels at the yarn intersections (mesopores). These pore channels pose a risk for the penetration of contaminated fluids and particles. The size of pore channels may be reduced by high-density weaving. However, this leads to reduced drapability and thus to degraded application properties of the fabric. To satisfy the requirements without impeding the physiological properties of the textile, fluid- and particle-tight fabrics are developed. This was realized by partial immobilization of functionalized micro particles into the meso-pores. A reduction of the pore size without complete pore-closure is achieved by establishing a net-like particle structure in the meso-pores. To match the requirements of intensive use, permanent particle-bonding to the fiber surface is necessary. This can be achieved by suitable polyethylene terephthalate fabric surface-modification, dependent on the particle functionalization. The investigations have shown that functionalized particles establish a very good inter particle bonding as well as to the fiber surface. An increased permanent bonding can be realized by a modification of the fabric surface which is tuned to the functionalization of the particle.

Titanium and titanium alloys are frequently used for implants in bone contact. In some cases (diabetis, osteoporosis) there are requirements for improved osseointegration. Initial reactions after surgery show an important influence on the long time stability of the implants. Newer studies focus on the surface composition of the implants in particular the modification with biological components. Collagen is the main component of bone and is therefore an interesting substance for the base modification of titanium implants. The aim of the work was to investigate the adsorptive immobilisation of collagen type I on titanium surfaces. The influence of different adsorption parameters was studied. Several modified surfaces were characterized in matters of immobilized collagen amount, stability, change of conformation and influence on cell behavior. / Titanimplantate werden aufgrund ihrer ausgezeichneten Volumen- und Oberflächeneigenschaften seit vielen Jahren mit großem Erfolg als Implantatmaterialien im Knochenkontakt eingesetzt. Für bestimmte Patientengruppen, u.a. Diabetiker oder Patienten mit osteoporotischem Knochen, ist ein weitergehend verbessertes Einheilverhalten der Implantate anstrebenswert. Entscheidende Bedeutung für den Einheilprozess sowie für die Langzeitstabilität wird der initialen Reaktion des Körpers unmittelbar nach Implantation zugemessen. Neben zahlreichen Ansätzen, durch Modifizierung der chemischen und morphologischen Eigenschaften der Oberfläche in die Reaktionen des Körpers einzugreifen, rückt in neueren Studien zunehmend die Immobilisierung biologischer Komponenten (Proteine, Peptide, Wachstumsfaktoren) in den Mittelpunkt der Betrachtungen. Die Einbeziehung von Kollagen als Hauptbestandteil der organischen Knochenmatrix stellt daher eine interessante Grundmodifikation dar. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin, zu untersuchen, inwieweit durch eine adsorptive Immobilisierung von Kollagen eine stabile und funktionale Beschichtung von Titanoxidoberflächen erzielt werden kann. Da sowohl Tropokollagen als auch fibrilläres Kollagen prinzipiell zur Beschichtung von Titanoberflächen eingesetzt werden können, wurde das Adsorptionsverhalten beider Kollagenformen in bezug auf verschiedene Lösungsparameter untersucht und ausgewählte Zustände hinsichtlich ihrer Stabilität und der Erhaltung der biologischen Funktionalität charakterisiert.